Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
User Manual
December 2001
Revision 7.0.10
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this documentation may be reproduced in any form, by
any means, without the prior written permission of Conveyor Dynamics, Inc. (CDI) U.S.A.
CDI makes no representations or warranties with respect to the program material and specifically
disclaims any implied warranties, accuracy, merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Further,
CDI reserves the right to revise the program material and to make changes therein from time to time
without obligation to notify purchaser of any revisions or changes except specific errors determined to be
incorporated in the program material. It shall be the responsibility of CDI to correct any such errors in an
expeditious manner. In no event shall CDI be liable for any incidental, indirect, special or consequential
damages arising out of the purchaser’s use of program material.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
BELTSTAT is a computer program used in the design of troughed belt conveyors handling bulk materials.
BELTSTAT can analyze conveyors of any length and topography having up to twelve drive/brake stations,
without restriction as to location. The program can analyze downhill, regenerative conveyors, and belt
widths from 24 to 120 inches. Drives may be conventional head type, tail, and/or intermediate (TT-type)
drives of any combination. Both acceleration and braking action can be analyzed using either
independently controlled starting/stopping times or controlled acceleration/braking force. Starting and
stopping forces may be proportioned as desired among the multiple drives.
BELTSTAT is intended to be a design tool and computational aid to competent and experienced conveyor
design engineers. Correctly employing the program together with good engineering judgment and
conveyor design experience, users can quickly arrive at the following conveyor design data:
BELTSTAT has been verified against successfully operating conveyor systems. When used by an engineer
familiar with conveyor design methods, the program functions as a powerful design tool, providing
uniform, accurate, and rapid computations. The program allows the engineer to easily explore alternative
configurations, such as alternate counterweight and drive locations, which may result in a more economical
design.
The formulae and calculation methods of BELTSTAT are based upon the methods and data published by
the Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association (CEMA). Selected methods have been modified or
expanded to meet the requirements of high capacity, high speed, and overland systems.
Finally, BELTSTAT is designed to provide flexibility and convenience to the engineer. Where possible,
input parameters are optional. If the user does not specify these, the program will either use an appropriate
default value or make a selection based on the known variables.
BELTSTAT operates by reading an input file, analyzing the data, and then writing the final calculations to
an output file. The User Interface is a different program which allows the user to easily interact with
BELTSTAT. The User Interface allows you to input the conveyor geometry, and all the needed parameters
for the BELTSTAT input file. It will then write the input file for BELTSTAT, and allow you to run
BELTSTAT.
The manual consists of six chapters. Chapter 2 describes how to set up BELTSTAT on your computer, and
details the necessary files and equipment needed for the program to run. Chapter 3 presents the User
Interface that allows you to input the parameters needed for BELTSTAT. Then, Chapter 4 explains the
BELTSTAT results windows and output file. Chapter 5 discusses the advanced features found in the
professional version. Finally, Chapter 6 contains examples of conveyor designs made with BELTSTAT and
steps the user through each stage of the design. Many users may wish to skip directly to the example
section, and only reference the main body of the user manual as required.
2.0 GETTING STARTED
The User Interface requires Microsoft Windows 95, 98, ME, NT 4.0, or Windows 2000. It is also highly
recommended to use the default font types and a video resolution of 1024x768 or higher.
To install BELTSTAT on your computer insert the CD into your computers CR-ROM drive. If you have
autorun turned on the setup process be start automatically. Otherwise run the file:
X:/SETUP.EXE
Where X is the drive letter of your CD-Rom. A setup window will appear and step you through the
installation process.
IMPORTANT: Be sure to enter the correct user name, company name, and correct serial number. The user
and company names will appear on all BELTSTAT output files. Your serial number was supplied to you at
the time of purchase and is also located on the front side of the hardware installation key. DEMO users
should leave the serial number blank.
Now follow the online instructions. You may be asked to re-boot your computer once the installation
process is finished.
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3.1 Overview
The new BELTSTAT user interface is shown below. It contains various input and output windows. These
windows allow the user to quickly build, analyze, and optimize complex conveyor systems. Each window
will be briefly described in the following sections.
New File
Opens the "Conveyor Quick Start" window to begin working with a new BELTSTAT file.
Open File
Opens an existing file.
Save File
Saves the file using the current filename. The file is also automatically saved each time the
BELTSTAT calculations are run.
Save File As
Save the file under a different filename
Close File
Closes the current file. If the file has not been saved it will prompt the user to save the file.
"Standard Cases" Input table parameters, thereby restoring any information used to create the
project.
Windows Options
Show Toolbar – Turns the main toolbar on and off.
Close Input Window on Exit – Close the current input window when another input window is
selected.
Save Window Sizes and Positions – Save the current window sizes and the positions as the global
defaults for BELTSTAT.
Save & Close Current Window – Simple saves and closes the current input window.
Plotting Options
Set information pertaining to the BELTSTAT output plots.
Show Absolute Tension Values – Sets whether the tension values are plotted as absolute values (N
or LBS) or as belt rating values (N/mm or PIW).
Show Station Numbers – Turns the station numbers on and off in the plot window.
Show Drive / Brake Symbols – Turns the drive /brake symbols on and off in the plot window.
Show 2nd Plot Window – Shows a 2nd Plot window. This allows the user to view the BELTSTAT
plots and summary table at the same time.
Save Default Plots – Save the current plot configuration as the user default.
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RUN
Save the current file and runs the BELTSTAT calculations.
Exit
Exits the BELTSTAT program
The input units box controls how BELTSTAT interprets the data that you enter in the user interface. All
parameters must be entered in the same units. Also, if you change the unit type the user interface does not
change the values of the parameters which you have already entered. However, the unit labels do change
for each parameter. Be careful to enter the conveyor parameters in the correct units.
3.4.3 Designer
Enter the name of the designer (optional). This field Defaults to the "User Name" specified when
installing the BELTSTAT program.
3.4.4 Description
Enter a description of the conveyor (optional). This information is also added to the bottom of each
of the conveyor output tension plots.
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3.4.5 Remarks
Enter any general remarks you feel relevant about the conveyor here (optional). This information is
also added to the bottom of each of the conveyor output tension plots.
CEMA
The KY values will be calculated according to a modified CEMA KY formula.
Rheological Analysis
This analysis type is not currently marketed in BELTSTAT. Contact Conveyor Dynamics if you
are interested in more information about this analysis method.
multiplier equal to zero will result in an empty-belt analysis. A multiplier of 0.5 will cause all flight
loading percentage to be reduced by half of their input value.
Selection Meaning
1 none
2 light
3 moderate
4 very
5 extreme
(for steel cable belts). The selected PIW will be to the next higher 25 PIW increment for fabric and
100 PIW for steel cable belt.
The top cover thickness is used by the program in computing the belt weight when belt weight has
not been input.
If the user does not input the top cover thickness, the program will compute a suitable thickness
based on abrasiveness of the conveyed material, lump size, percentage of lumps, operating hours per
day, belt speed, and belt tape length. This formulation is based in part, on the Goodyear "red
handbook." Also, the following minimum thickness is maintained for load support and rubber
support around high tension pulleys:
If any unusual conditions of abrasion are anticipated, the user is advised to input the appropriate
thickness, based on judgment and/or belt manufacturer's recommendations.
If the user does not input a value, the program will select a value not less than one-third of the top
cover thickness, rounded to the nearest 1/32-inch. Also, the following minimums are applied for
steel cable belting:
3.6.8 Elasticity
This input variable represents the elastic modulus of the conveyor belt and is used in curve
computations and in take-up travel computations. This is the TOTAL elasticity of the belt in LBS
and not PIW (N not N/mm).
If not input, the program will compute an approximate value based on the carcass material, carcass
rating, and belt width. Conveyor belt elasticity may vary considerably among different
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manufacturers, so the user is advised to input the manufacturers specified value, once a vendor
selection has been made.
In all cases where belt speed and/or width are input, these values are maintained. Therefore, if both
speed and width are input, the edge distance is fixed, and the value input for edge distance is
ignored.
When the cross-sectional design loading and edge distance are both input, both are used in selecting
belt width and speed (unless both are input). The program selection will meet both criteria.
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Suggestions:
A) When analyzing for the highest friction condition, allow the program to select a value.
However, when analyzing with ambient temperature below -10 degrees Fahrenheit, input a value
of 1.00.
B) When analyzing for the lowest friction condition (e.g. Regenerative conveyor), input a value of
1.00.
If the user desires this type of low-friction case, he should input a value of 0.666 (or other value
dictated by his judgment). The value input will be applied to the KY and KX factors. Also, if the
program detects an input value less than one, idler and pulley bearing seal friction, skirtboard rubber
friction, and scraper friction will be set to zero.
Alumina, pulv. dry 0.1210 Coke, ground fine 0.0452 Limestone pulv., dry 0.1280
Ashes, coal, dry 0.0571 Coke, lumps and fines 0.0186 Magnesium chloride, dry 0.0278
Beans, navy, dry 0.0798 Cullet 0.0836 Phosphate rock, dry, broken 0.1086
Borax 0.0734 Flour, wheat 0.0265 Salt, common, dry, fine 0.0814
Bran, granular 0.0238 Grains, wheat, corn or rye 0.0433 Sand, dry, bank 0.1378
Cement Portland, dry 0.2120 Gravel, bank run 0.1145 Sawdust dry 0.0086
Cement clinker 0.1228 Gypsum, 1/2" screenings 0.0900 Soda ash, heavy 0.0705
Clay, ceramic, dry fines 0.0924 Iron ore, 200 lbs./cu ft 0.2760 Starch small lumps 0.0623
Coal, anthracite, sized 0.0538 Lime, burned, 1/8" 0.1166 Sugar, granulated dry 0.0349
Coal, bituminous, mined 0.0754 Lime hydrated 0.0490 Wood chips, hogged fuel 0.0095
The program attempts to size the convex curve such that the idler capacity is not exceeded.
However under certain conditions, this is not possible and the program will show an overload
condition. If this occurs, the user must make the necessary corrections to the idler capacity,
installation tolerance, belt tension, or curve radius.
Examples
(d) 2:1 - Two drive pulleys with twice primary power with respect to secondary pulley.
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(e) 3:2:1 - Three drive pulleys with three times primary power, twice secondary power with
respect to tertiary drive pulley.
RPM Full Load Torque = (1 - Drive Slip%) * RPM Motor Synchronous Speed
If not input, the program will set the counterweight tension as required for belt sag and drive wrap
conditions during running only. Wrap conditions during acceleration and braking will be output, but
it is the responsibility of the user to see that the counterweight tension is sufficient to satisfy the
wrap and sag criteria during acceleration and braking. Frequently, subsequent runs are required in
which the value of the counterweight tension is input.
The counterweight criteria for the acceleration, braking and drift cases are integrated with the pulley
wrap angle, the system and/or drive masses, acceleration, braking and drift times. The many
alternatives available to the designer make it impracticable for computer selection.
3.9.1 Flight
A section of conveyor, which the designer wishes to configure in a manner different from any adjacent
section of conveyor for one or more of the following reasons:
All belt tension results are reported at the beginning of the flight. For example, the
tension at the beginning of flight #5 will be reported in flight row #5. The tension at
the end of flight #5 will be given in flight row #6 (the end of flight 5 is the beginning of
flight 6).
Note: The user may input the Ground X & Ground Y data, or Flight Length and Flight Height data.
It is simply a matter of whatever is most convenient.
3.9.8 Flight ID
The flight ID tells the program what "type" of element the flight is. Valid Options are.
A " S" in this column indicates the existence of a skirtboard at the given flight. The skirtboard is
assumed to extend along the entire length of the flight.
A "D" indicates the location of a drive/brake station. The program interprets a drive station as
occurring across a single conveyor flight. The program will allow any location on the conveyor
exclusive of the Take-up. When entering the "D" the program will automatically assign a number
to the drive station, i.e. "D1" for the first drive station, "D2" for the second, and so on. Input
parameters for each drive station are found under the "Conveyor Drives/Brakes & Take-up
Parameters".
A "Ret" indicates that the flight is the first flight on the "Return" side of the conveyor. If this is
not explicitly defined than the first flight with a negative (-) length will be chosen as the beginning
of the return side.
