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APPLICATIONS
Current shunt measurement
OUTPUT
Motor controls CURRENT
COMPENSATION
DC-to-DC converters BIAS
CIRCUIT
Power supplies
05942-001
5 2 3 6
Battery monitoring IOUT COM BIAS ALPHA
Remote sensing Figure 1.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The AD8212 is a high common-mode voltage, current shunt Another feature of the AD8212 is high voltage operation,
monitor. It accurately amplifies a small differential input voltage which is achieved by using an external high voltage breakdown
in the presence of large common-mode voltages up to 65 V PNP transistor. In this configuration, the common-mode range
(>500 V with an external PNP transistor). of the AD8212 is equal to the breakdown of the external PNP
The AD8212 is ideal for current monitoring across a shunt transistor. Therefore, operation at several hundred volts is easily
resistor in applications controlling loads, such as motors and achieved (see Figure 23).
solenoids. The current output of the device is proportional to The AD8212 features a patented output base current compensa-
the input differential voltage. The user can select an external tion circuit for high voltage operation mode. This ensures that
resistor to set the desired gain. The typical common-mode no base current is lost through the external transistor and
voltage range of the AD8212 is 7 V to 65 V. excellent output accuracy is maintained regardless of common-
mode voltage or temperature.
Rev. B
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no
responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other
rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Tel: 781.329.4700 www.analog.com
Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Fax: 781.461.3113 ©2007–2009 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AD8212
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features .............................................................................................. 1 Normal Operation (7 V to 65 V Supply (V+) Range) ..............9
Applications ....................................................................................... 1 High Voltage Operation Using an External PNP Transistor 10
Functional Block Diagram .............................................................. 1 Output Current Compensation Circuit................................... 10
General Description ......................................................................... 1 Applications Information .............................................................. 11
Revision History ............................................................................... 2 General High-Side Current Sensing ........................................ 11
Specifications..................................................................................... 3 Motor Control............................................................................. 11
Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 4 500 V Current Monitor ............................................................. 11
ESD Caution .................................................................................. 4 Bidirectional Current Sensing .................................................. 12
Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions ............................. 5 Outline Dimensions ....................................................................... 13
Typical Performance Characteristics ............................................. 6 Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 13
Theory of Operation ........................................................................ 9
REVISION HISTORY
5/09—Rev. A to Rev. B
Changes to Ordering Guide .......................................................... 13
11/07—Rev. 0 to Rev. A
Increased Operating Temperature Range........................ Universal
5/07—Revision 0: Initial Version
Rev. B | Page 2 of 16
AD8212
SPECIFICATIONS
VS = 15 V, TOPR = −40°C to +125°C, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
Table 1.
Parameter Conditions/Comments Min Typ Max Unit
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V+) No external pass transistor 7 65 V
With external PNP transistor 1 7 >500 V
SUPPLY CURRENT 2 (ISUPPLY = IOUT + IBIAS)
V+ = 7 V to 65 V 220 720 μA
High voltage operation, using external PNP 200 1500 μA
VOLTAGE OFFSET
Offset Voltage (RTI) TA ±2 mV
Over Temperature (RTI) TOPR ±3 mV
Offset Drift TOPR ±10 μV/°C
INPUT
Input Impedance
Differential 2 kΩ
Common Mode (VCM) V+ = 7 V to 65 V 5 MΩ
Voltage Range
Differential Maximum voltage between V+ and VSENSE 500 mV
VSENSE (Pin 8) Current 3 V+ = 7 V to 65 V, TOPR 100 200 nA
OUTPUT
Transconductance 1000 μA/V
Current Range (IOUT) 7 V ≤ V+ ≤ 65 V, 0 mV to 500 mV differential input 500 μA
Gain Error for TOPR 7 V ≤ V+ ≤ 65 V, with respect to 500 μA full scale ±1 %
Impedance 20 MΩ
Voltage Range 0 V+ − 5 V
REGULATOR
Nominal Value 7 V ≤ V+ ≤ 65 V 4.80 5 5.20 V
PSRR 7 V ≤ V+ ≤ 65 V 80 dB
Bias Current (IBIAS) TOPR, 7 V ≤ V+ ≤ 65 V 185 200 μA
TOPR, high voltage operation 200 1000 μA
DYNAMIC RESPONSE
Small Signal −3 dB Bandwidth Gain = 10 1000 kHz
Gain = 20 500 kHz
Gain = 50 100 kHz
Settling Time Within 0.1% of the true output, gain = 20 2 μs
ALPHA PIN INPUT CURRENT 25 μA
NOISE
0.1 Hz to 10 Hz, RTI 1.1 μV p-p
Spectral Density, 1 kHz, RTI 40 nV/√Hz
TEMPERATURE RANGE
For Specified Performance (TOPR) −40 +125 °C
1
Range dependent on the VCE breakdown of the transistor.
