Name: ______________________ Class: _________________ Date: _________ ID: A Name: ______________________ ID: A

BIO Ch7- Cell Structure and Function STUDY GUIDE ____ 12. Which of the following is a function of the nucleus?
a. stores DNA
b. controls most of the cell’s processes
Multiple Choice
c. contains the information needed to make proteins
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. d. all of the above
____ 1. Who was one of the first people to identify and see cork cells? ____ 13. Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus?
a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek c. Matthias Schleiden a. cytoplasm c. chromatin
b. Robert Hooke d. Rudolf Virchow b. nucleolus d. DNA
____ 2. The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying that ____ 14. Which of the following statements explains why the nucleus is important to cells?
a. all plants are made of cells. a. Only eukaryotes have nuclei.
b. all animals are made of cells. b. Only prokaryotes have nuclei.
c. plants and animals have specialized cells. c. The nucleus contains coded instructions for making proteins.
d. all plants and animals are made of cells. d. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
____ 3. Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory? ____ 15. Which of the following structures is found in the cytoplasm?
a. Cells are the basic units of life. a. nucleolus c. chromatin
b. All living things are made of cells. b. ribosome d. cell wall
c. Very few cells reproduce. ____ 16. Which organelle breaks down food into molecules the cell can use?
d. All cells are produced by existing cells. a. Golgi apparatus c. endoplasmic reticulum
____ 4. The cell theory applies to b. lysosome d. mitochondrion
a. bacteria. c. multicellular organisms. ____ 17. Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus?
b. plants and animals. d. all of the above a. Golgi apparatus c. vacuole
____ 5. Electron microscopes can reveal details b. mitochondrion d. ribosome
a. 100 times larger than those visible in light microscopes. ____ 18. Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more
b. the same size as those visible in light microscopes. convenient for the cell to use?
c. 100 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes. a. chloroplast c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. 1000 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes. b. Golgi apparatus d. mitochondrion
____ 6. Which type(s) of microscopes can produce three-dimensional images of cells? ____ 19. Which organelles help provide cells with energy?
a. transmission electron microscopes c. both A and B a. mitochondria and chloroplasts c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b. scanning electron microscopes d. neither A nor B b. rough endoplasmic reticulum d. Golgi apparatus and ribosomes
____ 7. Researchers use fluorescent labels and light microscopy to ____ 20. Which sequence correctly traces the path of a protein in the cell?
a. produce movies of cells as they grow, divide, and develop. a. rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, released from the cell
b. scan cells with laser beams. b. ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast
c. follow molecules moving through the cell. c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi apparatus
d. build three-dimensional images of cells. d. mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane
____ 8. Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know? ____ 21. Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?
a. The cell lacks cytoplasm. c. The cell lacks a nucleus. a. mitochondrion c. chloroplast
b. The cell lacks a cell membrane. d. The cell lacks genetic material. b. ribosome d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
____ 9. Which of the following contain a nucleus? ____ 22. Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?
a. prokaryotes c. eukaryotes a. helps a cell keep its shape c. surrounds the cell
b. bacteria d. organelles b. contains DNA d. helps make proteins
____ 10. Eukaryotes usually contain ____ 23. Which structures carry out cell movement?
a. a nucleus. c. genetic material. a. cytoplasm and ribosomes c. microtubules and microfilaments
b. specialized organelles. d. all of the above b. nucleolus and nucleus d. chromosomes
____ 11. Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes?
a. plants c. bacteria
b. animals d. all of the above

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Name: ______________________ ID: A Name: ______________________ ID: A

