A Technical Paper Presentation

On
 Contents
Introduction

Why Artificial Intelligence?

• Motivation

How does Artificial Intelligence work?

• Planning
• Pattern Recognition
• Ontology
• Robotics
• Artificial Life
• Epistemology

Who uses Artificial Intelligence?

• Medicine
• Artificial Nose
• Military
• Game AI
• Natural Language Processing
• Expert Systems

Future of AI Technology

• Telephone Translator
• A Greater Use of Expert Systems
• Passing the Turing Test
• Research assistants
Conclusion
Abstract:
This paper aims at presenting the concept of "Artificial Intelligence." It is the branch of
Computer Science concerned with making computers behave like humans. It is the
Science and Engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer
programs. It is the hot topic on many boards and software houses. The term was coined
in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
This paper briefly describes how Artificial Intelligence works and the various techniques
used in AI. It further describes, the greatest advances that have occurred in the field of
Medicine, Military, Expert Systems, Robotics and Natural Language Processing. This
paper deals with latest advances that have occurred in the field of games playing. The
best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May 1997, an IBM
super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a
chess match.
Today, the hottest area of Artificial Intelligence is neural networks, which are proving
successful in a number of disciplines such as voice recognition and natural language
processing. Robotics incorporating artificial intelligence interaction with laser,
ultrasound, MRI scanning, are performing delicate brain surgery more accurately than by
traditional surgical approaches. A.I. was used in the investigation of Mars in July
1997. This paper reflects the potential impact of AI on our lives. Artificial Intelligence is
likely to continue to creep into our lives without us really noticing.
 perform monotonous tasks efficiently
Artificial Intelligence
and reliably, which humans are ill -
Introduction: suited to. For more complex problems,
things get more difficult. Unlike
humans, computers have trouble
understanding specific situations, and
adapting to new situations. Artificial
Intelligence aims to improve machine
behaviour in tackling such complex
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of tasks.
Science which deals with helping How does Artificial
machines find solutions to complex
Intelligence work?
problems in a more human-like fashion.
This generally involves borrowing
Technology...
characteristics from human intelligence, Over the past five decades, AI research

and applying them as algorithm in has mostly been focusing on solving

human friendly way. It is basically the specific problems. Numerous solutions

ability of a machine to think for itself. It have been devised and improved to do

aims at getting computers to do tasks so efficiently and reliably. This explains

which require human intelligence. In why the field of Artificial Intelligence is

short it can be described as: split into many branches. Some of the

Simple things turn out to be the hardest branches have been explained below:

to automate: Planning:
*Recognizing a face. Planning programs start with general
*Navigating a busy street. facts about the world (especially facts
*Understanding what someone says. about the effects of actions), facts about

Why Artificial Intelligence? the particular situation and a statement

of a goal. From these, they generate a
Motivation...
strategy for achieving the goal. In
Computers are fundamentally well
the most common cases, the strategy is
suited to performing mechanical
just the sequence of actions.
computations, using fixed programmed
rules. This allows artificial machines to
Pattern recognition:
The main focus in AI today is
getting a computer to recognize, make
senses and recreate in what it sees and
hears.
Robotics is the study of how to design,
The two major divisions of pattern
build, use, and work with robots. Robots
recognition are machine vision and
are mechanical devices that can move
sound.
and react to sensory input giving them
Pattern-Recognition-Vision:
some degree of autonomous control.
It's goal is to get a computer to recognize
Robots are widely used in the industrial
pictures so that it can recognize objects
sector performing high-precision jobs
in its surroundings that would be helpful
such as painting and wielding. They are
in robotics.
used in laboratories for repetitive tasks
Pattern-Recognition-Sound:
in chemistry and biology, and in
It wants to achieve a similar goal but is a
situations, which would be dangerous for
primary concern with companies that
humans such as cleaning toxic waste or
want to produce a new means in which a
defusing bombs.
person interacts with a computer by
Three laws of robotics:
talking.
1. A robot may not injure or harm a
human being or allow a human
being to come to harm.
2. 2. A robot must follow the
Ontology:Ontology is the study of what
instructions given to it by a
objects are and what are they made of. It
human being without violating
is the study of kinds of things that exist.
Rule 1
In AI, the programs and sentences deal
3. 3. A robot must protect itself as
with various kinds of objects, and we
long as such protection does not
study what these kinds are and what
violate Rules 1 and 2.
their basic properties are.
Robotics:
Artificial life: To be useful, a system has to be able to

