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CROPS
Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas AGRONOMY SERIES
www.attra.ncat.org
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information center funded by the USDA’s Rural Business -- Cooperative Service.
Abstract: This publication provides an overview of the considerations involved in selecting, cultivating, and
marketing alternative agronomic crops. Experimenting with alternative crops can be profitable but involves
risk as well. Before venturing into an alternative crop, it is wise to investigate the market and determine
whether any new equipment will be required. It is also advisable to talk to others who have grown the
proposed crop. Many additional resources for alternative crop information are referenced in this publication.
INTRODUCTION
Various factors have stimulated interest in crop
diversification in recent years: commodity price
instability, decreased or eliminated farm
subsidies, increased pesticide-resistance in pests,
and losses in genetic biodiversity. At the same
time, consumer dietary changes have generated
new markets for alternative food products.
Contents
While some alternative crops provide additional
Introduction......................................... 1 markets or greater profitability compared to
Inventory of Available Resources........... 2 standard crops, others are not necessarily
Crop Selection...................................... 3 higher-value crops. Rather, they are added to a
Crop and Industrial Use Research.......... 3 rotation to break up insect pest, weed, and
Markets and Marketing ......................... 4 disease cycles, to scavenge nutrients for other
crops, to improve soil tilth and fertility, or to
Starting Points to Consider.................... 5
clean up weedy fields. They are used to spread
Summary............................................. 6 out the workload, to make farming more fun
References........................................... 6 and interesting, and to add system flexibility,
Appendix ............................................. 9 especially with crops that can double as
livestock feed or forage in bad crop years.
It’s a good idea to begin by inventorying your • What are your monthly and annual income
available resources. This inventory might needs and does your farm income meet these
include some of the following information (1): needs?
• What is your debt-to-equity ratio?
Land, Soil, Water • Do you have access to additional capital?
• What are your current production costs per
bushel/ton/pound/cwt.?
• How many acres do you own or rent?
• What are the soil types, soil tilth and fertility,
erosion potential, and drainage? Business Management and Marketing
• What is your source of water (surface or
• Do you have a business plan?
groundwater)?
• Do you maintain farm records and prepare
• Do you rely on an irrigation system for
and analyze balance sheets, income
current needs?
statements, cash flow records, labor flow
• What is the quality of the water and are there
records, and unit budgets?
adequate supplies for irrigation?
• What does each labor hour you invest earn
• How are wastes and wastewater managed on
and what is your rate of return on
your farm?
investments?
• Are water storage and water treatment
• Do you compare major financial and
facilities adequate?
production efficiency factors from one year to
another?
Buildings and Equipment
• Do you network with other producers?
• How do you market your current
• Do you have facilities and machinery that are
commodities?
underused and can they be used or adapted
for other crops?
Entrepreneurial Skills
• Is grain storage available?
• Do you have access to a company or
• Do you think of new ideas and enjoy
individual that manufactures specialized
planning new enterprises?
equipment or modifies existing equipment? • Do you enjoy dealing with the public and can
you manage people effectively?
Labor • Do you try to find benefits when things don’t
turn out the way they were planned?
• Do you have off-farm employment? • Do you enjoy problem solving and do you
• What are your slow months? learn from past mistakes?
Category Crops
Cereals and Amaranth, blue corn, buckwheat, einkorn, emmer, foxtail, grain millet,
Pseudocereals khorosan, intermediate wheatgrass, pearl millet, proso millet, quinoa, spelt,
teff, triticale, wild rice, reed canary grass
Grain Legumes Many varieties of dry beans and dry peas, Illinois bundle flower, lentils
Oilseeds Apeacia, camelina, canola, crambe, rape, cuphea, jojoba, lesquerella,
meadowfoam, perilla, rapeseed, sesame, flax, sunflower, safflower
Industrial Crops Bladder pod, castor, cuphea, euphorbia, fanweed, gopher plant, guayule,
gumwood, jojoba, lesquerella, vernonia
Fiber Crops Kenaf, milkweed, flax
• Alternative Farming Systems Information • Advances in New Crops, edited by Jules Janick
Center (Beltsville, MD) (15) and J.E. Simon. 1990, 560 pages (8)
• Carrington Research/Extension Center • New Crops, edited by Jules Janick and J.E.
(Carrington, ND) (16) Simon. 1993, 710 pages (9)
• Center for Alternative Plant and Animal • Progress in New Crops, edited by Jules Janick.