A "V" or a "V #" indicates the location of a vertical radius. This will cut the current flight into "6"
or "#" new flights with a vertical radius as specified in the "Vertical Radius" column. For
example, a "V8" will create 8 new flights to make a vertical radius between the current flight and
the next flight.
A "RS #" will generate a flight which ends at starting location of the "#" flight. For example, an
"RS 21" will generate a flight with a length and height which will terminate at the beginning of
flight 21. When entering the RS flight the user is also ask to enter the distance between the carry
and return side of the conveyor. Example #2 at the end of this manual discusses the RS flight in
detail.
A "R # #" will generate return side flights from the first flight "#" to the second flight "#". For
example, "R 20 13" will automatically create return side flights mirroring the carry side flights
from flight 20 down to flight 13.
3.9.9 Load %
The percentage of design tonnage conveyed on each flight of the conveyor. The range is 0% to
100% plus. One hundred percent corresponds to a loading in pounds of material per lineal foot
equivalent to the full design tonnage at the selected belt speed. A value of zero denotes an empty
flight. This value is independent of the cross-sectional design loading.
flight, the program will select a pulley diameter. (Note: If an accurate estimation of the gear ratio is
required, then the drive pulley diameter should reflect lagging and the belt’s bottom cover thickness
consideration.)
If the tension is too high or low to allow a curve selection, the program will show a radius of 999999
in the output file, indicating that the user must make some changes to the input specifications to
allow a proper radius selection.
The program will indicate edge and center tension, etc., for all valid radii for concave curves and
idler loading for convex curves.
3.9.17 Notes
Allows the user to enter addition notes about each individual flight. The designer may want to make
a note of why miscellaneous drag terms were added or why a specific radius was specified. Only
one note is allowed for each unique conveyor flight and notes can not be input on flight IP lines or
duplicate flight numbers.
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One of the most useful features of the quick start window is its ability to quickly modify the conveyors
profile and drive / take-up arrangement. A rough profile can be input and the results of various drive
arrangements can quickly be obtained. For example, the designer can quickly see the result of moving the
take-up from the head to the tail of the conveyor system, or the effect of adding a secondary drive to a
single drive system. In literally minutes many of the fundament design parameters for any design can be
specified.
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The BELTSTAT output file (default extension is *.bso) may also be printed from the user interface. This is
simply a dos text file. This file can then be E-mailed to others and printed using the DOS “EDIT”
command.
The "Results Window" is composed of three "Data Window" buttons ("Data", "Plot", "Main") and five
"Selection Window" buttons which vary depending on the data window button selected. For example, if
the "Plot" data window button is clicked then the five selection window buttons become: "Profile,
"Running", "Empty", "Accelerating", "Drift", & "Brake".
Using the data window buttons, in conjunction with the selection window buttons, makes it very easy for
the user to quickly switch between any of the BELTSTAT results views. The user can switch from the
motor power table, to the conveyor profile, to a braking tension plot all with a quick click of the mouse.
Any of the results windows can quickly be sent to the default printer by selecting "Print the Current Results
Window" found under the "Results" main menu.
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When the "Data" window button is selected the five selection window buttons become "Material", "Belt",
"Idler", "Motor", "TR", & "Take-up". By click the corresponding selection box the results from the
BELTSTAT calculations are shown (the "Material" window is shown above). These windows show the
detailed output window for each of the major conveyor components as follows.
The tension utilization for acceleration and deceleration tension is the ratio of the maximum belt
tension time the safety factor to the belt strength under acceleration and deceleration conditions.
For steel cord belts, the safety factor is 6.7:1. For fabric belts, the safety factor is 10:1.
Number Of Idlers
This is an approximate count of the idlers sets required for the conveyor.
KXC , KXR
Coulomb friction factor for the carry and return idlers. See section 3.7.7
Gearbox Ratio
The gearbox ratio is computed from the motor running RPM, the belt speed, and the drive pulley
diameter.
Flight No.
Number of the flight.
Station Item
This is a description of the flight. The possibilities for this column are:
Ground X &Length
Station and Length of the individual flight
Running Tension
Tension at the flight under normal running conditions.
Empty Tension
Tension at the flight when the belt in empty of all material.
Accelerating Tension
Tension in the belt during acceleration.
Brake Tension
Tension in the belt during the braking cycle.
Drift Tension
Tension in the belt during a drift cycle.
Sag Tension
Indicates the minimum allowable running tension that will comply with the previously defined sag
criteria. If the user does not specify the counterweight tension, the program selects one which will
meet the sag tension requirements of all the flights on the conveyor for the running case.
Loading
The loading of the individual flight as a percentage of the actual conveyor "Loading"
Flap Mode
The flap mode column indicates when the forced vibration of the belt in that flight coincides with the
belt's natural frequency. This condition can result in dangerously large belt oscillations, or
resonance, and should be avoided. If the belt vibrations are near resonance then this column will
contain the mode of resonance. For example, a flap mode of 1.10 indicates that the belt is near the
first resonance mode. The flap mode is a function of the belt velocity, tension in the belt, weight of
the material, idler diameter, and the idler spacing. If the belt in a flight is near a flap mode it is
advisable to change one of the above parameters in order avoid resonance of the belt. Four stars
(****) mean that the belt is not near a resonance mode.
V-Curve Radius
Vertical curve radius as specified in the "Element" Table. If the radius was left blank in the
"Element" Table the program will estimate an approximate radius.
H-Curve Radius
Horizontal radius as specified in the "Element" Table
KY
This column indicates the KY values. See section 6.3.1 for the method of computation.
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The picture below shows the output window of the Drive/Brake Tension Ratios.
The same information is found in the BELTSTAT output file after the flight tension table. Below is
an example of the TE and tension ratio summary in the BELTSTAT output.
TE
This shows the effective tension at each drive station for each tension case. This is simply the
difference of the incoming and outgoing tensions, minus any gravity and/or acceleration/
deceleration forces active between these two flights.
WR Factr
This window shows the tension ratios for the running, acceleration, and braking cases. The warp
angle, static coefficient of friction, and dynamics coefficient of friction are also shown.
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For each load case two values are shown. The first is the wrap factor. The wrap factor is the
maximum allowable tension ratio of the drive pulley before belt slip on the pulley will occur. The
wrap factor is calculated from the following formula.
WR Factr e f
Where:
WR Factr = Wrap factor
e = natural logarithm (2.71828)
= Wrap angle of the given drive pulley (radians)
f = Friction factor of the given drive
For the running case the static coefficient of friction is used, whereas for the acceleration and
braking cases the dynamic coefficient of friction is used.
The wrap factor is used to evaluate whether the drive pulley has adequate slack side tension to avoid
slippage. The wrap factor is shown for each tension cases because the friction factor varies between
the running case and the other tension cases.
T1/T2
This value is the ratio between the greater and lesser of the tensions entering and leaving a drive
station. The values are shown for all drive stations on the conveyor. The T1/T2 ratios should be
compared with the corresponding wrap factor. If the T1/T2 ratio is less than the corresponding wrap
factor, the slip criteria have been met.
If the slip criteria are not met, the user must modify the design by increasing the counterweight
tension, increasing the acceleration or braking time, etc. The program should then be re-executed.
The take-up travel in BELTSTAT assumes a zero baseline or datum position for an initially applied
take-up force and typical installation slack. The datum is not reference to any physical item such as
a pulley. Input take-up tension, belt mass and elasticity, idler spacing, and conveyor geometry affect
the datum position. If these variables do not change, then the take-up position from various
BELTSTAT runs may be directly compared. However, if any of the above variables change then the
take-up datum position also changes.
Input take-up tension and actual take-up tension will be the same for a gravity take-up. However for
a fixed take-up, input take-up tension and actual take-up tension can (and usually) will be the
different.
For example, if all variables remain the same on a gravity take-up system except for take-up tension
then the take-up travel from the two runs are not relative to one another. BELTSTAT will show that
the tension travel of the empty belt of both cases is approximately the same. Obviously, the belt
stretch of the case with the higher take-up tension is the greatest.
The take-up pulley on a gravity take-up will generally be near the datum position when the belt is
empty at 20 C. However, the absolute take-up displacement is not important, only the relative
position is important.
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Increasing positive take-up displacement indicates stretching in the belt. Therefore in a vertical
gravity take-up, positive displacement means the take-up pulley moves downward.
Gravity Take-up
A gravity take-up has constant belt line tensions and variable displacement. The input take-up
extension (in the Drives window) is not meaningful for a gravity take-up.
Fixed Take-up
A fixed take-up is a conveyor belt tensioning device that does not allow movement of the take-up
pulley. Consequently, the belt tension at the take-up pulley varies during different loading or
starting and stopping conditions. Belt mass must be input for a fixed take-up.
Input Displacement
This is the input displacement of the take up. This field is only meaningful for a fixed take-up.
Output Tension
The tension values calculated and used by BELTSTAT.
Governing Case
This field shows which case govern the Take-up differential.
Figure 1 shows the take-up force and displacement summary in the user interface. For this particular
conveyor, the take-up pulley will be 30 mm from the datum when empty and 370 mm from the
datum when fully loaded. Maximum displacements occur during acceleration and braking. The
total take-up range is 510 mm. Figure 3 shows the relative position of the take-up pulley for various
load cases.
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In the BELTSTAT output file, the take-up summary (labeled “COUNTERWEIGHT SPECIFICATIONS”)
is located after the drive tension differential summary and before the profile summary. Figure 2
shows the take-up summary in the output file. The tension travel summary is the fourth line in the
left-hand box. It also shows the location of the take-up displacements for each load case.
60 mm (brake)
30 mm (empty)
DATUM
370 mm (full)
510 mm
447 mm (acceleration)
BELTSTAT gives an estimate for the required take-up travel, which is labeled “TAKEUP DISPL.” in
the BELTSTAT output file. This estimate is in the lower left-hand box of the summary. The
formula used to calculate the total required take-up displacement is:
TD = 1.05 * (TN+SP/2+PE+TR)+CL
Where:
TD = required take-up travel
TN = tension travel range from different load cases (running, empty, start, brake, and drift)
SP = estimated splice length
PE = permanent elongation of belt
TR = thermal travel
CL = clearance (300 mm or 12 inches)
The take-up summary also shows the input take-up tension and the actual take-up tension. Below
the take-up tension is the take-up tension differential.
Lift Force
This represents the net gravity force acting on the conveyor belt. If the flight heights sum to zero,
the lift force equals the force required to lift the conveyed material. Since the lift force is the same
for all tension cases (running, acceleration, braking, and drift), only one value is shown.
Friction Force
This represents the sum of all frictional forces excluding miscellaneous drag forces. This friction
force applies to the running, acceleration, braking and drift tension cases.
Horizontal Length
Here the program shows the arithmetic sum of all straight-line flight lengths. This value does not
include any allowance for extra belt length needed to splice the belt.
Total Elevation
The total elevation change in the conveyor from the tail to the head of the conveyor.
Material Lift
The total height that the material must be raised.
Total Mass
This is the sum of all the individual flight masses.
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DIN Factor
The DIN factor is the ratio of the total resistance force to the total weight of the conveyor system.
DIN factors ranging from .015 to .025 are common operating values for conveyor systems.
Both the flight numbers, and drive symbols can be turn on of off by selecting the "Show Drive/Brake
Symbols" and "Show Flight Numbers" checkboxes found under the "Results" main Menu.
By default the Y-axis of all tension plots is shown in absolute tension values (N or LBS). This can be
change to PIW or N/mm by unchecking the "Show Absolute Tensions Values" found under the "File” &
“Plotting Options" main menu.
The profile plot and all tension plots can be quickly sent to the default printer by selecting "Print all Plot to
Default Printer" also found under the "Results" main menu.
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Here the program gives a detailed analysis of the curve radii shown previously. This analysis is done for
both the carry side and return side of the conveyor, but is not done at any flight where a pulley exists. This
information will not be printed in the output file unless the "
Output Curve Report "checkbox is checked.
Flight Number
The flight of the curve.
Selected Radius
The radius at the flight.
Tension Case
Indicates what the tension case is for the particular row.
Lift Radius
The program computes the radius at which belt lift would be impending, using the computed
tensions at the given flight. The lift radius is computed using the weight of the belt plus that of the
material on it. The lift radius is also computed using the weight of an empty belt, though the same
belt tension is used.