2
The AD8212 supply current in normal voltage operation (V+ = 7 V to 65 V) is the bias current (IBIAS) added to output current (IOUT). Output current varies upon input
differential voltage and can range from 0 μA to 500 μA. IBIAS in this mode of operation is typically 185 μA and 200 μA maximum. For high voltage operation mode, refer
to the High Voltage Operation Using an External PNP Transistor section.
3
The current of the amplifier into VSENSE (Pin 8) increases when operating in high voltage mode. See the High Voltage Operation Using an External PNP Transistor section
for more information.
Rev. B | Page 3 of 16
AD8212
Rev. B | Page 4 of 16
AD8212
V+ 1 8 VSENSE
1 8
COM 2 AD8212 7 NC
2
BIAS 3 TOP VIEW 6 ALPHA
6
NC 4 (Not to Scale) 5 IOUT
05942-002
3 5
05942-025
NC = NO CONNECT
Rev. B | Page 5 of 16
AD8212
190
T = +125°C 1000
QUIESCENT CURRENT (µA)
185
800
400
170
200
165
05942-005
05942-008
160 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 4. Supply Current vs. Supply (Pin V+) (IOUT = 0 mA) Figure 7. Input Offset Voltage vs. Temperature
5.2 1.0
0.9
+125°C
OFFSET VOLTAGE RTI (mV) 0.8
5.1
REGULATOR VOLTAGE (V)
0.7
T = –40°C
T = +25°C 0.6
0.4
0.3 –40°C
4.9
0.2
T = +125°C
05942-006
05942-009
0.1
4.8 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) VOLTAGE SUPPLY (V)
Figure 5. Regulator Voltage vs. Supply (Pin V+) Figure 8 .Input Offset Voltage vs. Supply (Pin V+)
50 10
45 9
OUTPUT CURRENT DRIFT (nA/°C)
40 8
35 G = +50 7
30 6
GAIN (dB)
G = +20
25 5
20 4
15 G = +10
3
10 2
05942-010
5 1
0 0
05942-021
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
FREQUENCY (Hz) DIFFERENTIAL INPUT VOLTAGE (mV)
Figure 6. Gain vs. Frequency Figure 9. Output Current Drift vs. Differential Input Voltage
Rev. B | Page 6 of 16
AD8212
100
VIN
20mV/DIV
10
OUTPUT ERROR (%)
V+ = 15V
ROUT = 50kΩ
1
G = +10 VOUT
500mV/DIV
G = +20
0V
0.1
G = +50
05942-014
0.01
5µs/DIV
05942-023
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 500
DIFFERENTIAL INPUT VOLTAGE (mV)
Figure 10. Total Output Error Due to Input Offset vs. Differential Figure 13. Step Response (Gain = 50)
Input Voltage
VIN
20mV/DIV VIN
100mV/DIV
V+ = 15V
ROUT = 5kΩ V+ = 15V
ROUT = 5kΩ
VOUT
50mV/DIV VOUT
200mV/DIV
0V
05942-015
05942-012
5µs/DIV 5µs/DIV
Figure 11. Step Response (Gain = 5) Figure 14. Step Response (Gain = 5)
VIN VIN
20mV/DIV 100mV/DIV
V+ = 15V V+ = 15V
ROUT = 20kΩ ROUT = 20kΩ
VOUT VOUT
200mV/DIV 1V/DIV
0V 0V
05942-016
05942-013
5µs/DIV 5µs/DIV
Figure 12. Step Response (Gain = 20) Figure 15. Step Response (Gain = 20)
Rev. B | Page 7 of 16
AD8212
5.2
VIN
100mV/DIV
5.1
0V
4.9
05942-017
4.8
5µs/DIV 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
05942-024
BIAS CURRENT (µA)
Figure 16. Step Response (Gain = 50) Figure 19. Regulator Voltage High Voltage Mode (IOUT = 0 mA) vs.