____ 24. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton? ____ 35. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called
a. helps the cell maintain its shape a. osmotic pressure. c. facilitated diffusion.
b. helps the cell move b. osmosis. d. active transport.
c. prevents chromosomes from separating ____ 36. An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes
d. helps organelles within the cell move a. water to move into the cell. c. solutes to move into the cell.
____ 25. The main function of the cell wall is to b. water to move out of the cell. d. solutes to move out of the cell.
a. support and protect the cell. c. direct the activities of the cell. ____ 37. Which term refers to cells having different jobs in an organism?
b. store DNA. d. help the cell move. a. multicellular c. levels of organization
____ 26. Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is b. cell specialization d. unicellular
a. found in all organisms. c. a flexible barrier. ____ 38. The cells of multicellular organisms are
b. composed of a lipid bilayer. d. usually made of tough fibers. a. smaller than those of unicellular organisms.
____ 27. You will NOT find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms? b. simpler than those of unicellular organisms.
a. plants c. fungi c. specialized to perform different tasks.
b. animals d. all of the above d. not dependent on one another.
____ 28. Which of the following structures serves as the cell’s boundary from its environment? ____ 39. All of the following are examples of cell specialization EXCEPT
a. mitochondrion c. chloroplast a. a pancreatic cell that produces protein-digesting enzymes.
b. cell membrane d. channel proteins b. muscle cells that control movement of materials in the body
____ 29. Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane? c. a prokaryotic cell that carries out photosynthesis.
a. breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from foods d. a red blood cell that carries oxygen.
b. stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates ____ 40. Which of the following is an example of an organ?
c. keeps the cell wall in place a. heart c. digestive system
d. regulates which materials enter and leave the cell b. epithelial tissue d. nerve cell
____ 30. The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. ____ 41. All of the following are types of tissues EXCEPT
What are these channels and pumps made of? a. muscle. c. digestive.
a. carbohydrates c. bilipids b. connective. d. nerve.
b. lipids d. proteins ____ 42. A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called a(an)
____ 31. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a. organ. c. tissue.
a. an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. b. organ system. d. division of labor.
b. an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. ____ 43. Which of the following is an organ of the digestive system?
c. an area of equilibrium to an area of high concentration. a. stomach c. muscle cell
d. all of the above b. nerve tissue d. epithelial tissue
____ 32. Diffusion occurs because ____ 44. An organ system is a group of organs that
a. molecules constantly move and collide with each other. a. are made up of similar cells.
b. the concentration of a solution is never the same throughout a solution. b. are made up of similar tissues.
c. the concentration of a solution is always the same throughout a solution. c. work together to perform a specific function.
d. molecules never move or collide with each other. d. work together to perform all the functions in a multicellular organism.
____ 33. When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will ____ 45. Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to
a. move across the membrane to the outside of the cell. the most complex level?
b. stop moving across the membrane. a. cell, tissue, organ system c. tissue, organ, organ system
c. move across the membrane in both directions. b. organ system, organ, tissue, cell d. cell, tissue, organ, organ system
d. move across the membrane to the inside of the cell.
____ 34. Which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell?
a. diffusion c. facilitated diffusion Modified True/False
b. osmosis d. active transport Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the
statement true.

____ 46. If a cell contains a nucleus, it must be a prokaryote. _________________________

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Name: ______________________ ID: A Name: ______________________ ID: A

____ 57. A red blood cell placed in pure water will shrink. _________________________
____ 58. There is a division of labor among the cells of multicellular organisms.
_________________________
____ 59. Cell specialization means that the cells in an organism are uniquely suited to reproduce.
_________________________
____ 60. A typical organ is made up of many different kinds of cells and tissues.
_________________________

Completion
Complete each statement.

61. According to the cell theory, all cells come from existing ____________________.
62. In a eukaryote, the material between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the
____________________.

Figure 7–1

____ 47. The cell represented in Figure 7–1 is a eukaryote. _________________________

____ 48. The assembly of ribosomes begins in a small dense structure called the chromatin.
_________________________
____ 49. Ribosomes stud the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum. _________________________
____ 50. Many membrane proteins are made by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
_________________________
____ 51. Cilia and flagella are made of protein filaments called endoplasmic reticulum.
_________________________
____ 52. The cytoskeleton helps to move organelles within the cell. _________________________
____ 53. The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection.
_________________________
____ 54. Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and some other substances can pass through the cell wall. Figure 7–2
_________________________
63. The material indicated in Figure 7–2 by the letter B is called the ____________________.
____ 55. The nuclear envelope regulates which substances enter and leave a cell.
_________________________ 64. During cell division, chromatin condenses to form _________________________, which are
threadlike structures containing genetic material.
____ 56. Once equilibrium is reached, roughly equal numbers of molecules move in either direction across a
semipermeable membrane, and there is no further change in concentration on either side of the
membrane. _________________________

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Name: ______________________ ID: A Name: ______________________ ID: A

Figure 7–1

Figure 7–3
65. The structure labeled ____________________ in Figure 7–3 consists of DNA bound to protein.
66. RNA and other molecules leave the nucleus through the structure labeled ____________________ in
Figure 7–3.
67. Eukaryotes contain specialized structures that perform important cellular functions. These structures
are called ____________________.
68. Unlike smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum has ____________________
attached to it.
69. Enzymes in the _________________________ attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins.
70. The structure indicated in Figure 7–1 by the letter F is usually larger in ____________________
cells.
71. The cell takes in food and water and eliminates wastes through the _________________________.
72. Molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less
concentrated. This process is called ____________________.
73. Large molecules such as glucose that cannot cross the lipid bilayer can still move across the
membrane with a concentration gradient by _________________________.
74. The cells in a multicellular organism have specific jobs. This is called cell
_________________________.
75. The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are ____________________, tissues,
____________________, and organ systems.
Short Answer

