BIOTECH FARMING

Manjit S. Kang
Vice Chancellor
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
 Share of different sectors in
India’s Economy (2006-07)
Primary , 20.54%

(Agriculture)

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

Secondary,
Tertiary, 54.74% 24.71%

( Services) ( Industry)
 SUSTAINING AGRICULTURE

• Development and release of high-

yielding crop varieties
• Development of efficient crop
production and protection
technologies
SUSTAINING AGRICULTURE

• Use of quality agrochemicals

(fertilizers, pesticides)
• Assured irrigation
• Developing crop varieties with
greater water-use efficiency
• Biotechnology provides powerful tools for
the sustainable development of
agriculture, fisheries and forestry, as well
as the food industry. When appropriately
integrated with other technologies, it can
be of significant assistance in meeting the
needs of an expanding and increasingly
urbanized population in the next
millennium. (FAO, 2000)
 BIOTECHNOLOGY ASPECTS:
RELEVANCE TO AGRICULTURE
• Tissue culture/micropropagation

• Haploid/ doubled-haploid breeding

• Transgenic technology

• DNA-marker technology
 TISSUE CULTURE
MICROPROPAGATION
Micropropagation involves the
production of plants from very small (1
mm) plant parts through tissue culture.
Micropropagation of selected
ornamentals, field, fruit and forest plant
species is one of the best and most
successful examples of commercial
applications of tissue-culture
technology.
 APPLICATIONS OF
MICROPROPAGATION
1. PRODUCTION OF SUPER-ELITE
PLANTING MATERIAL (SEED) OF
VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED
SPECIES.
2. QUICK SPREAD OF NEW
VARIETIES OF VEGETATIVELY
PROPAGATED SPECIES.
3. REJUVENATION OF OLD
VARIETIES OF VEGETATIVELY
PROPAGATED SPECIES.
 MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCOLS

• Micropropagation protocols
developed at PAU: Total 17 species
DEVELOPED AT PAU

BANANA

Total plant species=17

 MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCOLS
Developed at P.A.U.

FIELD CROPS FOREST CROPS

Sugarcane Eucalyptus
Potato
Neem
FLOURICULTURAL PLANTS Poplar

Gladiolus Paulowinia
Chrysanthemum
Carnation
MEDICINAL PLANTS
Lilium
Mentha
FRUIT CROPS Brahmi
Citrus Banana Safed musli
Strawberry Aloe vera
 MASS PROPAGATION
THROUGH
MICROPROPAGATION

• Sugarcane
• Potato
• Mentha
• Banana
SUGACANE
POTATO

POTATO MENTHA BANANA

MICROPROPAGATION OF POTATO
THROUGH MINITUBER PRODUCTION
 POTATO (TC1 GENERATION) IN
THE FIELD

TISSUE CULTURED CONVENTIONAL

SPREAD OF MICROPROPAGATION
TECHNOLOGY

• More than 500 million plants

belonging to different plant
species are annually produced
through micopropagation in the
world.
• There are more than 100
commercial tissue-culture units in
India
 HAPLOID/DOUBLED-HAPLOID
BREEDING
Production of haploids/doubled
haploids through anther and
pollen culture from F1 plants,
and embryo culture from wide
crosses is a very useful
technique for shortening the
breeding cycle and early
release of varieties.
 DOUBLED-HAPLOID BREEDING
AT PAU

ANTHER CULTURE IN RICE

POLLEN CULTURE IN RICE

PRODUCTION OF WHEAT HAPLOIDS

THROUGH WHEAT X MAIZE CROSSES
Field Trials of Anther & Pollen-Derived indica rice

A B

C D
 APPLICATIONS
• In vitro production of haploids/doubled-
haploids from F1 plants results in true-
breeding plants in less than one year,
which otherwise takes 7 to 8
generations through conventional
methods.
• Several cultivars are either in tests or
have been released in rice, wheat,
maize, rapeseed and mustard in China,
Canada, Denmark, USA and France.
TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY
• Useful genes cloned from viruses,
bacteria, fungi, insects, animals,
human beings and even the genes
synthesized in the lab can be
introduced into plants.
• Unlike conventional plant
breeding, only the specific, cloned
gene (s) is (are) being introduced
without the co-transfer of
undesirable genes from donor. No
need for repeated backcrossing.
 TRANS-ORGANISMS
VIRUS
VIRUSES
BACTERIA
FUNGI
INSECTS
ANIMALS
HUMAN
HUMANS
UNRELATED PLANTS

CLONED TRANSGENE(S)

NORMAL PLANT GM (TRANSGENIC) PLANT

OR OR
NORMAL CROP GM (TRANSGENIC) CROP
TRANSGENIC RESEARCH AT
PAU
Development of Bt transgenic rice

Biologia Plantarum 50 (2): 311-314.