Bias Current
5.2
VIN
100mV/DIV
5.1
REGULATOR VOLTAGE (V) V+ = 300V
V+ = 15V V+ = 100V
ROUT = 20kΩ 5.0
V+ = 200V
VOUT
2V/DIV
4.9
0V
05942-018
05942-007
4.8
2µs/DIV –40 –25 –10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 17. Step Response Falling Figure 20. Regulator Voltage vs. Temperature
(High Voltage Operation)
550
VIN 500
100mV/DIV
450
V+ OPERATING RANGE (V)
400
V+ = 15V 350
ROUT = 20kΩ
300
250
200
V+ MAXIMUM RANGE
VOUT 150 V+ MINIMUM RANGE
2V/DIV
0V 100
05942-019
50
2µs/DIV 0
05942-020
Rev. B | Page 8 of 16
AD8212
ILOAD
THEORY OF OPERATION BATTERY RSHUNT
1 8
NORMAL OPERATION
(7 V TO 65 V SUPPLY (V+) RANGE) AD8212
R1 R2
LOAD
differential input voltage generated by a load current
flowing through a shunt resistor. A1
A load current flowing through the external shunt resistor VOUT IOUT
produces a voltage at the input terminals of the AD8212.
ROUT
Amplifier A1 responds by causing Transistor Q1 to conduct the
05942-003
necessary current through Resistor R1 to equalize the potential
at both the inverting and noninverting inputs of Amplifier A1. Figure 22. Typical Connection (7 V to 65 V Supply (Pin V+) Range)
The current through the emitter of Transistor Q1 (IOUT) is When using the AD8212 as described, the battery/supply
proportional to the input voltage (VSENSE), and, therefore, the voltage in the system must be between 7 V to 65 V. The 7 V
load current (ILOAD) through the shunt resistor (RSHUNT). The minimum supply range is necessary to turn on the internal
output current (IOUT) is converted to a voltage by using an regulator (shown as a Zener diode in Figure 22). This regulated
external resistor, the value of which is dependent on the input voltage then remains a constant 5 V, regardless of the supply
to output gain equation desired in the application. (V+) voltage. The 65 V maximum limit in this mode of
The transfer function for the AD8212 is operation is due to the breakdown voltage limitation of the
AD8212 process.
IOUT = (gm × VSENSE)
Typically, a 1% resistor can be used to convert the output
VSENSE = ILOAD × RSHUNT
current to a voltage. Table 4 provides suggested ROUT values.
VOUT = IOUT × ROUT
Table 4. Suggested ROUT Values
VOUT = (VSENSE × ROUT)/1000
Gain (V/V) ROUT (kΩ)
where: 1 1
gm = 1000 µA/V. 10 10
In normal voltage operation mode, the bias circuit is connected 20 20
to GND, as shown in Figure 22. In this mode, IBIAS is typically 50 49.9
185 μA throughout the 7 V to 65 V (V+) range. 100 100
Rev. B | Page 9 of 16
AD8212
HIGH VOLTAGE OPERATION USING AN EXTERNAL In this mode of operation, the supply current (IBIAS) of the
PNP TRANSISTOR AD8212 circuit increases based on the supply range and the
RBIAS resistor chosen. For example
The AD8212 offers features that simplify measuring current in
the presence of common-mode voltages greater than 65 V. This if
is achieved by connecting an external PNP transistor at the V+ = 500 V and RBIAS = 500 kΩ
output of the AD8212, as shown in Figure 23. The VCE break-
IBIAS = (V+ − 5 V)/RBIAS
down voltage of this PNP becomes the operating common-mode
range of the AD8212. PNP transistors with breakdown voltages then,
exceeding 300 V are inexpensive and readily available in small IBIAS = (500 – 5)/500 kΩ = 990 μA
packages.
In high voltage operation, it is recommended that IBIAS remain
BATTERY RSHUNT
within 200 μA to 1 mA. This ensures that the bias circuit is
1 8 turned on, allowing the device to function as expected. At the
AD8212 same time, the current through the bias circuit/regulator is
R1 R2
limited to 1 mA. Refer to Figure 19 and Figure 21 for IBIAS and
LOAD
Rev. B | Page 10 of 16
AD8212
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
GENERAL HIGH-SIDE CURRENT SENSING 500 V CURRENT MONITOR
The AD8212 output is intended to drive high impedance nodes. As noted in the High Voltage Operation Using an External PNP
Therefore, if interfacing with a converter, it is recommended Transistor section, the AD8212 common-mode voltage range is
that the output voltage across ROUT be buffered, so that the gain extended by using an external PNP transistor. This mode of
of the AD8212 is not affected. operation is achievable with many amplifiers featuring a current
ILOAD
output. However, typically an external Zener regulator must be
added, along with a FET device, to withstand the common-mode
BATTERY RSHUNT
voltage and maintain output current accuracy.