Flight Number
The flight at which the calculations were made.
Selected Radius
This is the radius upon which the calculation were based.
Tension Case
This row indicates the which tension case is being reported.
End Key
Quickly moves the user the end of the file
Home Key
Move the users to the beginning of the file.
Esc Key
Closes the output window
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This feature allows the user to quickly and easily determine the "worst cases" scenarios for a particular
conveyor system. The user begins with a single input file. This "Master" file represents the conveyor
system in its normal operational state. By pressing the "Create Project Files" button six new input files are
generated base on the "Input Table". Each new input file represents a "worst case" or "unique" operating
state of the "Master" conveyor system. By selecting the "Run Project Files" all seven files (1 maser file and
the 6 newly created files) are ran with their individual results appearing in the "Results" window.
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A sample table has been included with the program. THIS TABLE IS ONLY A SAMPLE INPUT
TABLE. Its values should NOT be used as absolute or universal values only sample values. Each and
every conveyor is unique, and individual design parameters will vary depending on the design
specifications. Therefore each input table should be modified for each conveyor design.
When a "Project File" is saved the values in the "input Table" are also saved to the project file. Therefore,
the user can easily change these values for each project, and they will automatically be recalled when
reopening the project.
The "Input Table" values can also be save to the BELTSTA.INI file by selecting "Make Current Input
Values the Defaults" under the "Professional" main menu. This sets the current values in the input file as
the universal program defaults.
Any variables left blank will default to the value in the "Maser File".
Note: The “-FN” extension (full normal condition) is a special extension. If the master filename is
“C1-FN.bsi” then all the project files will be created WITHOUT the “-FN” extension. In general
the master file should always be name with the “-FN” extension. For example “C1-R3-FN” for
the master file and then all the project files would be named “C1-R3-XX”.
Blank - No Change
C - Load the Carry Side
N - Unload All Flights
I - Load Inclines
D - Load Declines
# - Load Specific Flight Numbers (ex. "#23-34" will Load flights 23 to 34)
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Top & Bottom Cover Thickness (+) See "Top Cover Thickness"
As opposed to changing the actual belt weight (above) the top & bottom cover thickness may be
specified in the "Master File". If so the values entered in "Top Cover Thickness (+)" and "Bottom
Cover Thickness (+)" will be added (or subtracted) from the "Master Files" value and the program
will calculate a new belt weight.
Seal Friction - Carry (*) & Return (*) See "Seal Friction"
This multiplication factor will cause the seal friction to be increases or decreased. It is important to
remember that the seal drag is only relevant when using user-defined idlers. If standard idlers sets,
"C6" for example, are used in the "Master File" then the seal friction is irrelevant.
Trough Shape Mult - Carry & Return See "Trough Shape Multiplier"
A specific Trough Shape Multiplier may be entered.
Take-up Tension
The take-up tension for each case
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Project Comments
This field is used one the project file printouts.
Update Profile
In some cases the user may want to manually edit the conveyor loading once the project files have
been created. If “Y” is entered in this box then the conveyor profile is not modified when the project
files are updated.
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The "Results" window shows a quick summary of the results for each of the standard files ran. Specific
information can be obtained by selecting the desired file (under the "Opened Files" main menu) and
viewing the results as usual ("Results Window" or "View BSO File"). The results table can be printed by
selecting the ”Print” button on the toolbar.
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Before diving into the BELTSTAT input/output routines the engineer must first understand how to properly
design a convex/concave curve and what information is relevant.
Concave Curves
Concave curve are generally governed by three criteria:
1. Belt lift off
2. Edge stress
3. Center stress.
The belt should not lift off a concave curve at the maximum belt tension when the belt local section is
empty. What does this mean? It means that the designer should not only look at the fully loaded and
empty belt tensions but at ALL possible design load cases and determine the maximum belt tensions in
EACH flight. Furthermore, the curve radius should be large enough to prevent belt lift off when the belt
weight has been reduced from its original weight to account for wear.
For concave curves, the maximum stress occurs at the center line of the belt. CEMA specifies that the
maximum allowable center stress should not exceed 115% of the nominal belt rating.
A concave curve will cause the belt to buckle at the edge of the belt if the radius is too small. However, a
certain amount of compressive stress is allowable at the edges for steel cord belts. Experience has shown
that the compressive stresses on the edge cables do not damage the belt or the splice. The allowable
compressive stress on the edge cables is tension dependent. Higher belt tension may have higher
compressive stresses. The edge stresses must not fall below the allowable edge compressive stress.
Convex Curves
The radius of the vertical convex curve are governed by the following criteria:
1. Belt edge stress
2. Center stress
3. Idler spacing
4. Idler installation tolerances
5. Idler L10 hour rating.
For convex curves, the maximum stress occurs at the edge of the belt. CEMA recommends that the
maximum allowable edge stress does not exceed 115% of the nominal belt rating.
A convex curve will cause the belt to buckle at the center of the belt if the radius is too small. The stresses
in the center of the belt should not drop below 5 N/mm during running conditions and 2.5 N/mm during
starting and stopping.
The figure below shows the “general’ input window. The “Use project tensions from all opened files” box
is very useful when working with conveyor projects. When this box is checked the belt tensions for all
currently opens files will be used. Therefore, if you are working with a project that has the seven standard
design files (Incline loads, declines loaded, high friction, low friction, etc.) BELTSTAT will get the
maximum and minimum belt tensions from ALL files. If this box is uncheck BELTSTAT will only use the
tensions from the current file.
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The “Curve Data” input window mainly contains information regarding the belt safety factors. The
minimum allowable belt stresses for both the steady state running and dynamic (starting/stopping)
conditions are shown. Additionally the belt safety factor is also input. The “Max Edge/Center Stress”
input box represents the maximum allowable belt stress at the center or edge of the belt. For example if the
designer is using a belt safety factor of 6.67:1 and a maximum allowable edge stress of 115% then the
safety factor at the belt edges would be 5.8:1 (6.67 / 1.15). CEMA allows a maximum edge/center stress of
115% of the nominal belt stress. This is the default value.
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The belt tracking error represents the error for the belt tracking. Unlike the CEMA calculations,
BELTSTAT calculates the belt edge and center stress based on the actual neutral axis of the belt. This
configuration is shown in the figure below. If the center idler length is not specified (under the “Idler
Data” tab) then it is assumed to be “0.37 * belt width”.
ro g
Er ckin
r
a
Tr
ye
yt
bw
Neutral Axis
yb
lc
The right hand side of the “Curve Data” input box shows various output options as described below:
1. Only Output the Running Case – Only shows the output for the running belt tensions
2. Calculate Maximum Radius Based On – The user can specify whether the following cases are
used to determine the minimum radii requirements. In may cases the user may want to
determine the curve required only based on the running and empty condition and uncheck the
acceleration and braking tension cases.
3. Update Profile on – This is a VERY useful feature. It allows the user to automatically update
the current conveyor geometry base on the any of the three following conditions:
a. All Flights – Update all curves using the minimum radius calculated by BELTSTAT.
b. “X” Flights - Allows the user to input an “X” in the flight which they wish to be
updated.
c. Red Flights – Update any radius that is smaller than the minimum design radius.
To update the conveyor geometry click the “Update BSI Profile” button while in the
Convex or Concave results window.
4. Round Up & Increase Vertical Radius – Round up the current minimum radius to the
specified value and increase it by a specified value. For example if the minimum radius was
1283 meters and the round up value was set to 50 meters with and increase value of 100
meters, then BELTSTAT would automatically round the radius up to 1400 meters.
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The “Idler data” input tab contains information relevant to both the idler life calculations, and convex curve
calculations. The troughing angle and center roll width are used to calculate the neutral axis of the belt.
The other critical input is the “Adjusted Idler Load Rating” which will is automatically calculated when the
user selects an appropriate idler series. The idler tolerance is also used to calculate the idler loading in the
vertical curve analysis.
There are two analysis methods for idler calculations. The first is the CEMA method. This is the default
methodology and is based off the standard CEMA idler sets and ratings. To us this method the designers
simply select the appropriate idler series and environmental conditions. BELTSTAT will automatically
calculate the correct “Adjusted Idler Load Rating” based on this input.
The other calculation methodology is the “Advanced” methodology. When this method is selected two
additional tabs (“Load Rating” and “Bearing Summary”) will appear at the top of the form. This method
allows the user to select a specific bearing type, such as a 6308 bearing. Rather than using an “adjusted
idler load capacity” the advance method uses a bearing static and dynamic load capacity. It then calculates
the loading on each bearing according the information input in the “Load Rating” page.
The advanced idler calculations are based off the original pressimeca calculations and the designer should
refer to the original paper entitles “” for more complete information on this method.
65
66
1. Flight Number / Abs X/Y – This is simply the conveyor flight number and its absolute X and Y
position along the conveyor. The X/Y information is useful when writing reports (“100 m Convex
Curve at 140meters from the tail” for example).
2. Current & Required Radius – Show the Current radius (as specified in the element input table) and
the required radius. The required radius will be selected as the maximum radius base in the
“Calculate Maximum Radius Based On” checkboxes selecting in the “Curve Data” input window.
3. Minimum Required Radius – The minimum required radius for each load case. This is the
MAXIMUM radius for columns 11-14.
4. Tension Case – The loading case
5. Minimum tension – The minimum belt tension for the flight. These values will be the same as the
maximum tension if “Use Project Tensions from all Opened Files” checkbox was unchecked in
the “General” input tab (since there is only one file).
6. Maximum Tension – The maximum belt tension for the flight. These values will be the same as
the minimum tension if “Use Project Tensions from all Opened Files” checkbox was unchecked in
the “General” input tab (since there is only one file).
7. Minimum Allowable Edge Stress – This is the minimum allowable edge stress.
8. Edge Stress – This is the actual edge stress and must be greater than the minimum allowable edge
stress or the radii will need to be increased.
9. Center Stress – This is the center stress of the belt. For a concave curve this will be the highest
stress in the belt at that particular location (assuming no horizontal curve is present)
10. Safety Factor – The minim belt safety factor.
11. Radius – These columns show the minimum required radius for each condition. This allows the
user to quickly pinpoint the reason for a selected minim radius.
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The figure on the next page shows the output from a typical analysis.
1. Flight Number / Abs X/Y – This is simply the conveyor flight number and its absolute X and Y
position along the conveyor. The X/Y information is useful when writing reports (“100 m Convex
Curve at 140meters from the tail” for example).
2. Current & Required Radius – Show the Current radius (as specified in the element input table) and
the required radius. The required radius will be selected as the maximum radius base in the
“Calculate Maximum Radius Based On” checkboxes selecting in the “Curve Data” input window.
3. Minimum Required Radius – The minimum required radius for each load case. This is the
MAXIMUM radius for columns 10-12.
4. Tension Case – The loading case
5. Minimum tension – The minimum belt tension for the flight. These values will be the same as the
maximum tension if “Use Project Tensions from all Opened Files” checkbox was unchecked in
the “General” input tab (since there is only one file).
6. Maximum Tension – The maximum belt tension for the flight. These values will be the same as
the minimum tension if “Use Project Tensions from all Opened Files” checkbox was unchecked in
the “General” input tab (since there is only one file).
7. Edge stress – This is the edge stress in the belt. This is the maximum stress location in a convex
curve.
8. Safety Factor – The belt safety factor at the above edge stress.
9. Center Stress – This is the center stress of the belt. For a convex curve this is the lowest stress
point in the belt. This stress must be greater than the minimum allowable belt stress.
10. Radius – These columns show the minimum required radius for each condition. This allows the
user to quickly pinpoint the reason for a selected minim radius.
IDLER INFORMTION
11. Radius – This is the required radius for the current idler loading. In other words if the idler spacing
remains unchanged, then this would be the required radius to match the current idler load rating.
12. Current Idler Spacing – The current spacing of the flight
13. Maximum Idler Spacing – If the idler load rating and vertical curve were unchanged, then this is
the maximum spacing allowable.