Artificial life is a field of do more than just correctly perform

scientific study that attempts to model some task. -- Johan McDermott.

living biological systems through Artificial Intelligence is helping people
complex algorithms. Scientists use these in every field to make better use of
models to test and experiment with a information to work harder not smarter.
multitude of factors on the behaviour of The potential applications of Artificial
the systems. Intelligence are abundant. However,
Artificial life: From robot some of the applications of AI have been

dreams to reality listed below:

It is a diverse field of research, but a Medicine:

common theme is testing out the NEW BLOOD TEST SPOTS
fundamental principles of life by CANCER:
building detailed working models. One In one of the biggest advances in cancer
of the most ambitious goals of research in years, scientists have
artificial-life research is the developed a blood test that can detect
construction of living systems out of cancer with a greater than 90% accuracy.
non-living parts. Artificial life is a This artificial intelligence --already
blanket term used to refer to human tested for cancers of the breast, ovary,
attempts at setting up systems with and lung--could one day be used to
lifelike properties all biological detect many types cancer. 'All that's
organisms possess, such as self- needed is a single drop of blood’… 'The
reproduction, homeostasis, adaptability, computer does the rest.'...In tests on
mutational variation, optimization of several hundred blood samples, some
external states, and so on. taken from women with ovarian cancer
Epistemology: and others from healthy women, the test
Epistemology is a study of proved 'an astonishing' 100% accurate in
knowledge that are required for solving detecting cancer, even at the earliest
problems in the world. stages.
Who uses Artificial Artificial nose:

Intelligence? Scientists have endowed computers

with eyes to see, thanks to digital
Applications...
cameras, and ears to hear, via their orders. They don't care if the guy
microphones and sophisticated next to them has just been shot. Will
recognition software. Now they're taking they do a better job than humans? Yes.'
computers further into the realm of the The robot soldier is coming. The
senses with the development of an Pentagon predicts that robots will be a
artificial nose. major fighting force in American
E-NOSE TO SNIFF OUT military in less than a decade, hunting

