Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Name: ………………….………………………………….………..
INDEX
Page No.
1. ASK GENERATION AND DETECTION 04
15. VIVA-VOCE 42
*********
AIM: Design & Demonstrate an ASK system to transmit digital data using a suitable carrier.
Demodulate the signal with suitable circuit.
DESIGN:
Assume Icsat = 5mA , hfe(min) = 30 , VCEsat = 0.2V , VBE = 0.7V
IB = IC / hfe =____mA
Envelope Detector
DESIGN:
1/fc < RC < 1/fm
Let C = 0.47μf
=____Ω
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram
2. Provide message signal m(t) and carrier signal c(t) using signal generator
3. Observe the ASK signal at the Emitter and note down the readings (Voltage and time
period)
4. Connect the detection circuit as shown and supply the ASK signal
5. Vary Vref carefully and observe the detected signal, note down its voltage level and time
period.
AIM: Design & Demonstrate an FSK system to transmit digital data using a suitable carrier.
Demodulate the signal with suitable circuit.
DESIGN: Detection
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram
2. Provide message signal m(t) and carrier signals C1(t) and c2(t)using signal generator
3. Observe the FSK signal at the pin 3 of IC CD4051 and note down the readings
(voltage and time period)
4. Connect the detection circuit as shown and supply the FSK signal and C1(t)
5. Vary Vref carefully, observe the intermediate ASK signal and finally observe
detected signal, note down its voltage level and time period.
CALCULATIONS:
Frequency Deviation, δf = f2 – f1
AIM: Design & Demonstrate a BPSK system to transmit digital data using a suitable carrier.
Demodulate the above signal with suitable circuit.
DESIGN:
DESIGN: DETECTION
DETECTION:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram
2. Provide message signal m(t) and carrier signal c(t) using signal generator
3. Observe the BPSK signal at the pin 3 of IC CD4051 and note down the readings
(voltage and time period)
4. Connect the detection circuit as shown and supply the BPSK signal and c(t)
5. Vary Vref carefully, observe the intermediate ASK signal and finally observe
detected signal, note down its voltage level and time period.
DESIGN:
Assume Icsat = 10mA, hfe(min) = 20 , VBE = 0.7V
Let VRE = 1V
IBmin > ICsat / hfe(min) = 0.01/20 = 0.5mA
RB = (Vin - VBE - VRE) / IB min= (5 - 0.7 - 1) /0.5 m = 6.6kΩ (use 10kΩ)
RE = VRE / IE = (VRE / IC) = 1/10m = 100Ω (use 1kΩ)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram
2. Provide message signals m1(t) and m2(t) and carrier signal c(t) using signal generator
(keep f c > 2fm )
3. Observe the PAM signals at transistor emitter terminals as shown in circuit diagram
4. Now apply these PAM signals as input to multiplexer CD4051
5. Observe the TDM signal at pin 3 of IC and note down the readings
AIM: To design and demonstrate the working of DPSK to transmit a given digital data and to
demodulate the DPSK signal to recover the digital data.
DPSK TRANSMITTER:
DPSK RECEIVER:
CALCULATIONS: dk = bk + dk-1
PROCEDURE:
1. Select either 300 bps or 600 bps clock.
2. Connect the power supply to the kit.
3. Switch off the power. Connect the probe to the CRO.
4. Connect measuring probe of the CRO to SEL CLK.
5. Using patch cords given connect the clock and data.
6. Connect the CRO probe to SEL CLK.
7. Adjust the DIP switch to any digital pattern of 8 bits.
8. Observe the DPSK waveform on the CRO.
9. Plot the graph for given Input sequence
10. At the receiver section, observe the reconstructed data.
AIM: To design and demonstrate the working of QPSK to transmit a given digital data and
demodulate to recover the digital data.
Binary Filter
Q I Carrier
Input data
Inverter
Cos wct
QPSK
wave
-Cos wct
Product modulator
Q channel
QPSK RECEIVER:
Binary
Bit combiner
data
Modula BPF
ted
output
Carrier
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the dotted lines by patch cords.
2. Connect the power cord to power supply.
3. Adjust the DIP switch to any digital pattern of 8 bits.
4. Observe the QPSK modulated signal for specified data.
5. Observe the demodulated output by suitably adjusting the potentiometer.
6. Plot the QPSK waveforms
AIM: To study the performance of a given codec chip in implementing the generation and
detection of PCM wave.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
5v -5v
5 14 7 16
5 ÷16 5
÷
14 7 256
6
7 11 0
Ώ
4 11 11
4
9 12 4 15
14 9 1
1 3
1 4
3 12
12
2 8
2 3 10 PCM
2 3 10
2 3 O/P
3 3
1 4 5 m’ (t)
1
m (t),1Khz/2v
13 1
K
Ώ
2 3 9 10
2 3 10
10
TTL clock
2Mhz/5v
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply TTL clock of 2MHz from function generator to pin 14 of IC 7493 and
sine wave of 1 KHz / 2v from function generator to pin1 of IC 44233.
