Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
and evaluation
Most corporate trainers and HR professionals, coaches and teachers, will benefit significantly by simply understanding the basics of Bloom's Taxonomy, as
featured below. (If you want to know more, there is a vast amount of related reading and references, listed at the end of this summary explanation.)
Bloom's Taxonomy was primarily created for academic education, however it is relevant to all types of learning.
Interestingly, at the outset, Bloom believed that education should focus on 'mastery' of subjects and the promotion of higher forms of thinking, rather than a
utilitarian approach to simply transferring facts. Bloom demonstrated decades ago that most teaching tended to be focused on fact-transfer and information
recall - the lowest level of training - rather than true meaningful personal development, and this remains a central challenge for educators and trainers in
modern times. Much corporate training is also limited to non-participative, unfeeling knowledge-transfer, (all those stultifyingly boring powerpoint
presentations...), which is reason alone to consider the breadth and depth approach exemplified in Bloom's model.
You might find it helpful now to see the Bloom Taxonomy overview. Did you realise there were all these potential dimensions to training and learning?
Bloom's (and his colleagues') initial attention was focused on the 'Cognitive Domain', which was the first published part of Bloom's Taxonomy, featured in the
publication: 'Taxonomy Of Educational Objectives: Handbook 1, The Cognitive Domain' (Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill, Krathwohl, 1956).
The 'Taxonomy Of Educational Objectives: Handbook II, The Affective Domain' (Bloom, Masia, Krathwohl) as the title implies, deals with the detail of the second
domain, the 'Affective Domain', and was published in 1964.
Various people suggested detail for the third 'Psychomotor Domain', which explains why this domain detail varies in different representations of the complete
Bloom Taxonomy. The three most popularly referenced versions of the Psychomotor Domain seem to be those of RH Dave (1967/70), EJ Simpson (1966/72),
and AJ Harrow (1972).
As such 'Bloom's Taxonomy' describes the three-domain structure, within which the detail may vary, especially for the third domain.
Bloom's Taxonomy has therefore since 1956 provided a basis for ideas which have been used (and developed) around the world by academics, educators,
teachers and trainers, for the preparation of learning evaluation materials, and also provided the platform for the complete 'Bloom's Taxonomy' (including the
detail for the third 'Psychomotor Domain') as we see it today. Collectively these concepts which make up the whole Bloom Taxonomy continue to be useful and
very relevant to the planning and design of: school, college and university education, adult and corporate training courses, teaching and lesson plans, and
learning materials; they also serve as a template for the evaluation of: training, teaching, learning and development, within every aspect of education and
industry.
If you are involved in the design, delivery or evaluation of teaching, training, courses, learning and lesson plans, you should find Bloom's Taxonomy useful, as a
template, framework or simple checklist to ensure you are using the most appropriate type of training or learning in order to develop the capabilities required or
wanted.
Training or learning design and evaluation need not cover all aspects of the Taxonomy - just make sure there is coverage of the aspects that
are appropriate.
As such, if in doubt about your training aims - check what's possible, and perhaps required, by referring to Bloom's Taxonomy.
Taxonomy means 'a set of classification principles', or 'structure', and Domain simply means 'category'. Bloom and his colleagues were academics, looking
at learning as a behavioural science, and writing for other academics, which is why they never called it 'Bloom's Learning Structure', which would perhaps have
made more sense to people in the business world. (Interestingly this example of the use of technical language provides a helpful lesson in learning itself,
namely, if you want to get an idea across to people, you should try to use language that your audience will easily recognise and understand.)
Bloom's Taxonomy underpins the classical 'Knowledge, Attitude, Skills' structure of learning method and evaluation, and aside from the even simpler
Kirkpatrick learning evaluation model, Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains remains the most widely used system of its kind in education particularly, and also
industry and corporate training. It's easy to see why, because it is such a simple, clear and effective model, both for explanation and application of learning
objectives, teaching and training methods, and measurement of learning outcomes.