14. Current idler load rating – The idler loading rating for the current vertical radii and idler spacing.
15. Spacing for minimum idler loading – This shows the idler spacing that would give the minimum
idler load rating. If the idler vertical tolerance is set to zero (in the input page), then as the spacing
is decrease the idler loading will approach zero. However, if the idler vertical tolerance is not zero
(say 2mm for example) then as the spacing is decrease the idler loading will actually increase at
some point. This is because, although the material loading goes to zero, the normal force due to
the idler vertical tolerance will become great as the spacing is reduce.
16. Minimum Idler load – This is the minim idler loading possible for the current vertical radius and
idler spacing.
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69
The second column in the Splice window is the "Variables for the Select and Plot Splice". If the "Update
Selected Splice on Recalculate" checkbox is check then the program will automatically fill in the value for
the optimum splice pattern this column. However if the "Update Selected Splice on Recalculate" checkbox
is unchecked then the user can enter any values desired in this column. All 1, 2, 3, and 4 Step splice
configurations are supported.
Belt Width
The width of the conveyor belt. This value defaults to the currently select belt width.
Safety Factor
This value defaults to 6.7. It is used to calculate the Target ST Rating. This is the ST rating the
program is trying to solve for. This value differs for the "Actual" ST-Rating of the belt because of
the following reasons:
The default value is 875 but this value may be changed if the cables are stronger or weaker.
Recalculate
Recalculates all variables
Splice Type
All Splice type 1-4 step are support. Simply select the Splice pattern you desire.
Number of Cables
Total number of cables in the parent belt. In order to have an optimized & symmetric splice pattern
for a specific splice type this number must be as follows:
Cable Diameter
Diameter of cable to be used in the belt.
Belt Width
The width of the conveyor belt.
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Target ST Rating
ST Rating of the Belt - See "Safety Factor" above.
Number of Cables
Number of cables in the parent Belt
Cable Diameter
Diameter of the Cables
G/D Ratio
This is the Gap / Cable Diameter. This is just a standard parameter used in the splice industry.
Belt Width
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Edge Distance
The "unused" distance from the edge of the Belt to the first cable in the Splice region. (Default
value of 25 mm)
Step Length
The Length on One individual Step.
The professional version of BELTSTAT includes an analysis program for belt turnovers. Classical
turnover analysis determines the stresses based on the belt twist only and does not include the effects from:
1. belt sag
2. middle support rollers
Belt sag increases the edge stress at bottom edge and decreases the edge stress at the top edge of the belt.
The change in stresses is due to bending of the belt. Stresses caused by belt sag can be significant and
should not be ignored. Middle support rolls are often placed in turnovers to decrease the belt sag and also
to decrease edge stresses caused from belt sag.
The turnover analysis program in BELTSTAT includes the effects from belt twist, belt sag, and middle
support rolls. Two different types of turnovers may be analyzed, which are flat helix turnover with support
rolls and flat helix turnover without middle support rolls. Figure 1 shows a flat helix belt turnover without
any middle support rolls. Figure 2 shows a flat helix belt turnover with middle support rolls.
CALCULATION METHOD
Stresses from belt twist is calculated by assuming a 180 degree helix twist displacement and then
calculating the corresponding stress. The edge and center stresses are:
2 E BW
2
Twist , edge 1 1
3
2 L
E
2
1 BW
Twist ,center 1
3
2 L
The belt sags in the turnover resulting in bending stresses. The bending stresses are a function of the
curvature of the belt.
MZ y
Sag
I ZZ
The bending stress must be numerically calculated. Both the bending moment (MZ) and the moment of
inertia (IZZ) are not linear. Also, the bending moment is different for turnovers with middle support
rolls and those with out support rolls. The bending moment must be solved directly from differential
equations. The moment of inertia is calculated as a function of the belt orientation along the length of
the turnover. Figure 3 shows the force diagram in the vertical plane.
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If the turnover has middle support rolls, there will be curvature in the horizontal plane as well as the
vertical plane. The bending stresses are a function of the curvature of the belt.
MY z
Horizontal
IYY
Again, the bending stress must be numerically calculated. Both the bending moment (MY) and the
moment of inertia (IYY) are not linear. The bending moment must be solved directly from differential
equations. The moment of inertia is calculated as a function of the turnover shape. If there are no
middle support rollers then the horizontal stresses are zero.
Figures 3 and 4 show that the middle support rolls apply a force in both the vertical and horizontal
directions. In the vertical plane, the rolls apply an upward force on the belt and therefore reduce belt
sag. However in the horizontal plane, the middle support rolls apply a force opposite to each other.
The boundary conditions of the belt require that the horizontal displacement is zero at the ends of the
turnover. The Horizontal B.C. Length (LHBC) is the location at which the displacement in the horizontal
plane is forced to zero. This variable boundary condition length is included in the analysis to better
simulate the real boundary conditions in the turnover. This length must be zero or greater. Increasing
the length LHBC will decrease the horizontal bending stresses. In general, we recommend setting LHBC to
two times the belt width.
Figure 5 shows both the horizontal and vertical displacements in a 36 m turnover with middle guide
rolls. The length LHBC has been set to two meters in this turnover. The vertical displacements come to
zero at x=0 and x=36 m (at the ends of the turnover). However, since LHBC is set to two, the horizontal
displacements don’t come to zero until x=-2 and x=38 meters (two meters past the turnover ends).
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5. Integration Step
Since bending moment and belt sag must be numerically determined, an integration step must be
provided to the analysis program. A large integration step will calculate the stresses very quickly but
will not be as accurate as a smaller integration step. We recommend using an integration step equal to
the belt width.
INPUT PARAMETERS
Figure 6 shows the belt turnover input box. Each parameter is explained below.
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The output report shows the input parameters used in the calculations and the results of the analysis. The
able below describes the turnover results.
Column
Column Description
Label
1 Length This length of the turnover
This is the component stress at the neutral axis of the turnover caused by belt
2 Center Twist
twist. This stress is negative.
This is the component stress at the edge of the belt of the turnover caused by
3 Edge Twist
belt twist.
This is the maximum component stress caused by bending in the vertical plane
4 Max Sag
(belt sag).
This is the maximum component bending stress caused by the middle guide
5 Max Horz
rolls in the horizontal plane.
This is the maximum total edge stress along the top edge of the turnover. Note
that the component stresses do not necessarily add up to the maximum edge
6 Max Top
stress since the maximum component stresses may be located at different
locations.
7 Max Bottom This is the maximum total edge stress along the bottom edge of the turnover.
This is the minimum stress that occurs in the turnover. Since the twisting
causes compressive stresses in the center of the belt and bending (both vertical
8 Min Stress and horizontal) causes negative stresses, it is possible to negative total stresses
in the turnover. It is recommended, as in vertical convex curves, that stresses
always be positive in belt turnovers.
Belt Safety This is the minimum belt safety factor as calculated with the maximum edge
9
Factor stress.
10 Sag This is the estimated sag of the belt in the turnover.
11 Percent sag This is the percent sag based on the total turnover length.
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Given:
A conveyor is to be installed with a flat helix belt turnover. The following table shows the belt properties.
1. The nominal belt safety factor is 6.7:1. We will allow the edge stresses to be 15% higher than the
nominal stresses (max stress = 257 N/mm, minimum safety factor=5.82:1).
2. The minimum stress to be greater than zero.
3. The maximum sag in the turnover must be less than 100 mm.
Solution:
We first examine a turnover without middle guide rolls. We will examine a turnover length of 20 to 40
meters. The above information in placed in the input box and the integration step is set to 1 meter. The
table below shows the results for a tension of 55 kN.
Runni ng Tens i on
Bel t Tens i on = 55000 N Bel t St r es s = 55 N/ mm
Cent er Bel t
Edge Twi s t Max Sag Max Hor z Max Top Max Bot t om Mi n St r es s Per cent
Lengt h ( m) Twi s t Saf et y Sag ( mm)
( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) Sag ( %)
( N/ mm) Fact or
20 - 110 221 67 0 214 342 - 59 4. 38 88 0. 44
22 - 91 182 75 0 171 312 - 41 4. 80 120 0. 55
24 - 77 153 84 0 138 292 - 29 5. 14 158 0. 66
26 - 65 131 92 0 112 278 - 21 5. 40 203 0. 78
28 - 56 113 101 0 93 268 - 16 5. 59 255 0. 91
30 - 49 98 109 0 77 262 - 14 5. 73 313 1. 04
32 - 43 86 117 0 65 258 - 14 5. 82 377 1. 18
34 - 38 76 124 0 56 255 - 17 5. 87 449 1. 32
36 - 34 68 131 0 49 254 - 21 5. 90 527 1. 46
38 - 31 61 138 0 44 254 - 28 5. 90 612 1. 61
40 - 28 55 145 0 40 255 - 36 5. 89 703 1. 76
The turnover without middle support rolls clearly does not meet our turnover criteria. The optimal turnover
length in terms of safety factor is 36 meters. At 36 meters, the maximum edge stress is less than our first
criteria. However, the minimum stresses criterion (min stress = -21 N/mm) and maximum sag (sag=527
mm) are not met.
We next examine a turnover with middle guide rolls. The horizontal boundary condition is set at 2 meters.
The table below shows the results for a tension of 55 kN.
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Runni ng Tens i on
Bel t Tens i on = 55000 N Bel t St r es s = 55 N/ mm
Cent er Bel t
Edge Twi s t Max Sag Max Hor z Max Top Max Bot t om Mi n St r es s Per cent
Lengt h ( m) Twi s t Saf et y Sag ( mm)
( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) Sag ( %)
( N/ mm) Fact or
20 - 110 221 18 42 277 314 - 57 4. 78 13 0. 06
22 - 91 182 21 50 241 281 - 38 5. 34 18 0. 08
24 - 77 153 25 58 216 258 - 25 5. 82 24 0. 10
26 - 65 131 28 66 196 241 - 16 6. 23 31 0. 12
28 - 56 113 32 74 183 228 - 10 6. 57 39 0. 14
30 - 49 98 36 83 173 220 -6 6. 83 49 0. 16
32 - 43 86 40 92 167 214 -5 7. 02 61 0. 19
34 - 38 76 44 101 162 210 -6 7. 16 74 0. 22
36 - 34 68 48 111 166 207 -9 7. 24 89 0. 25
38 - 31 61 52 120 175 206 - 15 7. 28 106 0. 28
40 - 28 55 57 130 185 206 - 23 7. 29 125 0. 31
The turnover with middle guide roll at a length of 32 meters meets the safety factor (safety factor=7.02) and
sag criteria (sag=61 mm). However, the minimum sag (-5 N/mm) is less than zero.
To increase the minimum sag, we increase the turnover tension to 60 kN. The table below shows the
results.
Runni ng Tens i on
Bel t Tens i on = 60000 N Bel t St r es s = 60 N/ mm
Cent er Bel t
Edge Twi s t Max Sag Max Hor z Max Top Max Bot t om Mi n St r es s Per cent
Lengt h ( m) Twi s t Saf et y Sag ( mm)
( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) ( N/ mm) Sag ( %)
( N/ mm) Fact or
20 - 110 221 18 41 282 318 - 52 4. 72 13 0. 06
22 - 91 182 21 49 246 285 - 33 5. 26 17 0. 08
24 - 77 153 24 57 221 262 - 20 5. 73 23 0. 10
26 - 65 131 28 65 201 245 - 11 6. 13 30 0. 12
28 - 56 113 31 73 188 232 -4 6. 47 38 0. 14
30 - 49 98 35 82 178 223 0 6. 72 48 0. 16
32 - 43 86 39 90 172 217 1 6. 92 60 0. 19
34 - 38 76 43 99 167 212 0 7. 06 72 0. 21
36 - 34 68 47 108 168 210 -3 7. 15 87 0. 24
38 - 31 61 51 117 177 208 -8 7. 20 104 0. 27
40 - 28 55 56 126 186 208 - 16 7. 22 122 0. 31
The final turnover design requires a turnover length of 32 meters and a tension of 60 kN. Also, middle
support rolls must be used in the turnover. The maximum edge stress is 217 N/mm (safety factor=6.92:1).
The belt sag is 60 mm, and the minimum stress is 1 N/mm.
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The transition length calculations are based off David Beckleys paper entitled “Belt Conveyor Transition
Geometry”. This paper can be found in “Bulk Solids Handling”, Volume 2, Number 4, December 1982.
These calculations estimate the required transition lengths at the head and tail locations of the conveyor.