3. Check the output at pin 11 of first IC7493. That should be 125 KHz i.e.2MHz / 16.
4. Check the output at pin 11 of second IC7493. That should be approximately
8 KHz i.e.2MHz / 256.
5. Observe the PCM output at pin 8 of IC44233.
6. Observe the demodulated output at pin 5 of IC44233 and compare with original
analog message.
AIM: Conduct an experiment to find frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and
attenuation in a microwave test bench.
Load or short
PROCEDURE:
1. Initial set up has to be made before switching ON the power supply
2. The conditions are :
a. Repeller – maximum position
b. Beam – minimum position
c. Select switch – voltage
d. Modulation – AM
3. Power supply – OFF
4. Switch on the supply and make sure that fan is towards the source
5. Switch on the klystron source and put the switch to Current position and wait till the
current stabilize to 0.008.
6. Increase the beam voltage knob to 0.018
7. Again the select switch is put to Repeller (-272)
8. Reduce the repeller(-200) until maximum output is obtained on CRO
9. Note down the maximum and minimum values of the output wave produced for
any one cycle.
10. Take d1min for first cycle and d2min for next consecutive cycle. Calculate λg and λ0.
11. Vary the carriage from load to source and find dmin for two cycles.
12. Measure the cross-section of waveguide i.e. ‘a’ to find λ0.
13. For detection part, remove the load and connect the waveguide and measure the output
voltage v2.
14. Vary the frequency meter till a dip is obtained in the output voltage. Measure the
frequency and calculate attenuation and power.
FORMULAE USED:
1. VSWR=Vmax/Vmin
Vmin
Vmax
AIM: To study the simultaneous transmission of several signals using time division
multiplexing.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the marker1 and marker2 each for the bit pattern shown. Observe the time division
multiplexed data at tp10 on CRO
2. Observe and measure the frame period. Change marker setting and observe
the Multiplexed data.
3. Observe both the markers are alternately transmitted in each frame.
4. Observe the data transmission by pressing keys (k1-k8).
WAVEFORMS:
Audio1:ch12 Audio2:ch14
Ch
Ch10 Ch11 Ch13 Ch15 ch16
1
125μS
Marker
sw1 Marker
sw2
Timing and
MS1 Audio1 sync
M D
MS2 Audio2 Line
R
U coding
I
K1 -o o- X
V
K2 -o o- E
R
K3 -o o- Fibre optic
Expansion
transmitter
K4 -o o- channels
K5 -o o-
Timing
Optic Fibre
K6 -o o- and sync
D
K7 -o o- Audio1
MS1 E
K8 -o o-
M
MS2 Audio2
U
Line
X decoding
D1
D2
D6
D7
Alva’s Institute of Engineering & Technology,
OPTICAL Moodbidri.
FIBRE KIT
D8 26
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB MANUAL
FORMULAE:
CALCULATIONS:
frame period=
tp1=Tx clk=
tp2=slot clk=
tp3=frame clk=
PROCEDURE:
To find Propagation loss:
1. Take 1 meter fibre and set up an analog link using LED SPH756v (660 nm) and
detector SFH350v (detector).
2. Apply about 2v (p-p), 1 KHz sinusoidal signal to EXT-ANALOG terminal with
the help of connecting wires provided with the kit.
3. Observe the received signal at ANALOG OUT terminal.Adjust the received
signal properly by adjusting pot pr10 to get 2v (p-p amplitude.
4. Measure the peak value of the received signal at ANALOG OUT terminal this
value be v1.
5. Now replace 1m fibre by 3m fibre between same LED and detector. Do not
disturb pr10 settings.
TABULARCOLUMN:
L1 V1 L2 V2
1m 3m
JP16 JP15
JP17
I
Intensity
V
R
Fibre Optic
Transmitter1
D
R
Fibre Optic
I
Transmitter2
V
JP13
E
R
2
KHz
JP12
2V D
External analog
E
Preamplifier
T
Analog E
Out C
Screw
m Screen
p o
n
Illuminated circular
r patch
Cathode of SFH450v
EQUIPMENTS for measuring numerical aperture: Equipment kit, 1m fibre cable, numerical
aperture measurement jig, riler.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the 660nm analog link using 1m fibre.
2. Apply TTL high input to the LED from EXT-TTL terminal.
3. Insert the other end of the fibre into the numerical aperture measurement jig.
4. Hold the white sheet facing the fibre. Adjust the fibre such that it’s cut
face is perpendicular to the axis of the fibre.
5. Keep a distance of about 5mm between the fibre tip and the screen. Gently tighten
the screw and thus fix the fibre in the place.
6 Now observe the illuminated circular patch of light on the screen.
7. Measure exactly the distance d and also the vertical and horizontal diameters MR
and PN as indicated in the figure.