Bloom's Taxonomy provides an excellent structure for planning, designing, assessing and evaluating training and learning effectiveness. The model also serves
as a sort of checklist, by which you can ensure that training is planned to deliver all the necessary development for students, trainees or learners, and a
template by which you can assess the validity and coverage of any existing training, be it a course, a curriculum, or an entire training and development
programme for a large organisation.
http://www.businessballs.com/bloomstaxonomyoflearningdomains.htm (2 of 15)25/03/2006 10:41:05 PM
bloom's taxonomy of learning domains - bloom's learning model, for teaching, lesson plans, training cousres design planning and evaluation
It is fascinating that Bloom's Taxonomy model (1956/64) and Kirkpatrick's learning evaluation model (1959) remain classical reference models and tools into the
21st century. This is because concepts such as Bloom's Taxonomy, Kirkpatrick's model, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Mcgregor's XY Theory, The SWOT analysis
model, and Berne's Transactional Analysis theory, to name a few other examples, are timeless, and as such will always be relevant to the understanding and
development of people and organisations.
This has given rise to the obvious short-hand variations on the theme which summarise the three domains; for example, Skills-Knowledge-Attitude, KAS, Do-
Think-Feel, etc.
Various people have since built on Bloom's work, notably in the third domain, the 'psychomotor' or skills, which Bloom originally identified in a broad sense, but
which he never fully detailed. This was apparently because Bloom and his colleagues felt that the academic environment held insufficient expertise to analyse
and create a suitable reliable structure for the physical ability 'Psychomotor' domain. While this might seem strange, such caution is not uncommon among
expert and highly specialised academics - they strive for accuracy as well as innovation. In Bloom's case it is as well that he left a few gaps for others to
complete the detail; the model seems to have benefited from having several different contributors fill in the detail over the years, such as Anderson, Krathwhol,
Masia, Simpson, Harrow and Dave (these last three having each developed versions of the third 'Psychomotor' domain).
In each of the three domains Bloom's Taxonomy is based on the premise that the categories are ordered in degree of difficulty. An important premise of
Bloom's Taxonomy is that each category (or 'level') must be mastered before progressing to the next. As such the categories within each domain
are levels of learning development, and these levels increase in difficulty.
The simple matrix structure enables a checklist or template to be constructed for the design of learning programmes, training courses, lesson plans, etc. Effective
learning - especially in organisations, where training is to be converted into organisational results - should arguably cover all the levels of each of the domains,
where relevant to the situation and the learner.
The learner should benefit from development of knowledge and intellect (Cognitive Domain); attitude and beliefs (Affective Domain); and the ability to put
physical and bodily skills into effect - to act (Psychomotor Domain).
Here's a really simple adapted 'at-a-glance' representation of Bloom's Taxonomy. The definitions are intended to be simple modern day language, to assist
explanation and understanding. This simple overview can help you (and others) to understand and explain the taxonomy. Refer back to it when considering and
getting to grips with the detailed structures - this overview helps to clarify and distinguish the levels.
For the more precise original Bloom Taxonomy terminology and definitions see the more detailed domain structures beneath this at-a-glance model. It's helpful
at this point to consider also the 'conscious competence' learning stages model, which provides a useful perspective for all three domains, and the concept of
developing competence by stages in sequence.
(Detail of Bloom's Taxonomy Domains: 'Cognitive Domain' - 'Affective Domain' - 'Psychomotor Domain')
N.B. In the Cognitive Domain, levels 5 and 6, Synthesis and Evaluation, were subsequently inverted by Anderson and Krathwhol in 2001. Anderson and
Krathwhol also developed a complex two-dimensional extension of the Bloom Taxonomy, which is not explained here. If you want to learn more about the
bleeding edge of academic educational learning and evaluation there is a list of further references below. For most mortals in teaching and training what's on
this page is probably enough to make a start, and a big difference.
http://www.businessballs.com/bloomstaxonomyoflearningdomains.htm (4 of 15)25/03/2006 10:41:05 PM
bloom's taxonomy of learning domains - bloom's learning model, for teaching, lesson plans, training cousres design planning and evaluation
Note also that the Psychomotor Domain featured above is based on the domain detail established by RH Dave (who was a student of Bloom) in 1967
(conference paper) and 1970 (book). The Dave model is the simplest and generally easiest to apply in the corporate development environment. Alternative
Psychomotor Domains structures have been suggested by others, notably Harrow and Simpson's models detailed below. I urge you explore the Simpson and
Harrow Psychomotor Domain alternatives - especially for the development of children and young people, and for developing skills in adults that take people out
of their comfort zones. This is because the Simpson and Harrow models offer different emotional perspectives and advantages, which are useful for certain
learning situations, and which do not appear so obviously in the structure of the Dave model.
