SCIENCE MODULE

FORM 1
Common Laboratory Apparatus
Laboratory Equipment
Symbols and Indications of Danger Used in the Countries of EU

E O
Explosive Oxidizing
This symbol with the word This symbol with the
"explosive" denotes a substance word "oxidising "
which may explode under the denotes a substance
effect of a flame or if subjected to which releases a lot of
shocks or friction. heat while it reacts with
other substances,
particularly flammable
substances.
F F+
Highly flammable Extremely flammable
This symbol with the words This symbol with the
"highly flammable " denotes a words "extremely
substance which: flammable " denotes a
liquid that would boil at
• may become hot and finally body temperature and
catch fire in contact with air would catch fire if
at ambient temperature; exposed to a flame.
• is a solid and may readily
catch fire after brief contact
with the source of ignition
and which continues to
bum or to be consumed
after removal of the source
of ignition;
• is a gas and bums in air at
normal pressure;
• in contact with water or
damp air releases highly
flammable gases in
dangerous quantities;

• is a liquid that would catch

fire with slight warning and
exposure to. a flame.
T T+
Toxic
This symbol with the word " toxic
" denotes a highly hazardous
substance. The decision to use
the word " toxic " is based on LD
50 values (substance that kills up
to 50 per cent of a sample of
laboratory test animals within a
specified period). Therefore,
extreme caution is necessary in
the use of these agrochernicals
and instructions on the label
must be strictly followed.
Xn
Very toxic
This symbol with the
words "very toxic " is
used to label a
substance which, if it is
inhaled or ingested or if
it penetrates the skin,
may involve extremely
serious, acute
(immediate) or chronic
(longer-term) health
risks and even death.
Xi
 Harmful Irritant
This symbol with the word The same symbol as for
"harmful" should appear on the "harmful" but with the
label of a substance which, if it is word " irritant " is
inhaled or ingested or if it meant for a non-
penetrates the skin, may involve corrosive substance
limited health risks. which, through
immediate, prolonged
or repeated contact
with the skin or mucous
membrane, can cause
inflammation.
C N
Corrosive Dangerous for environment
This symbol with the word
corrosive " will be found on the
label of a substance which may
destroy living tissues on contact
with them. Severe bums on the
skin and flesh might result from
splashes of such substances on
the body.

SI base units
The SI is founded on seven SI base units for seven base quantities assumed to be mutually independent,
as given in Table 1

Table 1. SI base units

SI base unit
Base quantity Name Symbol
length meter m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd

SI derived units
Table 2. Examples of SI derived units
SI derived unit
 Table 2. Examples of SI derived units
Derived quantity Name Symbol
2
area square meter m
volume cubic meter m3
speed, velocity meter per second m/s
acceleration meter per second squared m/s2
wave number reciprocal meter m-1
mass density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg
current density ampere per square meter A/m2
magnetic field strength ampere per meter A/m
amount-of-substance concentration mole per cubic meter mol/m3
luminance candela per square meter cd/m2
kilogram per kilogram, which may be
mass fraction kg/kg = 1
represented by the number 1

SI prefixes

The 20 SI prefixes used to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units are given in Table 5.

Table 5. SI prefixes
Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol
1024 yotta Y 10-1 deci d
21 -2
10 zetta Z 10 centi c
18 -3
10 exa E 10 milli m
15 -6
10 peta P 10 micro µ
12 -9
10 tera T 10 nano n
9 -12
10 giga G 10 pico p
6 -15
10 mega M 10 femto f
3 -18
10 kilo k 10 atto a
2 -21
10 hecto h 10 zepto z
1 -24
10 deka da 10 yocto y