Two transitions lengths are given. The first assume that the head (or tail) pulley in at the same height as the
center idler. The second method shows the optimum height that the pulley should be above the center idler
to minimum the transition length.
The transition lengths for both steady state and dynamic (starting, stopping, momentary loading condition,
etc) are calculated.
The “Get Tensions” button simply gets the current tension from the current working file. If the “Include
tensions from all opened cases” checkbox is selected then the “Get Tensions” button will search through all
opened file and get the appropriate maximum and minimum tensions.
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The belt roll calculation feature is a simple utility to estimate the shipping requirements for a particular
conveyor.
1. Roll Type – Three types of belt roll configurations are available. These are: Single Roll, Cassette
Roll, and Racetrack roll.
2. Belt Length – These three input boxes must be filled in. The “belt length” is simply the belt length
of the conveyor. Typically this is the “Tape Length” output from the BELTSAT bso file. The
“extra” length is used for any extra conveyor length that may be required (take-up, spare belting,
etc.).
3. Number of rolls – These input boxes may be left blank, or filled in. If the ”Number of rolls” is
input, then the “belt length per roll” and “Roll Diameter” are overwritten. Likewise, either the
“belt length per roll” or “roll diameter” may be input while leaving the “Number of rolls” blank.
4. Unusable Center Roll Diameter – This number represents the diameter of the inside of the roll
(used from lifting and moving the belt roll with a fork lift).
5. Belt Thickness – The actual belt thickness
6. Belt Thickness Tolerance – This number represent the belt tolerance for manufacturing the belt. It
is simple added to the “Belt Thickness”.
7. Belt Weight – The belt weight is used to estimate the total weight of the roll.
The output information is self explanatory. Note that both the “Total Belt Length” and “Total Belt Tape
Length” are given. The first number represent the total length of belt supplied to the site, whereas the
second number takes into account the belt length reduction from splicing the rolls together.
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The standard input variables are self explanatory. The “Banking Angle” is only available for the 3-roll
idler set and represent the material profile in a horizontal curve. The “Idelr center length” defaults to “0.37
x belt width” but can also be input. For the 4/5 roll configurations the “Upper Wing Trough Angle” and the
“Lower Wing Belt Length: may be entered independently.
The belt feeder calculations are based off K.S Manjunath and A.W. Roberts papers entitled “Wall Pressure-
Feeder Load Interactions in Mass Flow Hopper /Feeder Combinations”, Parts I & II. These two papers can
be found in “Bulks Solids Handling” Volume 6, Number 4, August 1986, and in Volume 6, Number 5,
October 1986. The design should obtain the above papers as they describe the input variables used in the
belt feeder calculations in detail.
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The second analysis method is the advanced method. This method calculates the shaft bending and
torsional stresses based on static force analyses. It will calculate the required shaft diameter, shaft
turndown ratios (if applicable), pillow block bearing sizes, and bearing life. A library of standard SKF
bearing sizes has been included.
Input Variables
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Analyses Method
Selects either the ANSI/CEMA B105 specification analysis or the advanced CDI analysis method.
ANSI/CEMA – Calculation base directly from the CEMA/ANSI B105.1 specification for welded
steel conveyor pulleys with compression type hubs.
Advanced – Calculates pulley diameters, shaft sizes, turndown ratios from static analysis methods.
Also select pillow block bearing sizes and properties from the SKF bearing catalog.
Face Width
The face width of the pulley.
Pulley Diameter
The diameter of the pulley
T1 Tension
The incoming T1 tension of the pulley. Note that CEMA states that running tensions may be used
as long as the acceleration tensions do not exceed 150% of the running tensions, BELTSTAT
defaults to the “ACCELERATION” belt tensions for a more conservative design.
Entry Angle
The angle at which the T1 tension vector enters the pulley.
(see figures on next page)
Wrap Angle
The wrap angle of the belt around the pulley.
(see figures on next page)
T2 Tension
The belt tension exiting the pulley.
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Pulley Weight
The weight of the pulley and shaft assembly.
Shaft Diameter
The diameter of the pulley shaft in 1/16 inch increments.
Overhung load
An additional weight located some distance outside of the bearings
Factor of Safety
The factor of safety of the pulley assembly
Yield Strength
The yield strength of the material. Standard values give by the B105.1 specification are:
Sf = Ka * Kb * Kc * Kd * Ke * Kf * Kg * Sf*
Belt speed
Velocity of the belt conveyor. Used to calculated bearing life properties.
Shell Thickness
The thickness of the pulley shell. This value is only used to calculate the pulley weight.
This x-axis of the output plot is given as function of time. This is allows the designer to better understand
how the conveyor is functioning. The “PLUS SIGN” in the plot designates the point at which the conveyor
is fully loaded. After this point, the conveyor is unload until it is completely emptied.
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In the above case the conveyor tonnage was select as the input variable. BELTSTAT ran 10 calculations
from 0-100% of the Design Tonnage (0-3000 T/H for this conveyor) The total power was selected as the
output variable.
*Idler Spacing - Idler spacing allows the user to vary the idler spacing for both the carry and return sides of
the conveyor. Furthermore, the user can ONLY vary the Carry (or Return) side idler spacing by inputting
the same "Start Value" and "End Value" for the Return (or Carry) side.
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To plot the total consumed power of a conveyor system with a carry side idler spacing of 3 meters and the
return idler spacing varying from 1 to 6 meters, (in 250mm intervals) the input would be as follows.
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This option allows the designer to generate standard Microsoft Word data files. This feature is very useful
since these data files and plots can be E-mailed to non BELTSTAT users (clients, your boss, your best
friend, who ever you wish!). The user MUST have Microsoft Word 97 or Word 2000 installed to use this
feature. Furthermore, Word macros must be enables to use this feature. To enable Microsoft Word macros
open Word and select “Tools / Macros / Security”. Then select either “Medium” or “Low”.
If the “Current Element Table View Window” checkbox is selected then the current element table profile
view will also be included in the report. It is often useful to first open the element table, and then “zoom
in” on the head or tail section of the conveyor. Once you have the profile window how you want it, select
“Create Word Report” from the “Professional” menu and check the “Current Element Table View”
checkbox . The figure below shows an example of the head station of a dual drive conveyor with a belt
turnover. These figures are very useful when writing conveyor reports or submitting a design to a client.
6.0 EXAMPLES
The following five examples will step the user though most of the commonly used features of the
BELTSTAT program. A summary of each example is as follows:
#1 – This example will simply introduce the user to the most commonly used features of BELTSTAT.
It will explain how to quickly build and analyze a conveyor system.
#2 – This example will explain how to input complex conveyor geometry’s in the BELTSTAT
program. It will discuss the Element Table in detail and describe each of its input variables.
#3 – This example will introduce the user to convex and concave curve analysis. It will describe how
generate both types of curves and explain the results of the curve analysis.
#4 – This example will introduce the user to many of the professional features found only in the
professional version of BELTSTAT. IT will explain how to quickly generate and analyze “worst case”
design scenarios.
#5 – Example #5 will demonstrate how to used multiple drive and brake configurations with a fixed
take-up.
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6.1 Example #1
This example is provided as a quick introduction to the BELTSTAT program. It will introduce the user to
some of the most common features used in BELTSTAT. The following design parameters will be used.
Given:
Material Type Ash - Wet
Design Tonnage 888 T/H
Belt Width 1000mm
Belt Speed 4 m/s
Environmental Condition Dirty
Maintenance Condition Poor
Temperature Range -20 to 40 C
Max Sag on Carry Side 1.0 %
Idlers 3-35 deg idlers on Carry Side at 1.5m spacing
1-flat roll idler on Return Side at 3.0m spacing
Gravity Take-up at Head
The material is to be transported from Point A to Point B over the ground profile shown below.
B 5m
A 10 m
The toolbar will be used throughout this example. It gives the user access to the most commonly used
functions in BELTSTAT. Detailed information on each button can be found under the "Menus & Toolbar"
help screen (Press F1 to open the user help file at any time). This example will step through each of the
toolbar buttons one by one.
Begin by running the BELTSTAT program and selecting "New File" from the opening menu.
The first step in any design is to set either "English" or "Metric” input units. This example uses " Metric"
units. Select the metric units option button and click the “continue” button.
Now, choose from any of the 12 initial conveyor profiles that most closely resembles this example. Given
that the take-up system is located at the head, and assuming a single head drive at this location, we can
select the “HEAD DRIVE - TAKE-UP AT HEAD” system. This is done by clicking on the desired
conveyor picture (1st picture in the 1st row for this particular system). An enlarged picture with a brief
description of the selected system will appear in the top window. The general conveyor profile (heights,
and lengths) can now be entered. Although only five flights can be entered from the "Quick Start" window,
additional flights can be added later from the "Element Table" (see the following Examples).
Input the material type (Ash Wet), Tonnage (888), Belt Width (1000), Belt Speed (4), and Idler Spacing
(1.5 & 3).
At this time the BELTSTAT calculations could be ran by clicking the "RUN" button on the tool bar.
However, before running the calculations we will step through each of the input windows one at a time.
Click the "General” toolbar button. The general input window will appear. Most of the information in this
window is optional, and does not affect the actual BELTSTAT calculations. This information is however
very useful for future reference and is found on the BELTSTAT output files and hard copy printouts.
There are a few very import input parameters found in the "General" input window. Both the input and
output units are set here. Input and output units can be different. Also note that when switching between
"Metric" and "English" input units, the input values themselves do not change. For example, if you started
the design in metric units and have a conveyor length of 100m, then switch to English units, the length
changes to 100 ft (not 328 ft). Although changing the inputs units is rarely done midway through a design,
changing the output units is quite common. For this reason, the user can be working in one system of units
and quickly switch the output units to the other system and rerun the BELTSTAT calculations. For
example, a designer working in metric units may want to know the belt power in HP, and belt strength in
PIW. He/she can simply change the output units, rerun the calculations, and the results will be shown with
the new units.
Another important input parameter is the Analysis type. CDI has developed, tested, and verified various
methods for calculating conveyor tensions and power requirements. These methods are based on the
conveyor type (troughed or pipe conveyor) and the rheological rubber properties of the specific belt
(Goodyear, Bridgestone, Dunlop, and many other manufactures and rubber compounds). Currently
however, CDI only markets two of these analysis methods. The first, "Modified CEMA" is just that, a
modified CEMA analysis method. Although it uses many of the standard CEMA conventions and tables,
CDI has expanded these tables to include the effects of non standard idler troughing angles, vertical curve
pressures, modified the calculations to be used for extended conveyor lengths, as well as many other
additional features.
The second method calculates the power consumption based on the "Behrens-Schwarz " methodology. For
this method the Ky values are calculated according to Ky calculations formulated by Behren’s and
Schwartz. On large belts, or belts with large idler spacing (greater than 6.0 feet), this analysis type is
suggested regardless of belt construction.
Now click on the "Material" toolbox icon. The "General" window will disappear and the "Material"
window will appear. A detailed description of each of these input variables is found in the "Material"
section of the help file. Remember that at any time you may press the “F1” key for further information on
the desired topic.
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The "Material Type" and "Tonnage" have already entered. From the given data, set the "Environmental
Condition" (Dirty), "Maintenance Condition" (Poor), and "Minimum Temperature" (-20 C).
Continuing on through the toolbar icons click the "Belt" Properties. The belt width and speed have already
been specified in the "Quick Start" window, therefore no other items need to be changed.
In general, many of the parameters in the "Belt" window can be left blank (In fact they all may be left blank
except for the Maximum Sag). Unlike other conveyor design programs, BELTSTAT does not require
every input variable to be specified. This shows the power of BELTSTAT over many other conveyor
design programs. BELTSTAT has very powerful internal lookup tables and calculation routines to
automatically calculate variables that user have not yet specified or are unknown at the current time.
BELTSTAT can therefore be used in the early design stages of a conveyor system to determine critical
design parameters such as take-up size, belt speeds, belt properties, etc. This is obvious advantage over
other design programs that required all data to be known in advance. Notice that #3, the belt type, is left
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blank. BELTSTAT will choose a nylon, polyester or steel cord belt type based on specific internal
calculation routines. Once a design parameter is known however, it should be entered into the program so
that BELTSTAT does not calculate some other value for it. For this example, we knew the belt speed and
belt width, and therefore specified them.