Bloom's Taxonomy in more detailed structure follows, with more formal terminology and definitions. Refer back to the Bloom Taxonomy overview any time you
need to refresh or clarify your perception of the model. It is normal to find that the extra detail can initially cloud the basic structure - which is actually quite
simple - so it's helpful to keep the simple overview to hand.
In my humble opinion it's possible to argue either case (Synthesis then Evaluation, or vice-versa) depending on the circumstances and the precise criteria stated
or represented in the levels concerned, plus the extent of 'creative thinking' and 'strategic authority' attributed to or expected at the 'Synthesis' level. In short -
pick the order which suits your situation. (Further comment about synthesis and evaluation priority.)
cognitive domain
Refresh your understanding of where this fits into the Bloom Taxonomy overview.
Based on the 'Taxonomy Of Educational Objectives: Handbook 1, The Cognitive Domain' (Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill, Krathwohl) 1956. Note that levels 5 and
6, Synthesis and Evaluation, were subsequently inverted by Anderson and Krathwhol in 2001, on which point:
The above version is the original, and according to the examples and assumptions presented in the above matrix, is perfectly appropriate and logical. I also
personally believe the above order to be appropriate for corporate and industrial training and development if 'Evaluation' is taken to represent
executive or strategic assessment and decision-making, which is effectively at the pinnacle of the corporate intellect-set.
I believe inversion of Synthesis and Evaluation carries a risk unless it is properly qualified. This is because the highest skill level absolutely must involve
strategic evaluation; effective management - especially of large activities or organisations - relies on strategic evaluation. And clearly, strategic evaluation,
is by implication included in the 'Evaluation' category.
I would also argue that in order to evaluate properly and strategically, we need first to have learned and experienced the execution of the strategies (ie, to have
completed the synthesis step) that we intend to evaluate.
However, you should feel free to invert levels 5 and 6 if warranted by your own particular circumstances, particularly if your interpretation of 'Evaluation' is non-
strategic, and not linked to decision-making. Changing the order of the levels is warranted if local circumstances alter the degree of difficulty. Remember, the
taxonomy is based in the premise that the degree of difficulty increases through the levels - people need to learn to walk before they can run - it's that simple.
So, if your situation causes 'Synthesis' to be more challenging than 'Evaluation', then change the order of the levels accordingly (ie., invert 5 and 6 like Anderson
and Krathwhol did), so that you train people in the correct order.
affective domain
Based on the 'Taxonomy Of Educational Objectives: Volume 2, The Affective Domain' (Bloom, Masia, Krathwohl) 1964.
This domain for some people can be a little trickier to understand than the others. The differences between the levels, especially between 3, 4, and 5, are subtle,
and not so clear as the separations elsewhere in the Taxonomy. You will find it easier to understand if you refer back to the bloom's taxonomy learning domains
at-a-glance.
reproduce activity from carry out task from written or re-create, build, perform, execute,
2 Manipulation
instruction or memory verbal instruction implement
adapt and integrate relate and combine associated construct, solve, combine, coordinate,
4 Articulation expertise to satisfy a non- activities to develop methods to integrate, adapt, develop, formulate,
standard objective meet varying, novel requirements modify, master
automated, unconscious
define aim, approach and
mastery of activity and design, specify, manage, invent,
5 Naturalization strategy for use of activities to
related skills at strategic project-manage
meet strategic need
level
Based on RH Dave's version of the Psychomotor Domain ('Developing and Writing Behavioral Objectives', 1970. The theory was first presented at a Berlin
conference 1967, hence you may see Dave's model attributed to 1967 or 1970).
Refresh your understanding of where the Psychomotor Domain fits into the Bloom Taxonomy overview.
It is also useful to refer to the 'Conscious Competence' model, which arguably overlays, and is a particularly helpful perspective for explaining and representing
the 'Psychomotor' domain, and notably Dave's version. (The 'Conscious Competence' model also provides a helpful perspective for the other two domains -
Cognitive and Affective, and for the alternative Psychomotor Domains suggested by Harrow and Simpson below.)
Dave's Psychomotor Domain above is probably the most commonly referenced and used psychomotor domain interpretation. There are certainly two others;
Simpson's, and Harrow's, (if you know any others please contact us).
It's worth exploring and understanding the differences between the three Psychomotor Domain interpretations. Certainly each is different and has a different use.