GENETIC ENGINEERING OF RICE FOR
GREATER WATER-USE EFFICIENCY

Biologia Plantarum (In press)

 Agrobacterium-Mediated
Genetic Transformation of Sugarcane

B
C

D
A C F D
T1
T1 GENERATION
GENERATION OF
OF SELECTED
SELECTED TRANSGENIC
TRANSGENIC
SUGARCANE
SUGARCANE PLANTS
PLANTS
 INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF
TRANSGENIC CROPS
• Total countries growing transgenic crops
=25
• Total area under transgenic crops in the
world= 125 MH
• Total crops: 10
• Total area under transgenic crops in India =
7.6 MH
• Area under Bt cotton in Punjab: About 5.5
lakh hectares (~0.5 MH) (i.e., about 90 % area
is under Bt cotton)
 India’s Status
James Clive: 2008
• USA: Soy, maize, cotton, canola, squash,
papaya, alfalfa, sugarbeet
• Argentina: Soy, maize, cotton
• Brazil: Soy, maize, cotton
• India: Cotton
• Canada: Canola, maize, soy, sugarbeet
• China: Cotton, tomato, poplar, peunia,
papaya, sweet pepper
 Bt Cotton
Bt Non Bt
 Bt COTTON IN PUNJAB

PAU has recommended 6 Bt cotton
hybrids developed by different seed
companies for cultivation in Punjab.

Total area under cotton: 6.5 Lakh
hectares (Area under Bt cotton : 90%).

Pesticides have been reduced by
almost 90%.

State is heading for a white-gold
revolution.
 GENETICALLY MODIFIED
FOODS FOR FUTURE
High-lycopene tomato
o Tomato with high flavonols /
flavonoids as anti-oxidants
o Bt Brinjal
o Cavity-fighting apples
 GENETICALLY MODIFIED
FOODS FOR FUTURE
Golden rice
Iron-pumping rice
Golden brassica
Proteinaceous potatoes
Decaffeinated tea & coffee
 MOLECULAR-MARKER
TECHNOLOGY
• Development of saturated linkage
maps
• DNA fingerprinting for varietal
identification
• Phylogenetic and evolutionary
studies
• Molecular markers and heterosis
breeding
 MOLECULAR-MARKER
TECHNOLOGY
Gene tagging
Marker-assisted selection
Marker-assisted alien-gene
introgression
Map-based gene cloning
 Molecular linkage map of diploid wheat Triticum monococcum
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
0.0 mwg851
18.5 ksuD18
19.6 BE498358 0.0 BE496903 cfd190
0.0 psr921 0.0
0.0 BE489323 wmc382 0.0 wmc147 18.1 barc186 0.0 gwm471
23.6 3.3 gwm397 1.2 wmc96.2
bcd130 25.1 barc124.1 barc1 barc37
27.4 0.0 wm614 18.7 1.8
33.9 gwm636 wmc150.2 barc113
42.7 gdm33 21.4 gwm757 4.1 wmc89 13.0
gwm33 52.3 psr666 barc57 19.3 cfd40 26.7 gwm570
47.9 25.1 5.6 barc106
cfd58 psr108 21.9 barc117 32.5 wmc179
49.2 57.8 33.6 barc12 6.2 cfd71
53.6 gwm136 wmc177 wmc11 44.0 gwm1017 36.2 barc70
34.3 16.5 Ba2
55.7 cfa2153 fba198 46.2 wmc417
58.7 49.0 gwm443 47.9 gwm635
59.3 BE444890 fba178 49.8 cfd79 33.0 cfa2173 57.1 gwm617
59.5 BE499835
mwg710.2 60.6 wmC664 gwm205 60.1 gwm427
59.8 46.2 gwm494 60.6
psr549.2 68.5 fba272 gwm154 63.4 gwm1089
53.4 mwg2021.2 64.3
60.3 mwg2021.1 81.2 BE497494 67.8 psr966 72.6 cfd31
BE499478 76.6 Gnu_A 54.0 cdo484
66.6 gwm1104 84.9 83.0 barc141 93.5 cfa2049
BE442682 87.5 gwm275 gwm186 psr687
69.2 95.5 barC618 88.0 89.0 100.9 wm6
barC604 BE406808 94.5 wmc371 barc104
90.1 96.7 gwm779 102.0 gwm130
74.2 BE499835 wmc474 79.9 mwg676 cfd2.2
105.6 wmc150.1 96.3 103.7 barc154
cfa2158 BE406584 117.0 barc151
78.5 91.3 125.6 wmc79 106.7 cfa2028
cfd21 gwm515 125.9 cfd12
126.2 barc19 122.2 wmc405
80.8 BE443401 gwm1011 130.0 gwm271
126.5 barc67 123.9 wmc58
83.7 BE443103 gwm1045 135.8 psr426 cfa2174
126.8 wmC669 135.0
86.9 BE591682 94.7 BE406923 140.7 cfd2a
133.1 cfa2134 138.3 RC_A
91.6 BE495292 gwm71 144.3 psr549. 1
134.3 psr570 gwm573
101.4 barc9 cfd26 barc124.2 142.6
138.9 gwm1121 147.2 wmc17
116.2 gdm36 96.0 wmc420 cfa2163
150.9 psr74 150.0 145.4 cfd68
cfd65 BE425962 barc142
126.9 115.5 153.4 wmc492 149.8 wmc96.1
cfd59 psr630 150.9 cfa2141 gwm473
168.6 barc152 153.8
131.2 wmc470.1 117.4 barc5 154.8 wmc470.2
170.5 wmc96.3 163.7 barC69
135.9 gwm135 127.0 psr681 157.1 bcd98
171.2 BE443103 127.4 psr933 KsuG14
178.6 mwg710.3
127.6 wmc407 192.1
wmc170 201.4 cfd39 0.0 gwm332
131.2 psr331 207.4 gwm126
132.3 fba374 211.0 gwm6 11.8 cfa2019
216.0 bcd131
136.8 psr540 222.2 cfd47
wmc74 0.0 gwm344
150.4 cfd267 228.6 wmc153 224.2
183.7 cfd223 232.3 cfa2170
235.2 cfd62
244.1 wmc326
0.0 gwm382 252.5 wmc322
0.6 gwm311 34.7 wmC673
8.9 barc122