Now select the "Idler" Information window. This is where the number of idlers rolls, and roller angles are
specified. The idler type can also be selected. For this example leave the idler type blank and allow
BELTSTAT to select an appropriate type. If individual idler properties are known (size, seal frictions,
rotating weights, etc.) the user may specify the “Idler Name” as "Other" (or any other name except for the
built in types) and enter the appropriate parameters. Additionally, the user can create a custom library of
commonly used Idler types by choosing "New Idler" (located in the Idler Name list) and then inputting the
name and properties for the particular idler series (see "Idler Inputs").
The next input window is the conveyor "Profile" input window. Two windows appear when the "Profile"
button is selected from the toolbar. The first is the “Profile Input Window” commonly referred to as the
"Element Table". This input window is where the conveyor geometry, drive and pulley locations, take-up
location, vertical curve locations, conveyor loading, and other information related to the overall physical
geometry of the system are input. Conveyor flights may be added or subtracted, pulley diameters and wrap
angles changed, vertical curves specified, and much more.
The conveyors profile always begins with the first element on the carry side of the conveyor. For this
particular system BELTSTAT has already added a small transition section (Flight #1) and a skirtboard
section (Flight #2). Since we specified the belt width and speed in the "Quick Start", appropriate transition
and skirtboard lengths were automatically calculated. We will discuss the "Element Table" in much more
detail in the following examples. For now, leave all the input parameters as they are.
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The second window shows a visual representation of the conveyor system. The user can "zoom" into a
specific area of the conveyor system by drawing a box around the area to be magnified. Simply hold down
the left mouse button to draw a box around the area which you would like to zoom in on. A holding down
the right mouse button will "grab" the conveyor and allow the user to freely move the system around,
positioning it in the window as they like (release the right mouse button to drop it). Additionally, and if
available, holding down the middle mouse button will allow the user to zoom in and out of the current
window by moving the mouse up and down. The command buttons on the left may also be used for these
operations.
Select “Drives” from the toolbar to open the final input window. Here information regarding the drives and
take-up system is input. Individual parameters can be specified for each drive. See the "Drive Window”
help window for more information about the specifics of each input parameter. For now leave the input
parameters as they are and allow BELTSTAT to calculate the majority of the parameters.
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We are now ready to run the BELTSTAT calculations. This is done by either clicking the "RUN" button
on the toolbar or by pressing the F4 function key. The "Results" window will automatically appear once
the calculations have been completed.
This window shows a quick overview of the current design. More detailed information can be obtained by
selecting the “DATA” button in the lower right, and then choosing any of the specific areas of interest
(Belt information, Drive information, take-up information, etc.). From the "Results" window we can
quickly spot any problem areas in the current design. Variables that are highlighted in red are potential
trouble spots. We can immediately identify a problem with the current take-up tension. BELTSTAT has
chosen a take-up tension of 14.2 kN. This value was calculated from the Maximum SAG criteria of 1.0%
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that we specified earlier. Two crucial take-up output parameters are the "Take-up Diff Drv" and "Take-up
Diff SAG". These values represent the "extra" take-up tension. This "extra" tension is required since take-
up hysteresis is not accounted for in BELTASTAT and should be calculated based on the physical
geometry of the take-up system (number of bend pulley, cable diameter, etc). The extra tension also acts as
a "Safety Factor" which should be used in any design. A positive number specifies that there is
insufficient take-up tension available. In this particular case the "Take-up Diff SAG", which is the take-up
differential based on the "Maximum Allowable Belt SAG" is acceptable (3.8 kN of extra take-up tension).
The take-up differential based on the drives, however is positive (2.3 kN). The governing case is shown in
the next two rows as Drive #1 and takes place during conveyor acceleration.
So how can we fix this? First, let’s take a look at the "DATA", "MOTOR" results window shown below.
From line 13 we see that BELTSTAT Selected an acceleration time of about 21.8 seconds. This is based
on the default "Starting Torque Limit" (Item #5) that was specified in the "Drive" input window of 135% of
the Motor Nameplate. By also checking the drive tension ratios ("DATA", "TR") we see that the tension
ratio for the acceleration case has been exceeded. With this information, we have many different options at
this point. For example we could change any of the following items:
There are of course other options, but for this simple example, we will set the acceleration time to 40
seconds. To do this click “Drives” on the toolbar to open the “Drive” input window, and enter 40 for an
acceleration time in line #9.
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Rerun the BELTSTAT calculations by click the “RUN” button or by pressing the F4 function key.
Now, going back to the Summary Table ("Main", "Summary") we can see that the take-up system limiting
case is the under the steady start running condition. Although the "Take-up Diff Drv" value is now
negative (-50 N) there is no "safety factor" in the design. A higher take-up tension should therefore be
determined to include hystersis effects and other design factors. For now, lets assume we need an
additional 5% belt tension to overcome take-up hysteresis and another 10% for dynamic conditions and
other factors. Therefore we have; 14.2 x 1.15 = 16.3 kN of required take-up tension.
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Setting the take-up tension to 16300 and rerunning the BELTSTAT calculations, we see that the take-up
tensions, take-up differentials, and maximum belt SAG are all within acceptable values.
We can plot the belt tensions or by clicking the "Plot" button in the lower right corner of the results
windows, and then selecting the "Running", or "Acceleration", plot. A hard copy of any of the output
windows can be sent to the printer by simply clicking the “Print” button on the toolbar.
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We may have left the take-up tension blank and allowed BELTSTAT to continue to calculated new take-up
requirements as we modify other design parameters. This however, concludes this example. This is not to
say the design is finished, in fact it is far from done! We can still look at many different conveyor aspects
such as idler types, idler spacing, different belt speed, and the list goes on. Experiment with this example
yourself. Change belt speeds, tonnage, flight lengths, or any of the other input variables until you feel
comfortable working with each of the input windows. Also, for this system we have only calculated the
tensions for the "Fully Loaded" conveyor system. Other loading patterns, such as only loading the inclined
portions of the belt, should also be analyzed (see Example #3). You may also want to save your work at
this point. Select “File”, “Save File As” and enter a directory and filename to save the current input file.
It is VERY important to remember that BELTSTAT is a STATIC analysis program. It will calculate
acceleration times, brake torque requirements and braking times, but these calculations are based on static
calculations. For many conveyor systems a "DYNAMIC ANALYSIS" is required. In a dynamic analysis
the dynamic equations of motion are calculated in a forward time stepping procedure. Unlike the steady
state analysis, belt tension can and will vary at each flight along the conveyor as the system is started and
stopped. This is especially true of long overland systems where strong dynamic tension waves can be
present. Conveyor Dynamics, Inc. has developed a dynamics analysis program with the tradename
BELTFLEX. This program has been extensive tested and verified by field measurements on conveyor
systems around the world. If you feel your conveyor system may require a "Dynamic Analysis" please
contact CDI.
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6.2 Example #2
This example will demonstrate how to input a conveyor’s geometry into the BELTSTAT program. It will
focus on the “Element Table” and its input variables. The conveyor geometry will first be created using the
“Conveyor Quick Start” window. Then a new “blank” file will be created and the entire conveyor profile
will be created manually.
Given:
Material Conveyed Wet Ash
Design Tonnage 1888 T/H
Bulk Density 720 kg/m^3
Surcharge Angle 25 Deg
Environmental Condition Dirty
Maintenance Condition Poor
Temperature Range 0 to 40 C
Belt Width 1000 mm
Max SAG on Carry Side 1.0%
Gravity take-up & drive system at the head
Conveyor Profile:
STATION ELEVATION LENGTH HEIGHT
0 0
50 0 50 0
140 10 90 10
210 5 70 -5
250 5 60 0
340 15 70 10
420 5 80 -10
490 5 70 0
20
Elevation (m)
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Station (m)
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To begin, open BELTSTAT and click the “New File” button. Select metric units and click “continue”. As
in Example #1 select the “HEAD DRIVE - GRAVITY TAKE-UP AT HEAD” system (1st picture in the
1st row). Enter the lengths and heights of the first four elements. Also enter the material type, belt width,
and design tonnage. The “Quick Start” window should look like the following.
Click the “Profile” button to bring up the “element table and profile window. They will appear as follows.
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The initial 50m conveyor flight has automatically been cut up into three separate flights. The first flight is
the transition flight. It represents the length of belt from the tail pulley to the skirtboard. The next flight is
the skirtboard. This flight is designated by an “S” for “skirtboard” in the Flight ID column of the element
table. The “Conveyor Loading” column also contains the design tonnage of 1888 T/H. The skirtboard and
conveyor loading are required to account for the acceleration of the material as it is loaded on the conveyor
system.
Although we were only able to input the first five flights in the “Quick Start” window, we can now add as
many additional ones as we desire. Select flight #7 and click the “Insert below” button on the right side of
the element table (or press F6). Insert two additional flights. The element table and conveyor profile
should like as follows.
Now from the initial conveyor profile information, enter the correct flight lengths and heights for flights 8
and 9.
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Now “zoom in” on the head end of the conveyor. It may help to check the “1-1 Scale” checkbox in the
conveyor profile window and then re-zoom in or out as required. The head pulley and take-up system
positions can clearly be seen. Using the up and down arrows keys move between flights 9 and 16 in the
element table. You will see the corresponding flights highlighted in red in the conveyor profile window.
This is very useful when verifying the conveyor geometry, especially for complex designs with multiple
pulleys and drive systems.
Run BELTSTAT by pressing the “RUN” button or by pressing F4. The results window is shown below.
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The next part of this example is a bit more advanced. It will step through the method required to create the
above conveyor profile from scratch. For most conveyors, one of the “Quick Start” conveyors systems can
be used as a starting point, and then simply modified to meet the required profile. However, it is important
for the user to fully understand how the element table functions, and how to build a system from scratch.
We will begin by closing the current file and opening a new one. Again select “Metric” units and from the
“Quick Start” window select the “No flights” conveyor profile (last button in the last row). Enter the
Material Tonnage of 1888 and “Ash Wet” for the material type.
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From the toolbar click the “Profile” button to bring up the empty element table.
We will begin by inserting 7 blank flights (press F6 or click the “Insert Below” button). Now enter the
flight lengths and heights initially given. The table will appear as follows.
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Now we need to create the take-up system. This could be done by clicking the “Insert Drive System”
button found in the lower right side of the element table, and then selecting the gravity take-up system (1 st
column 3rd row). For this example however, we will enter each flight manually.
To create the take-up system manually we must first insert 5 to 10 blank flights at the end of the profile.
Now insert the head drive by entering a “D” in the flight ID of element #8. Note that the “D” will
automatically change to “D1” after you press the enter key. This is simply for convenience and indicates
that it is the 1st drive of the conveyor system.
You may want to “zoom” in on the head drive at this time so you can watch the take-up system being built
as you enter each flight. Also, turn on “1-1 Scaling” to make the scale XY scale 1 to 1. Remember that
you can zoom into a specific area by holding down the left mouse button and drawing a box around the
area you want to zoom in on. Furthermore, holding down the right mouse button will “grab” the conveyor
so you can freely move it around. This takes a little practice, but once you get the hang of it, it’s very easy
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to quickly zoom in on an any area of the profile. Checking the “AutoScaling” button reset the conveyor
profile to its original position.
You should also enter the wrap angle for the drive pulley. Enter 180 in the “Wrap Angle” column of flight
8. Next, enter a short –3.0 meter section of belt to reach from the head pulley to the 1st bend pulley (flight
#9). Now enter the bend pulley in flight #10 by putting a “P” in the flight ID. Initially you will notice that
BELTSTAT inserts 180 for a wrap angle. All pulley wrap angles must be input into BELTSTAT since the
program does not have any basis as to how they should be calculated. BELTSTAT always assume that a
positive wrap angle indicated that the belt is warped “CLOCKWISE” around the pulley. For this pulley
change the current wrap angle from +180 to –90 degrees.
Now add flights for the rest of the take-up system using appropriate wrap angles and flight lengths. Use a
flight height of +/- 10.0 meters for the take-up travel length and insert a “T” for the “take-up” pulley. The
element table should appear as follows.