8. Mean radius is calculated using the following formula, r = (MR+PN)/4
9. Find the numerical aperture of the fibre using the formula
NA= (sinθmax ) = r/ (√d2+r2)
Where θmax is the maximum angle at which the light incident is properly transmitted
through the fibre.
RESULT:
1. the propagation loss α=
2. numerical aperture =
Tabular column
SL Ferquency Power
No MHz dBm
AIM: Determination of coupling and isolation characteristics of a strip line (or micro strip line)
directional coupler.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect input of receiver (down converter) to coupled 3 port of directional coupler
through 20 dB attenuation.
2. Connect O/P of source (up converter) to IN1 port of directional coupler through
20dB attenuator.
3. Terminate with 50ohm load to out 2 port and isolator ports of directional coupler.
4. Note down the power reading in receiver at 1500MHz it should be equal to -55dBm.
Coupling factor= -55dBm-(-37dBm) = -17dBm
Actual value= 15dB
RESULT:
a) The coupling factor is –17dB.
AIM: Measurement of power division and isolation characteristics of a micro strip 3dB power
divider.
PROCEDURE: Isolation
1. Connect input of receiver (down converter) to out 3 port of power divider through
20dB attenuator.
2. Connect output of source (up converter) to out2 port of power divider through
20dB attenuator.
3. Terminate with 50ohm load to INT port of power divider.
4. The receiver reading will be –56.6 dBm at 1500 MHz frequency
i.e -56.6-(-37) = -19.6dBm
Actual value> 10dB
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect output of receiver (down converter) to RF input through the cable.
2) Connect input of source (up converter) to RF output through the cable.
3) Connect input of source (up converter) to transmitter of antenna through 20dB attenuator.
4) Connect the input of receiver (down convrter) to the receiver antenna through 20dB attenuator
5) Keep the transmitter n receiver of antenna at a distance of 1 to 1.5 meters apart and make sure
its inline.
6) Vary the angle of the transmitter starting from 0 degrees in steps of 10degrees up to 180.
7) Note down the value of gain in dBm for every 10 degrees.
8) Calculate the directivity with the gain values noted.
9) Follow the same procedure for both antennas.
CALCULATIONS:
Directivity, D = 410000 / ӨH X ӨE
dBi = 10 log D
Gain= KdBi where K=0.8 for Dipole, K=0.73 for Yagi and K=0.6 for Patch antenna.
Tabular Column
SL Angle Power
No degrees dBm
1. Amplitude is changing w.r.t. incoming data. 1. Frequency is changing w.r.t. incoming data.
4. Single generator is needed in the circuit. 4. Two generators are needed in the circuit.
2. Comes in 2 configurations – edge emitting LED 2. Comes in 2 forms – fabry perot resonator &
& surface emitting LED. distributive feed back.
1. Design and Demonstrate the working of TDM of two band limited PAM signals m1 and m2 of frequencies
500Hz and 2 KHz respectively.
2. Design and develop an ASK system to transmit 1Kbps of binary data. Use a suitable carrier and then
demodulate the same to recover the digital data.
3. Design and Implement an FSK system for transmission of binary data of rate 500bps to 2Kbps. demodulate
the same and display the binary bit steam.
4. Design and Implement BPSK modulation system with a suitable circuit and demodulate the same.
5. Demonstrate the working of a DPSK encoder and decoder. Sketch the waveform at each stage.
6. Demonstrate the working of a QPSK modulator and demodulator and record the waveforms at each stage.
7. Conduct an experiment for Measurement of Propagation loss, Bending loss and Numerical Aperture in a
given optical fiber. Plot the graph for variation in bending loss.
8. Conduct an experiment for Measurement of Frequency, Guide Wave Length, Power, VSWR and
Attenuation in a Microwave Test Bench (using Reflex Klystron).
9. Conduct an experiment to transmit and receive an analog signal using multi channel PCM CODEC Chip.
10. Multiplex an analog voice and digital data through Fiber optic link and measure bit rate, slot time and
frame time.
11. Evaluate the following parameters with respect to Micro strip devices.
(a) Ring resonator- Measurement of resonant frequency and Dielectric constant of the substrate.
(b) Directional coupler- Measurement of coupling factor and Isolation.
12. Evaluate the following parameters with respect to Micro strip devices.
(a) Ring resonator- Measurement of resonant frequency and Dielectric
constant of the substrate.
(b) 3dB power divider- Measurement of Power division and Isolation.
13. Conduct an experiment to measure the directivity and gain of the Yagi antenna.
14. Measure the 3dB Bandwidth from radiation pattern of Yagi antenna in H-plane.
15. Conduct an experiment to measure the directivity and gain of the Patch antenna.
16. Measure the 3dB Bandwidth from radiation pattern of Patch antenna in H-plane.