283.3 gwm391
Developed at PAU
 Chrom 2
fba198
Chrom 1 58.7 fba178
60.6 wmC664
42.7 gdm33 68.5 fba272
47.9 gwm33 81.2 BE497494
49.2 cfd58 84.9 BE499478

CreM.pau-1A
gwm136 87.5 gwm275
53.6
BE406808
55.7 cfa2153 90.1
wmc474
59.3 BE444890 BE406584
mwg710b 91.3
gwm515
59.8 Psr549b gwm1011
60.3 mwg2021a gwm1045
gwm1104 94.7 BE406923
66.6
gwm71
BE442682
69.2 cfd26
barc204 96.0 wmc420
BE499835

YrM.pau-2A
74.2 BE425962
cfa2158 115.5
psr630
78.5 cfd21 117.4 barc5
80.8 BE443401 127.0 psr681
127.4 psr933
83.7 BE443103
127.6 wmc407
86.9 BE591682 wmc170
91.6 BE495292 131.2 psr331
101.4 barc9 132.3 fba374
116.2 gdm36 136.8 psr540
150.4 cfd267

Cereal cyst nematode resistance Stripe rust resistance gene

gene mapped in T. monococcum mapped in T. monococcum
PYRAMIDING OF BACTERIAL BLIGHT RESITANCE GENES
IN RICE THROUGH MAS

xa5

xa13

Xa21

Pusa 44 pyramid

Pusa 44 pyramid
PR106 pyramid

PR106 pyramid

Pusa 44

PR118
PR114

PR116
PR106

lines

lines
lines

lines
Pyramiding of Bacterial Blight resistance
genes, xa5, xa13 and Xa21 in the BB reaction (artificial inoculation) of
background of PR106 and Pusa 44 released varieties and pyramid lines
 B 370 25
P2 25
26
1 26
27
2 27
28
28
3
29
29
4
30
30
5
31 31
6
32 32
7
33 33
8
34 34
9
35 35
10
36 36
11
37 37
12
38
38
13
39
39
14
40
15 40
41
16 41
42
17 42
43
18 43
44
19 44
45
20 45
46
21 B 370 B 370
MAS: Basmati rice Improvement

22 P2
P2
Xa21

xa13

content
amylose
RM339
Linked to
Semidwarf plants obtained in the BC1F3 progenies of the crosses Basmati
370/ IET 17948//Basmati 370 and Basmati 386/ IET 17948//Basmati 386
MAS: Pyramiding Leaf Rust ( Lr) genes in wheat
PBW 343

Lr28
Lr24
MAS: Leaf rust reaction of Lr24 +Lr28 pyramid lines
PBW343

Pyramid lines
Microbial biotechnology
• Biofertilizers

• Biopesticides

• Bioherbicides
 Biofertilizers
• PAU has developed seven Rhizobium
cultures for seven leguminous crops -
The technology has been transferred to
Department of Agriculture, Punjab.

• Certain fungi are also being

investigated for use as biofertilizers
 Biopesticides
PAU has isolated some strains of
Trichoderma, Pseudomonas,
Bacillus subtilis and Fusarium for
biocontrol of soil-borne plant
pathogens of potato, chickpea,
rice and sunflower.
Fungus to control nematodes in soil
 Biopesticides
The potato seed-tuber treatment
with Trichoderma has been
recommended for control of black
scurf disease of potato in Punjab.
 Summary: AgBiotech products
• Micropropagated plants
• Transgenic crops
• Pyramided lines/varieties
• Gene Chips
• Biofertilizers
• Biopesticides
• Bioherbicides
• Disease diagnostic kits
Innovate
THANKS