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Now we are ready to generate the return side of the conveyor. There are only TWO flights used to create
the return side. The first is an “R#” or mapped return flight. This flight will simply mirror, or map, a
flight on the carry side of the conveyor. For example, a “R5” will map carry flight #5. This command can
be used in-groups to map a set of flights as well. For example “R 7 1” will generate and map carry flights
#7, #6, #5, #4, #3, #2, and #1.
The other unique return flight is the “RS#” flight. This flight may seem odd at first but is VERY time
saving! Its purpose is to map a flight from the current position to the beginning of a specified flight. For
example “RS7” will generate a flight from the current location (the bend pulley after the take-up) to the
beginning of flight #7. This way the user doesn’t have to manually calculate the required flight length.
Furthermore, if the take-up lengths are changed (say flight #9), the RS will automatically resize itself.
Now the return strand can now be created. First insert a few blank flights (F6). Now enter “RS7” for the
flight ID of element 15. After pressing return you will be asked to enter the vertical distance between the
carry and return sides of the conveyor. Simply click “ok” to use the default value of 1000mm.
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In flight #16 enter “R 6 1” to generate flights from flight #6 back to flight #1. Six new return flights have
been created. Finally, add a tail pulley in flight #22 and delete any blank or empty flights you may have
left. Now any changes you make to the carry side flights will automatically update the return elements.
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In the first part of this example the 50m flight was cut up into 3 sections (a transition section, a skirtboard
section, and the remain length). This can be accomplished by selecting flight #1 and clicking the yellow
“Split Flight (Ctrl+Y)” button. Enter “2.5” to create a transition flight and click “ok”. Now create the
“Skirtboard” flight by selecting flight #2 and again clicking the yellow “Split Flight” button. Enter 8 for an
8.0 meter long skirtboard section.
We also need to tell BELTSTAT that flight #2 is a skirtboard, and that material is being loaded at that
location. To do so enter “S” (for skirtboard) in the “Flight ID” column of flight #2. The element table
should now look like the following:
The “Load %” column and “Conv Load (TPH)” column will automatically be updated. The “Loading %”
column represents the percentage of the conveyor load on the flight. For example if you specify the
material tonnage to be 2000 TPH (in the Material input window) and enter 50 in the "Loading %” column,
that flight would then be loaded at 1000 TPH (2000 * 0.5).
The “Conv Load (TPH)” column is used to specify that material is being LOADED onto the conveyor at
flight #2. In this cases the “Conv Load” is 1888 TPH. However if we had two loading points we could
load one flight at 1000 TPH and the other at 888 TPH (a total of 1888 TPH). The load percentage would
then be 55.5 percent (1000/1888) for all flights between the first and second loading points and 100 percent
after the second loading point.
Now we need to load material on the Carry side of the conveyor. Click the “Load Carry Side” button on
the right hand side of the element table. Notice that flight #1 is not loaded (0 in the “Loading %” column)
since it is before the skirtboard.
Next change the carry and return idler spacing. This is done by clicking the red “Carry Side Idlers” and
“Return Side Idlers” buttons. Use a carry side idler spacing of 1.5 meters and a return side idler spacing of
3.0 meters. Also change the idler spacing of flight #1 and #2 to 0.5 meters by simply clicking on the “idler
Spacing” column of flights 1 and 2. These flights were not changed when the “Carry Side Idlers” button
was used since the transition and skirtboard flights will typically have a different idler spacing than the rest
of the conveyor. The final element table is shown below.
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That’s it! A bit more work than by using the conveyor “Quick Start” option, but now you have the general
idea of how it’s done. Remember you can always press F1 at any time to get even more information on the
element table. Once you understand the fundamentals of the element table, almost any conveyor geometry
can be built. Multiple drives, booster drive systems, complex pulley geometry’s, you name it!
You can now “RUN” the conveyor calculations and change any of the input variables you like. This
however, completes example #2. More information on the use of the element table and how to create and
modify vertical curves is given in the next example. The reader is encouraged to work with this conveyor
to determine an optimum design. Start by changing acceleration times and the take-up tension.
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6.3 Example #3
This example will introduce the user to the “Element Table” and some of the extremely powerful tool used
to calculate vertical curve tensions, belt lift off and profile optimization. The user can find this file under
the “/BELTSTAT/EXAMPLES” file directory as “EXAMPLE_3.BSI”. Be sure to save this file in a
different directory, or under as a new filename, before you make changes to it so you can come back to the
original!
After opening and renaming it, press “F4” or click the “RUN” button on the tool bar to run the BELTSTAT
calculations. The results window will appear and should look as follows.
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Lets assume we want to add a convex curve with a 500m radius at the beginning of flight #5. BELTSTAT
uses individual discrete elements or “Flights” to mathematically represent a conveyor system. The more
accurately the flights lengths and heights reflect the actual conveyor system the more accurate the
calculated results. Currently there are only two flights (#4 & #5) that represent the convex segments of the
conveyor profile.
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The tension at the beginning, of each of the flights can be found under the “Results” windows under
“Main” “Tensions” and are as is as follows.
As a first approximation to the convex curve we can simply enter a 500m radius at the desired flight
location. Select “Profile” from the toolbar (if the profile window is not already opened) and enter 500 in the
vertical radius column of flight #5. This tells BELTSTAT that there is to be a 500m radius over the entire
length of flight #5. Also notice that BELTSTAT places a 500 M radius at the same location on the return
strand (Flight #16). Notice that although this is on flight 4 (vs. Flight 5 on the carry) the point where the
calculations are preformed is the same. BELTSTAT will use this radius to calculate an increased pressure
on the idler rolls (due to the convex curve) and therefore a slightly higher Ky value for the entire flight.
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Rerunning the calculations (pressing F4 or click the “RUN” button on the toolbar) we see that the belt
tensions have increased. The belt tension at Flight #6 is now 58139 N (vs. the previous 57403 N)
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By including this radius we have also slightly increased the conveyors power. However, this configuration
is still not ideal. Although we have specified a radius at flight #5 we have not said anything about flight #4
which would also be part of the 500m radius. We are also assuming that the 500m radius exists over the
entire conveyor length, which is incorrect. Furthermore, in real life, the 500m radius will “cut off” the
abrupt peak at flight #5 and therefore lower the actual height which the material must be lifted (this can be
substantial for many conveyor systems). So what can we do?
Here in lies the power of the new BELTSTAT user interface. As we mentioned earlier, the more accurately
the conveyor reflect the real profile the more accurate the final results. By “cutting up” the current two
flights (#4 & #5) into subflights we can more accurately define the conveyor profile. We do this by simply
entering “”V#” into the Flight ID column at the flight we want the profile refined. The “V” tells the
program to cut the conveyor into vertical flights. The “#” tell the program how many flights to cut the
section into. For example, enter “V6” into the ID column of Flight #5.
This automatically cuts the current two flights up into six new flights as shown on the next page.
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Notice that the previous flights #4 & #5 have now been cut up into flights #4-#9. Also note that the two
original “controlling flights” (the flight which specified the radius) have been saved, but do not have flight
#’s. Although the 6 new “dependent flights” have replace these two original flights, only the original or
“controlling flights” can be modified (since the 6 new flights are dependant on the two controlling ones).
Don’t worry all this will be explained in more detail in just a minute.
Also notice that elements have been automatically added on the return side of the conveyor. Furthermore,
since the conveyor has been cut up into smaller sections, only those elements that are part of the vertical
curve contain the 500m vertical radius. The beginning and ending flights (#4 & #9) have “N” for their
radius since those sections are not a part of the 500m radius. The correct flight lengths and heights have
been entered for each section thereby producing a more accurate representation of the real material lift
through the convex curve.
Now rerun the calculations (Press F4) and see the new tension results. Notice that since we added flights,
the last flight before the drive (previously flight #6) is now flight #10. The tensions at this flight have been
reduced from 58139 N to 57583 N. The power has therefore also been reduced. For this simple example
the tension and power changes are not substantial but for many conveyor profiles the changes can be
dramatic.
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To further demonstrate the flexibility of BELTSTAT lets assume that the elevation of the vertical radius
has changed from 40m to 20m, and that the radius has been changed to 1000m. To do this, simply change
the first “controlling flight” elevation from 40m to 20m.
Notice that when you change the flight lengths or heights of either of the “controlling flights” all the
dependant elements are automatically recalculated to reflect to changes. Furthermore, the return strand is
also automatically changed. Now change the vertical radius from 500m to 1000m. Again, all elements on
the carry and return sides are automatically refreshed.
Before rerunning the calculations lets tell BELTSTAT to output a detailed description of the vertical curve
tensions. Under the “General” input window check the box labeled “Curve Report”.
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Now rerun the calculations (Press F4) and observe the results. Select “Main” & “Convex” to show the
convex curve tension results. Both edge, and center belt tensions are shown for the running, empty,
accelerating, and drift conditions. Also given are the recommend idler spacing and the individual idler
loads. In many cases the idler spacing will need to be increased in areas of small convex curves.
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Now lets add a concave curve at the beginning of the inclined section of the conveyor. First enter a radius
of –400m. The negative sign indicates that the curve will be a concave radius as opposed to a positive
radius indicating a convex curve (although BELTSTAT will automatically correct you if you enter the
wrong sign). Next replace the “VB” in the element table with a “V4” (“VB” represent the beginning of the
vertical curve which already exists). A curve can be cut up into as many flights as desired. Again the more
elements the higher the accuracy, however six flights is usually sufficient for most radii. Only four sections
are used here to demonstrate the point and since the DEMO version is limited to a total of 35 total flights.
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We will now have 32 flights and the profile should look like the figure below.
Notice that flight #6 appears both above and below the controlling flight. This is because it is part of both
the first and second curves, and is only there for the users convenience. It is the same flight and is only
included in the calculations once (press F9 to hide and unhide the controlling and symmetric flights). Also
note that if you change the height or length of the “V4” controlling flight, BOTH curves automatically
reflect the changes. For example, replace the 20m flight height (highlighted flight below) back to the
original 40m, and notice all elements are updated automatically. Your profile should now look like the
following.
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Now rerun the calculations and view the “Main”, “Concave” results window. We can see that for flight #5
the minimum allowable radius (based on belt lift off) is 189 m. Since we have specified a 400m radius belt
lift off will not be a problem in this area.
This concludes this example but the user should continue to experiment with this convey system. Try
changing the radii and flight or heights lengths. Also remember that different load cases will have different
tension values. Rerun the calculations with n the inclined and declined flights loaded (Click the “Load
Inclines” button on the element table).
To remove a vertical curve simply enter a “Space” in the ID column of the “controlling flight (blank out or
delete the “V6” or “V4”). The curve and dependent flight will automatically be deleted.
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6.4 Example #4
This example is provided to show the user how to use the “Multiple Runs” and “Projects” options of
BELTSTAT. Begin by opening “EXAMPLE_4.BSI” from the “*/BELTSTAT/EXAMPLES” directory.
Now save the file (“File”, “Save File As”) under a new name such as “EX4-NOR.BSI”, for Example #4,
normal conditions. This way the original file can always be referred back to.
For this example, assume that the user has designed the above system under “normal” or “expected” fully
loaded operational conditions. He/she would like to quickly determine how the system behaves under a
variety of other conditions. The designer may ask the following questions:
In previous versions of BELTSTAT and in other conveyor design programs each of these cases would need
to be studied independently. For example, the 1st question of the maximum required power, is a very
fundamental, yet complex design parameter.
As stated above, the assumption is made that the current design parameters are the “Normal” or “Expected”
design parameters. For example, the idler seal frictions and belt weights may have been given by the
manufactures. The conveyor is uniformly loaded over is entire length at the design tonnage. But what if
the actual belt weight is slightly more (110%) than the manufacture specified? Or, how much is the seal
friction of the idlers increased under cold weather conditions? How would that increase affect the power
consumption? What is the conveyor loading is not uniform? Using the following assumptions, let’s try to
determine the maximum conveyor power.
1. The maximum power occurs when only the inclined sections of the conveyor are loaded
2. The actual belt weight is 5% higher than the manufacture had specified
3. The minimum temperature is –20 C and the idler seal friction increased by 25% at these temperatures.
4. The loading operator overloads the belt by 10%.
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The first step is to save the file under a new name (“File”, “Save File As”). Call it “EX4-MAX.BSI” for
Example #4, maximum power.