The AD8212 features an integrated regulator (which acts as a
LOAD
AD8212
Zener regulator). It offers output current compensation that
1 V+ VSENSE 8
allows the user to maintain excellent output current accuracy
2 COM NC 7
by using any PNP transistor. Reliability is increased due to
3 BIAS ALPHA 6
ADC
4 NC IOUT 5
lower component count. Most importantly, the output current
AD8661
accuracy is high, allowing the user to choose an inexpensive
IOUT ROUT PNP transistor to withstand the increased common-mode
05942-026
voltage.
ILOAD
NOTES
1. NC = NO CONNECT.
500V RSHUNT
Figure 24. Normal Voltage Range Operation
LOAD
Careful calculations must be made when choosing a gain AD8212
resistor so as not to exceed the input voltage range of the 1 V+ VSENSE 8
converter. The output of the AD8212 can be as high as 2 COM NC 7
VOUT
(V+) − 5 V. However, the true output maximum voltage is 3 BIAS ALPHA 6
dependent upon the differential input voltage, and the resulting 4 NC IOUT 5 ROUT
05942-027
The AD8212 is a practical solution for high-side current sensing VOLTAGE MUST BE 500V.
2. NC = NO CONNECT.
in motor control applications. In cases where the shunt resistor
Figure 26. High Voltage Operation Using External PNP
is referenced to battery and the current flowing is unidirectional,
as shown in Figure 25, the AD8212 monitors the current with
no additional supply pin necessary.
BATTERY
AD8212 IMOTOR
1 V+ VSENSE 8
2 COM NC 7
3 BIAS ALPHA 6
MOTOR
4 NC IOUT 5 VOUT
ROUT
05942-028
NOTES
1. NC = NO CONNECT.
Rev. B | Page 11 of 16
AD8212
BIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT SENSING
The AD8212 is a unidirectional current sensing device. VOUT1 increases as ILOAD flows through the shunt resistor. VOUT2
Therefore, in power management applications where both the increases when ICHARGE flows through the input shunt resistor.
charge and load currents must be monitored, two devices can
be used and connected as shown in Figure 27. In this case,
ILOAD
ICHARGE
RSHUNT
BATTERY
CHARGE
LOAD
V+ VSENSE VSENSE V+
1 8 8 1
AD8212 AD8212
OUTPUT OUTPUT
CURRENT CURRENT
COMPENSATION COMPENSATION
BIAS BIAS
CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
VOUT1 VOUT2
ROUT1 ROUT2
05942-011
Figure 27. Bidirectional Current Sensing
Rev. B | Page 12 of 16
AD8212
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
3.20
3.00
2.80
8 5 5.15
3.20
4.90
3.00
4.65
2.80 1
4
PIN 1
0.65 BSC
0.95
0.85 1.10 MAX
0.75
0.80
0.15 0.38 8° 0.60
0.23
0.00 0.22 0° 0.40
0.08
COPLANARITY SEATING
0.10 PLANE
ORDERING GUIDE
Model Temperature Range Package Description Package Option Branding
AD8212YRMZ 1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead MSOP RM-8 Y04
AD8212YRMZ-RL1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead MSOP, 13” Tape and Reel RM-8 Y04
AD8212YRMZ-R71 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead MSOP, 7” Tape and Reel RM-8 Y04
AD8212WYRMZ1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead MSOP RM-8 Y25
AD8212WYRMZ-RL1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead MSOP, 13” Tape and Reel RM-8 Y25
AD8212WYRMZ-R71 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead MSOP, 7” Tape and Reel RM-8 Y25
1
Z = RoHS Compliant Part.
Rev. B | Page 13 of 16
AD8212
NOTES
Rev. B | Page 14 of 16
AD8212
NOTES
Rev. B | Page 15 of 16
AD8212
NOTES
Rev. B | Page 16 of 16