1

dy
S.No y = f (x) dx
= f 0 (x)
1 c (constant) 0
2 xn nxn−1
3 ex ex
1
4 log x x

5 sin x cos x
6 cos x − sin x
7 sec x sec x tan x
8 cosec x −cosec x cot x
9 tan x sec2 x
10 cot x −cosec2 x
11 sinh x cosh x
12 cosh x sinh x
13 sech x −sech x tanh x
14 cosech x −cosech x coth x
15 tanh x sech2 x
16 coth x −cosech2 x
17 sin−1 x √ 1
1−x2

18 cos−1 x 1
- √1−x 2

19 sec−1 x √1
x 1−x2

20 cosec−1 x 1
- x√1−x 2

21 tan−1 x 1
1+x2

22 cot−1 x 1
- 1+x 2

22 ax ax (loga)
Note that Derivatives of co trigonometrical ratios ( cos, cosec and
2

cot)are negative
0.1. STANDARD INTEGRALS 3

0.1 Standard Integrals

R
S.No f (x) f (x)dx
xn+1
1 xn , n 6= −1 n+1
1
2 x
log x
3 ex ex
4 sin x − cos x
5 cos x sin x
6 sec x log(sec x + tan x)
7 cosec x − log(cosec x + cot x)
8 tan x log sec x
− log cos x
9 cot x log sin x
10 sec2 x tan x
11 cosec2 x − cot x
12 sinh x cosh x
13 cosh x sinh x
14 sech x tanh x −sech x
15 cosech x coth x −cosech x
16 sech2 x tanh x
17 cosech2 x −coth x
18 √ 1
1−x2
sin−1 x
19 √1
x 1−x2
sec−1 x
20 1
1+x2
tan−1 x

Note: If we have a linear expression ax+b instead of x, we

4

can apply the integral formulae with ax + b in the place of

x and should divide the result by a which is the derivative
of ax + b.
0.1. STANDARD INTEGRALS 5

R
S.No f (x) f (x)dx
1 (ax+b)n+1
1 (ax + b)n , n 6= −1 a n+1
1 1
2 (ax+b) a
log(ax + b)
1 (ax+b)
3 e(ax+b) a
e
4 sin (ax + b) − a1 cos (ax + b)
1
5 cos (ax + b) a
sin (ax + b)
1
6 sec (ax + b) a
log[sec(ax + b) + tan(ax + b)]
7 cosec (ax + b) − a1 log[cosec (ax + b) + cot(ax + b)]
1
8 tan (ax + b) a
log sec(ax + b) or - a1 log cos(ax + b)
1
9 cot(ax + b) a
log sin x
1
10 sec2 (ax + b) a
tan x
11 cosec2 (ax + b) − a1 cot x
1
12 sinh (ax + b) a
cosh x
1
13 cosh (ax + b) a
sinh (ax + b)
14 sech (ax + b) tanh (ax + b) − a1 sech (ax + b)
15 cosech (ax + b) coth (ax + b) − a1 cosech (ax + b)
16 sech2 (ax + b) 1
a
tanh(ax + b)
17 cosech2 (ax + b) − a1 coth (ax + b)
18 √ 1 1
a
sin−1 (ax + b)
1−(ax+b)2

19 √ 1 1
a
sec−1 (ax + b)
x 1−(ax+b)2

20 1
1+(ax+b)2
1
a
tan−1 (ax + b)
6

Important derived Integration Formulae

√ √
1. Integrals involving a2 − x2 and x 2 − a2
R
S.No f (x) f (x)dx
1 √ 1
a2 −x2
sin−1 xa
√ √ 2
2 a2 − x2 x2 a2 − x2 + a2 sin−1 xa
√
3 √ 1 log(x + x 2 − a2 )
2
x −a 2
√ √ 2 √
4 x2 − a2 x2 x2 − a2 − a2 log(x + x2 − a2 )
√ √
2. Integrals involving a2 + x2 (ie, x2 + a2 )
R
S.No f (x) f (x)dx
√
1 √ 1
2
x +a 2 log(x + x2 + a2 ) or sinh−1 xa
√ √ 2 √
2 x2 + a2 x2 x2 + a2 + a2 log(x + x2 + a2 )
3. Integrals involving a2 − x2 and x2 − a2
R
S.No f (x) f (x)dx
1 1
a2 −x2
1
2a
log( a+x
a−x
) or 1
a
tan−1 x
a
1 1
2 x2 −a2 2a
log( x−a
x+a
)
4. Integrals involving x2 + a2 .
R
S.No f (x) f (x)dx
1 1
x2 +a2
1
a
tan−1 x
a
3
2 x2 + a2 x3 + a2 x
√ √ √
5. Integrals involving x x2 − a2 , x a2 − x2 , x x2 + a2
R
S.No f (x) f (x)dx
1 √ 1
x x2 −a2
1
a
sec−1 x
a
√
√ 1 a2 −x2
2 x a2 −x2
− a1 log( a+ x
)
√
√ 1 x2 +a2
3 x x2 +a2
− a1 log( a+ x
)
0.1. STANDARD INTEGRALS 7

6. Some Important Integrals involving exponential and trigono-

metric functions
R
S.No f (x) f (x)dx
eax
1 eax cos bx a2 +b2
(a cos bx + b sin bx)
eax
2 eax sin bx a2 +b2
(a sin bx − b cos bx)

Note: If we have a linear function px + q instead of x in the formula,

apply the formula considering px + q as a variable and divide the result by
p (the derivative of px + q).[equivalently, multiplied by
8

1
p
]

0.2 Integration by parts

The formula for integration by parts is
Z Z
udv = uv − vdu

To use this formula we will need to identify u and dv, compute du and v
and then use the formula. Note as well that computing v is very easy.

• Usually, the function whose derivative ( first derivative or some

higher derivative) vanishes is taken as u.

• Suppose computing of v from dv is not easy we choose dv first

and take the rest in the integrand as u ??

All we need to do before applying the formula is to integrate dv to find

v.

R
v= dv

0.3 Bernoulli’s Formula

Integration by parts is easy if there is one or two iteration. But if there
is more iteration then Bernoulli’s formula is very useful to evaluate such
integral.
Bernoulli’s Formula:
0.3. BERNOULLI’S FORMULA 9

If u and v are functions of x then

Z
udv = uv − u0 v1 + u00 v2 − u000 v3 + · · · + (−1)n u(n) vn · · ·

where u0 , u00 , u000 ,... are successive derivatives of u w.r.to x and v1 =

R R R
vdx, v2 = v1 dx, v3 = v2 dx, · · ·