Click on the “Profile” toolbar button and select the “Load Inclines” button to load the inclined sections of
the conveyor. An input box will appear asking for the slope of the inclines to load. A typical value of –
0.015 is usually used. A negative number is used since a flat or slightly declined section of belt may still
increase the power requirements (is not regenerative). Also stated in the above assumptions was that the
conveyor will be loaded at 110%. Therefore the Conv. Load (THP) for flight #2 needs to be changed from
888 to 977.
NOTE: THE DEMO VERSION OF BELTSTAT ONLY ALLOWS TONNAGE’S OF 0, 888, and 1888
T/H AND THEREFORE THE TONNAGE MUST REMAIN AT 888 T/H.
This number is used to include the materials acceleration effects when transferring from the chute system
onto the conveyor belt. It does NOT represent the actual load on the conveyor belt (see “Conveyor
Profile” in the online help file). The conveyors actual loading is found under the “Material” input window
and will be change later.
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Now go to the “Belt” input window, and increase the belt weight from 20 kg/m to 21 kg/m (5%).
Next, set the minimum temperature to –20 degrees Celsius in the “Material” input window. From here the
design tonnage can also increase by 10%. The design tonnage should be changed from 888 T/H to
888*1.1=977 T/H.
NOTE: THE DEMO VERSION OF BELTSTAT ONLY ALLOWS TONNAGE’S OF 0, 888, and 1888
T/H AND THEREFORE THE TONNAGE MUST REMAIN AT 888 T/H.
In the “Idler” window the idler friction can be increased by 25%. The carry side seal friction should be set
to 6.7*1.25=8.4 N, and the return side seal friction set to 2.2*1.25=2.8 N. Note that had a “standard” idler
been used the seal drag and other variables are fixed internally by BELTSTAT. For this case we selected
“OTHER” for the idler type and input the appropriate properties directly.
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Now rerun the BELTSTAT calculations (by pressing F4), and take a look at the summary table. The new
power consumption has increased from the previous 262 kW to 388 kW. The 350 kW motor previous
specified is no longer sufficient.
Are the above assumptions realistic? That all depends. For many conveyors the above conditions may be
even worse, whereas for other systems they may be too stringent. The designer may wish to leave all
parameter as they are and only load the inclined conveyor sections to see the power consumption change
with out the temperature, seal drag, and increased belt weight effects. Would the single 350 kW motor still
be sufficient?
Let’s assume the above conditions represent the worst case and move on to the next question. Could the
system ever become regenerative? We could follow the same process as before only with the following
assumptions:
1. Open the “normal conditions” file, and save it as “EX4-LOW.BSI” for low friction, or low
power consumption.
2. Reduce the belt weight (remember, belts covers can wear down significantly and belt weight
after 5 or 10 years of operation may be much less than it was originally).
3. Only load the declined sections of the conveyor profile.
4. Increase the temperature to the maximum expected value.
5. Decrease the idler seal friction.
There are of course many other factors that may also come into play for a specific conveyor system, but
these are some of the most basic. This may seem very tedious especially when design optimizations,
alternate profiles, cost analysis, and other factors come into play. For this reason BELTSTAT has created a
“Project” option to quickly create, calculated, and summarize these scenarios and many more. BELTSTAT
has the capability to quickly and routinely analyze many of the most common design scenarios.
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To uses the “Project” feature we must first “CLOSE” any files that are currently open. Now re-open the
original “Example 4.bsi “ file and save it as “EX4-MAS.BSI”. Next Select “PROJECT” from the toolbar.
The following window will appear.
This window was developed to quickly aid the designer in finding the worst case information on the desired
conveyor system. Each of the six input columns represents a specific scenario or case of interest. They are
as follows:
Each of these cases can be freely modified to meet a specific design specification and then stored for future
reference. CDI has included some typical design values for these specific cases, but those values may
easily vary from one conveyor design to the next. Take a minute to become familiar with this input
window and think about the input values that you would use for your conveyor design projects.
Now lets uses this table to quickly recalculate to maximum power we examined earlier.
Modify the column for RUN 6, the maximum power case. Simply enter the new design tonnage, minimum
temperature, belt weight multiplier, and the seal friction multiplier. Note that some variables have a
multiplication sign (*) after them and some have a (+) sign. This indicates whether the input value should
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be multiplied by, or added to the current input value. For example, in this case the belt weight was given
(perhaps by the manufacture). It was then assumed that the actual belt could weigh as much as 5% more
than this value. Thus a multiplication factor of 1.05 is entered.
In other case the belt weight may not be know and left blank. In this case BELTSTAT would calculated a
belt weight based on the belt type and the top and bottom cover thickness. The uses may have specified the
top and bottom cover thickness and had BELTSTAT calculate an appropriate belt weight. In this case, to
calculate the maximum belt weight, the users could add a specified amount (say 1mm) and have
BELTSTAT recalculate a new weight based on that value. For the worn belt case the designer may have
assumed that 3mm of wear had occurred on the belt cover and entered –3 for a top cover thickness.
The values for the other RUN cases could also be modified at this time, but for now we are only concerned
with the maximum power cases.
Once you have entered the information into the table click the “Create Project Files” button. By pressing
this button you are telling BELTSTAT to create six new input files, all based on the original “EX4-
MAS.BSI” file. Each file will be created, and modified by the parameter in the above input table.
Once the files have been created, two new command buttons will appear. The first is labeled “Update
Files”. When this button is press the current files are updated to match the input table. Then next button is
labeled “Run Project Files” and does just that. It reruns all 7 files (the initial file and the six new files)
and then displays a summary table of the results for each file. Click the “Run Project Files” button now.
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This window shows a summary of all seven cases and is extremely useful when analyzing complex
conveyor designs. Notice that the power consumption of 388 kW matches the previous calculations. Click
the “Print” toolbar button to print out a hardcopy of the results.
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So what about the regenerative case? Let’s go back to the input table. Click the “Input” button again, and
enter the following information in the column labeled RUN 7.
1. As before, assume 110% material loading and enter 977 as a design tonnage.
2. Set the maximum and minimum temperatures to 40 C.
3. Assume that the belt covers have worn down and the belt weight is therefore reduce to 80% of
it original weight.
4. The idlers seal friction is reduced by 25%.
5. Use the standard CEMA Ky reduction factor of 0.67.
Now click the “Update Files” button to update the files so they reflect these changes. Then click the “Run
Project Files” to rerun the BELTSTAT calculations.
Notice that the power for RUN 7 is now –19 kW, and therefore the system could go into regeneration!
However, the purpose of this example is not to dwell on the specifics of this particular design, but to
emphasize the importance and learn how to quickly check any design for possible problem areas, or loading
case you may have otherwise missed.
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If you want to go back and look at a specific case in more detail simply select it from the “Open Files”
main menu. All seven cases are listed and can easily be toggled between by holding down the “SHIFT” key
and pressing one of the “Function keys”.
It may seem cumbersome to have so many files for one conveyor design, and therefore have incorporated a
“Project” option into BELTSTAT. The entire project including the “Normal” case, the six standard cases,
and the case input table used to create the standard cases, can be save in one location by simple selecting
“Save Project” from the “File” menu.
Project file can be opened by click “Open Project” button from the opening BELTSTAT window.
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This almost concludes this example, but before leaving let’s take a look at the final question proposes at the
beginning of this example.
5. What is the power consumption and belt safety factors for various belt speeds or load conditions?
The answer to this question lies in the “Multi Run” window. Click the “Mult Runs” button on the toolbar.
For the “Input variable” select “Belt Speed”. To analyze belt speeds from 2.0 to 5.0 m/s enter 2, and 5 in
the starting and ending value boxes. Now click the “Calculate” button. BELTSTAT will run 10 times and
display the results for each run. You can change the “Output Variable” to show minimum belt safety
factors, maximum belt tension, and other relevant parameters. You can also select other input variables,
such as the idler spacing, to quickly optimized specific design parameters.
Although this concludes this example, continue experimenting with but the “Multiple Case” table and the
“Multiple Runs”. Also remember that the online help file can be accessed at any time by press the F1
function key.
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Given:
Material Conveyed Copper ore
Design Tonnage 2000 T/H
Bulk Density 1600 kg/m3
Surcharge Angle 25 Deg
Maximum lump size 200 mm
Environmental Condition Dirty
Maintenance Condition Poor
Temperature Range 0 to 40 C
Max SAG on Carry Side 1.0%
Idler spacing (carry x return) 1.5 x 3 m
Idler type on carry CEMA C6, 35º trough
Idler type on return CEMA C6, 10º trough
Take-up & drive system at the head
Take-up type fixed
Tail brake Constant torque
Required stopping time 20 seconds
Conveyor Profile:
STATION ELEVATION LENGTH HEIGHT
0 0 250 -40
250 -40 250 0
500 -40 750 60
1250 20
Station (m)
Procedure:
1. Go to Quick Start and select the profile in row 1 column 2 (dual head drive, take-up at head).
2. Input all given information in Quick Start.
3. Close the quick start window and save the file as “exp5.bsi”.
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4. Go to “Profile” and insert a “D” in Flight ID at line 16 to insert the tail brake.
5. Insert 500 meter concave curves. (See picture below)
a. Insert a 500 meter radius in lines 4 and 5 in the Vertical Radius column.
b. Insert a V4 in line 4 in the Flight ID column.
c. Insert a V4 in line 7 in the Flight ID column.
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6. Go to “Drives”, and set Drive 1 and 2 at head to be motors drives, and Drive 3 will be the brake.
d. set power ratio to 1:1:0 (tail pulley does not have a motor)
e. set synchronous to 1500:1500:0 (brake synchronous speed = 0)
f. set starting torque to 135:135:0 (brake starting torque = 0)
g. set motor efficiencies to 95:95:100 (brake efficiency = 100)
h. set brake torque ratio to 0:0:1 (drive pulleys at head do not have brakes)
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7. Go to “Idler” and set the skirt board friction factor to 0.30 (for copper ore).
8. Determine the belt width
a. RUN
b. view output
c. recommended belt is steel cord - 1067 mm (42 inch).
d. Set the belt type and belt width to 1067 mm in “Belt”
9. Determine the required take-up tension. We will set take-up tension according to belt sag.
a. RUN
b. View “Take-up” in the “Results” window. The required take-up tension to maintain 1% sag is
75776 N. We will set the take-up tension to 77 kN.
c. Go to “Drives” and set the take-up tension to 77000 N.
10. Determine the required motor size and belt rating.
a. Go to “Profile” and load the incline section (CTL-I).
b. RUN and view results.
c. Demand power is 544 kW. Required nameplate motor power is 600 kW.
d. Go to “Drives” and set the motor size to 300 kW on both the primary and secondary drives. Tail
motor power is zero. (Power = 300:300:0)
e. BELTSAT the required belt rating is 1291 N/mm. Go to “Belting” and set the belt strength to
1300 N/mm
f. View the result to get the belt weight (estimated by BELTSTAT). Belt weight is 26.4 kg/m. Put
26.4 in line 5 of “Belting”. Belt weight must be input for a fixed take-up.
11. Change take-up type to fixed take-up.
a. Go to “Profile” and load the carry strand (CTL-C).
b. RUN and view result. From the output file (or “Take-up” in the Results window), the take-up
tension travel 0.016 meters when the belt is fully loaded.
c. Go to “Drives” and change the take-up type to fixed
d. Input take-up extension as 0.016 meters.
e. RUN and view result. Note that the take-up tension is still 77000 N for the running load case.
However, for the other four load cases (empty, acceleration, drift, and brake) the take-up tension
varies.
12. Determine required brake size
a. Go to “Profile” and load the decline section (CTL-D).
b. Go to “Drives” and set the brake stopping time to 20 seconds. (line 10, Brake Time)
c. RUN and view results.
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15. A check on the belt utility shows that the belt rating is oversized.
a. The maximum belt utility is 90% (from run 6). Since the belt rating is 1300 N/mm, reduce the belt
rating to 1200 N/mm (0.897*1300 = 1166 N/mm).
b. Go to “Belting” and reduce the breaking strength to 1200 N/mm and the belt weight to 26 kg/m.
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16. Go to “Cases” and update file (push “Update Files” button) and rerun all load cases.
17. Review results.