HOSPITAL SUPERBUGS: and killing enemies in combat. Robots

are a crucial part of the Army's effort to
"E-nose analyses gas samples by passing
rebuild itself as a 21st-century fighting
the gas over an array of electrodes
force, and a $127 billion project called
coated with different conducting
Future Combat Systems is the biggest
polymers. Each electrode reacts to
military contract in American history.
particular substance by changing its
electrical resistance in a Game AI:
characteristic way. Combining the ONLY A PAWN IN IT'S GAME:
signals from all the electrodes gives a Hydra is the latest chess supercomputer
'smell-print' of the chemicals in the to lay down the gauntlet to the world's
mixture that neural network software top players. Its architects say it is the
built into the e-nose can learn to greatest ever built, but don't expect it to
recognize. As a result, it can be detected rejoice in victory or get the post-match
from the smell alone that what the drinks in.
bacterial infections are.
Military:
A NEW MODEL OF ARMY
SOLDIER ROLLS CLOSER
TO THE BATTLEFIELD:
The American military is working on a
new generation of soldier, far different
from the army it has. 'They don't feel
hungry,' said Gordon Johnson of the
Joint Forces Command at the Pentagon.
'They are not afraid. They don't forget It is a behemoth of a machine that pits
32-linked processor against its flesh-and-
blood opponents. Hydra's backers claim
it can analyze 200 million chess moves
in a second and project the game up to
40 moves ahead.
Natural Language processing:
The goal of the Natural Language
Processing (NLP) group is to design and
build software that will
understand, and generate languages that
humans use naturally, so that eventually
you will be able to address your
computer as though you were addressing
another person.
This goal is not easy to
"Understanding" language
among other things, knowing what
concepts a word or phrase stands for and
knowing how to link those concepts
together in a meaningful way. It's ironic
that natural language, the symbol system
that is easiest for humans to learn and
use, is hardest for a computer to master.
Long after machines have
capable of inverting large matrices with
speed and grace, they still fail to master
the basics of our spoken and written
languages.
Expert Systems:The primary goal of
expert systems research is to make
expertise available to decision makers
and technicians who need answers
quickly. There is never enough expertise
to go around--certainly it is not always
available at the right place and the right
time. Portable with computers loaded
with in-depth knowledge of specific
subjects can bring decades worth of
knowledge to a problem.
analyze,
EXPERT SYSTEMS - MAKE A
reach. DIAGNOSIS:Intution may seem like
means, a human trick, but machines can be
pretty good at it too. Underlying a hunch
are dozens of tiny, subconscious rules-
truths we that have learned from
experience. Add them up and you get
instinct: a doctor's sense that a patient's
stomach-ache might really be
appendicitis, for example. Program those
proven rules into a computer and you get an
expert system- one of many that can
screen lab tests, diagnose blood
infections, and identify tumors on a Essentially, a person from the
mammogram. United States says some things in
English into his telephone. Almost
Future of AI Technology: instantaneously, a computer intercepts
Artificial Intelligence and robotics are the voice, translates what was said, and
likely to creep into our lives without us synthetically generate the appropriate
really noticing. However, AI has Japanese words to the person on the
spawned some useful applications like other line. Of Course, the translator
expert systems and game AI, but the would need advanced voice recognition,
truly pervasive use of AI is still to come natural language processing and
as more research and improved inferencing to extract what was meant by
technology surfaces in the future. Here the English-speaker, and then synthesize
are a few applied innovations that AI a human-sounding Japanese
promises in the future and the person's voice in conversational
technologies behind them. Japanese.
A Greater Use of Expert
Telephone Translators:
Systems:
One of the common cliches when With such success as a diagnostic in
one talks about the future is how the medic and mechanics presently, expert
world is shrinking every day. Distance systems will be more prevalent in other
used to be a barrier in travel and the applications that require an expert with
invention of the airplane changed whom people can consult with. Need to
all that. Time used to be a factor in identify the perfect pet for a friend? A
communication since the mail system pet expert system could ask some
took months to deliver a letter across questions related to the person's
the United States, but the telephone personality so that it can conclude the
dissolved such a hurdle. The types of animals that would be suited for
combinations of travel and them. What kinds of dishes can one
communications has brought whole make tonight with the food in the
nations together except now the last refrigerator? Input the foods into a cook
barrier in international relationship is expert system and find out. The
language. This is where telephone possibilities for expert systems are
translators will change all that. almost endless. If expert systems are
designed and built correctly, users information is, so the person doesn't
should be able to easily program their have to do the 'dirty work.' Research
own expert and should make better assistants will be an important tool in the
decisions in their lives. future by keeping the world of
information from exploding into an
Passing the Turing Test: infinite chaos of unorganized facts and

The idea behind the test is that if a figures.

machine could make a person think

he/she was interacting with an intelligent
person, why not consider the machine
intelligent in its own right? The
controversy over the Turing Test will
probably continue into the future, but
once a computer convincingly passes the
test and becomes more and more
integrated with society, this test would
be at least the best approximation of
intelligence possible.
Research Assistants:
CONCLUSION:
In future the most popular and
well known term will be ‘Artificial
Intelligence’.It will be used in all fields.
The AI will come to day
by day life.As a result it will become
such that we can,t live with it. We
conclude that if the machine could
successfully pretend to be human to a
knowledgeable observer then you
certainly should consider it intelligent.

The world is moving from the AI systems are now in routine use in

Industrial Age to the Information Age various field such as economics,

where the phrase "knowledge is power" medicine, engineering and the military,

is becoming a reality. With so much as well as being built into many common

information out there, it has become home computer software applications,

harder and harder to find what is really traditional strategy games etc.

relevant. This is where a research AI is an exciting and rewarding

assistant powered by AI can help. Not discipline. AI is branch of computer

only can the assistant understand what science that is concerned with the

one is looking for, which requires automation of intelligent behavior.

natural language processing, it is smart The revised definition of AI is - AI

enough to know where to look and is the study of mechanisms

compare what it finds to what it is underlying intelligent behavior through

looking for to see how relevant the the construction and evaluation of
artifacts that attempt to enact those
mechanisms. So it is concluded that it
work as an artificial human brain which
have an unbelievable artificial thinking
power.