76. Based on the cell theory, can you assume that all cells reproduce? Why or why not?
77. What does the cell theory say?
78. How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

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Name: ______________________ ID: A Name: ______________________ ID: A

Figure 7–2

81. Identify each of the cell structures indicated in Figure 7–2. Use these terms: nucleus, mitochondrion,
ribosome, cell membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus,
Golgi apparatus, cytoplasm.
82. List two jobs of the cytoskeleton.
Figure 7–3
83. What advantages do cell walls provide plant cells that contact fresh water?
79. Identify the structure shown in Figure 7–3 and describe its main functions. 84. What would happen if the cell membrane became impermeable?
80. What are two functions of the nucleus? 85. Suppose a cell were treated with a chemical that inhibits active transport. What would happen?
86. Define diffusion.
87. Explain, in terms of osmosis, why a raisin placed in a cup of pure water overnight will puff up with
water.
88. What would happen to an animal cell with an internal salt concentration of 0.8% if it were placed in a
salt solution with a concentration of 20%? Why?
89. A hypertonic salt solution has a higher concentration of solutes than a blood cell. Explain what
happens when a blood cell is placed in a hypertonic salt solution.
90. List the four levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex.

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Name: ______________________ ID: A Name: ______________________ ID: A

93. Predicting Look at Figure 7–4. Describe the movement of the D molecules on side A. What will
Other happen to these molecules over time?
94. Predicting What will the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4 look like when equilibrium is reached?
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
A student put together the experimental setup shown below. The selectively permeable membrane is 95. Predicting Once equilibrium is reached in the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4, will the molecules
permeable to both types of solute molecules shown. continue to move? Explain your answer.

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 7–5

96. Interpreting Graphics Which drawing in Figure 7–5, –I or II– contains structures that carry out
photosynthesis? What is this structure labeled in the diagram?
97. Comparing and Contrasting Look at Figure 7–5. Which structure in drawing I corresponds to
structure M in drawing II? What is the name of this structure?
98. Comparing and Contrasting Which structure in drawing I of Figure 7–5 corresponds to structure
L in drawing II? What is the name of this structure?
99. Interpreting Graphics Which organelle is labeled K in Figure 7–5? What is the function of this
organelle?
Figure 7–4
100. Interpreting Graphics Do the drawings in Figure 7–5 represent prokaryotes or eukaryotes? How
91. Interpreting Graphics Describe the experimental setup shown in Figure 7–4. Do you expect the do you know?
distribution of the solutes on each side of the membrane to change over time?
92. Predicting Describe the movement of the C molecules on side A of the apparatus shown in Figure
7–4. What will happen to these molecules over time?

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Name: ______________________ ID: A Name: ______________________ ID: A

USING SCIENCE SKILLS
The experimental setup below shows an osmometer. An osmometer is a device used to measure the
amount of osmotic pressure exerted by a liquid passing through a semipermeable membrane. The
graph shows one lab group’s results compared with the results of the rest of the class combined. Line
A represents the results of the single lab group. Line B represents the data of the rest of the class.
109. Distinguish between microtubules and microfilaments. Describe two functions of each kind of
structure.
110. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the cell wall with that of the cell membrane.
111. Compare the cell membrane to a mosaic.
112. Describe what happens when sugar solutions with two different concentrations are placed on opposite
sides of a semipermeable membrane in a container.
113. How do facilitated diffusion and active transport differ?
114. Compare a cell from a unicellular organism with a cell from a multicellular organism in terms of cell
specialization.
115. Discuss the levels of organization in multicellular organisms and explain why these levels are not
used to describe unicellular organisms.

Figure 7–6

101. Comparing and Contrasting Look at the graph in Figure 7–6. Compare the lab results of the
single lab group with those collected by the rest of the class.
102. Analyzing Data Which results in the graph in Figure 7–6 are more likely to be accurate, those
represented by line A or by line B? Why?
103. Evaluating and Revising What could account for the difference in lines A and B in the graph in
Figure 7–6?
104. Predicting Look at the graph in Figure 7–6. How would the results differ if a sucrose solution with
twice the concentration of the one used to collect the results represented by line A were used?
105. Calculating How might you use the graph in Figure 7–6 to calculate the rate of osmosis observed?
What units would you use to report the rate?

Essay

106. Summarize three statements from the cell theory. Explain the significance of the cell theory to
biology.
107. Describe the cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Which of these structures are you
likely to find in a prokaryotic cell? Eukaryotic cell? Plant cell? Animal cell?
108. Compare prokaryotes with eukaryotes. Give an example of each type of cell.

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