In my view the Dave model is adequate and appropriate for most adult training in the workplace.
For young children, or for adults learning entirely new and challenging physical skills (which may require some additional attention to awareness and perception,
and mental preparation), or for anyone learning skills which involve expression of feeling and emotion, then the Simpson or Harrow models can be more useful
because they more specifically address these issues.
Simpson's version is particularly useful if you are taking adults out of their comfort zones, because it addresses sensory, perception (and by implication
attitudinal) and preparation issues. For example anything fearsome or threatening, like emergency routines, conflict situations, tough physical tasks or conditions.
Harrow's version is particularly useful if you are developing skills which are intended ultimately to express, convey and/or influence feelings, because its final
level specifically addresses the translation of bodily activities (movement, communication, body language, etc) into conveying feelings and emotion, including the
effect on others. For example, public speaking, training itself, and high-level presentation skills.
The Harrow and Simpson models are also appropriate for other types of adult development. For example, teaching adults to run a difficult meeting, or make a
parachute jump, will almost certainly warrant attention on sensory perception and awareness, and on preparing oneself mentally, emotionally, and physically. In
such cases therefore, Simpson's or Harrow's model would be more appropriate than Dave's.
Adapted and simplified representation of Simpson's Psychomotor Domain ('The classification of educational objectives in the psychomotor domain', 1972).
Elizabeth Simpson seems actually to have first presented her Psychomotor Domain interpretation in 1966 in the Illinois Journal of Home Economics. Hence you
may see the theory attributed to either 1966 or 1972.
translation of physical and bodily activity into meaningful expression. The Harrow model is the only one of the three Psychomotor Domain versions which
specifically implies emotional influence on others within the most expert level of bodily control, which to me makes it rather special.
As ever, choose the framework that best fits your situation, and the needs and aims of the trainees or students.
use than one ability in response catch, write, explore, distinguish using
3 Perceptual Abilities basic response
to different sensory perceptions senses
Adapted and simplified representation of Harrow's Psychomotor Domain (1972). (Non-discursive means intuitively direct and well expressed.)
in conclusion
http://www.businessballs.com/bloomstaxonomyoflearningdomains.htm (13 of 15)25/03/2006 10:41:05 PM
bloom's taxonomy of learning domains - bloom's learning model, for teaching, lesson plans, training cousres design planning and evaluation
Bloom's Taxonomy is a wonderful reference model for all involved in teaching, training, learning, coaching - in the design, delivery and evaluation of these
development methods. At its basic level (refresh your memory of the Bloom Taxonomy overview if helpful), the Taxonomy provides a simple, quick and easy
checklist to start to plan any type of personal development. It helps to open up possibilities for all aspects of the subject or need concerned, and suggests a
variety of the methods available for delivery of teaching and learning. As with any checklist, it also helps to reduce the risks of overlooking some vital aspects of
the development required.
The more detailed elements within each domain provide additional reference points for learning design and evaluation, whether for a single lesson, session or
activity, or training need, or for an entire course, programme or syllabus, across a large group of trainees or students, or a whole organisation.
And at its most complex, Bloom's Taxonomy is continuously evolving, through the work of academics following in the footsteps of Bloom's early associates, as a
fundamental concept for the development of formalised education across the world.
As with so many of the classical models involving the development of people and organisations, you actually have a choice as to how to use Bloom's Taxonomy.
It's a tool - or more aptly - a toolbox. Tools are most useful when the user controls them; not vice-versa.
Use Bloom's Taxonomy in the ways that you find helpful for your own situation.
Taxonomy of educational objectives: Handbook I, The cognitive domain. Bloom et al. 1956
Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook II: The affective domain. Bloom, Krathwhol, Masia, 1964
Developing and writing educational objectives (Psychomotor levels pp. 33-34). RH Dave, 1970
A taxonomy of the psychomotor domain: A guide for developing behavioral objectives. AJ Harrow, 1972
A comprehensive framework for instructional objectives: A guide to systematic planning and evaluation. Hannah and Michaelis, 1977
A conceptual framework for educational objectives: A holistic approach to traditional taxonomies. AD Hauenstein, 1988
Benjamin Bloom 1913-99 . A paper by Prof. Elliot W Eisner, 2000. (UNESCO: International Bureau of Education.)
A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Anderson, Krathwohl et al. 2001