Products (St. Paul, MN) (17) 1996, 660 pages (10)
• Cooperative Extension Service (contact a • Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses, edited
local county office near you) (18) by Jules Janick. 1999, 528 pages (11)
• Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service, Small Farm Program, The Association for the Advancement of
USDA (Washington, D.C.) (19) Industrial Crops (12) is an international, nonprofit
• Indiana Center for New Crops and Plant educational and scientific organization that
Products (West Lafayette, IN) (20) educates its members, the public, industry
• Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture leaders, and government policy makers on
(Poteau, OK) (21) utilization and commercialization of industrial
• Missouri Alternatives Center (Missouri products from agricultural crops. Over half of the
residents only) (Columbia, MO) (22) membership is involved in research and
• Small Farm Center (Davis, CA) (23) development of industrial crops. For information
on upcoming conferences as well as program
Research is also being conducted on industrial abstracts of past meetings, see the AAIC website
products that can be manufactured from at <www.aaic.org>.
alternative crops. Industrial use updates on crops
such as castor, lesquerella, crambe, industrial MARKETS AND MARKETING
rapeseed, guayule, jojoba, kenaf, and milkweed
are available from the New Uses Council. The The bottom line in raising crops is whether the
New Uses Council’s 1997 Bioproducts Directory (6) projected receipts for the crop will be greater than
lists companies, organizations, researchers, and the projected costs for producing it. It is the
suppliers of products made from renewable responsibility of each producer to carefully
agricultural, forestry, or livestock materials or evaluate the marketing potential for an
residues. (The ‘97 version is the latest “paper” alternative field crop before getting into
edition. A 1999 web version of this directory is production.
available at <www.newuses.org>.)
Market supply and demand, depth of market in
The Minnesota Agricultural Utilization Research terms of how much of a crop is needed to saturate
Institute works to create new uses and new the market, and market stability are very
markets for Minnesota’s agricultural commodities important topics to research. Availability and
and alternative crops (7). They publish a free location of the nearest market, marketing
newsletter called Ag Innovation News. They also strategies, and access to processing are also
do market research, technology transfer, and important considerations.
work one-on-one with Minnesota farmers and
business people. Markets for alternative crops can vary greatly,
depending on the crop. For a few examples:
Several conference proceedings from the new
crops meetings have been published. Many of • Approximately 95% of the buckwheat
the papers presented at these conferences are produced in North Dakota and surrounding
very technical in nature and may be of more use states is exported to Japan where it is milled
to researchers than to farmers. These proceedings into flour and used to prepare noodles for
cover a wide variety of new crops and many human consumption (13).
It is common for companies developing Learn about the equipment for any new crops.
products based on unusual alternative crops to Where feasible, choose crops that only require
integrate vertically. That is, they lease land, use adjustment or some modification of your current
their own managers, and hire local labor. As equipment, rather than requiring significant
mentioned earlier, when considering an investment in new or different equipment.
alternative crop, it is necessary to carefully
research all aspects related to the production, Study the markets. Get a good sense of the
processing, and sale of that crop. market possibilities for any crop or product you
are considering producing. Identify wholesalers,
There are several resources available that provide retailers, brokers, direct marketing options, and
information on alternative crop markets and other resources that can be helpful. Ask other
marketing. The National Organic Directory (14) is producers how they market.
updated annually and focuses on organically
grown commodities and alternative crops. Learn the specialty market standards required.
Specific marketing information on organically Evaluate your ability to meet standards for
grown wheat, oats, and sunflowers, and a list of cleanliness, packaging, crop quality, etc. Some
some markets for these crops, are available in requirements are rather unique. For example,
Northern Plains Organic Crops Marketing Analysis synthetic fertilizers and pesticides may not be
(13). The Cooperative Extension Service in some used on a field for three years before a harvested
states has compiled a list of buyers of some crop may be sold as "organically grown."
alternative commodities. Commodity groups
may also have such a list. Also, many state Establish your market connection BEFORE you
agriculture departments and land-grant grow your crop. This is especially critical for
university agricultural economics departments highly specialized commodities like edible
may have market information for specific crops. soybeans. The seeds of edible soybeans are often
Be flexible. When dealing with niche 2) Small Farm Handbook, Division of Agriculture and
enterprises, it is often necessary to move quickly Natural Resources, Oakland, CA. To order send
in response to rapidly changing market $20.00 + $4.50 S & H to:
conditions. Farmers must constantly be on the ANR Publications
lookout for ways to improve and innovate. University of California
6701 San Pablo Avenue
Oakland, CA 94608-1239
Think (w)holistically. Consider more than just
(800) 994-8849; (510) 642-2431
immediate, short-term profits when investigating www.anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu
new crops and enterprises. Diversification may
not actually increase profits. What it can do is 3) Grudens-Schuck, Nancy, et al. 1988. Farming
make profitability more reliable by smoothing out Alternatives: A Guide to Evaluating the Feasibility of
the ride between good and bad years. There may New Farm-Based Enterprises. Northeast Regional
be additional benefits. Perhaps adding a new Agricultural Engineering Service, Cornell
crop to the rotation will reduce problem University, Ithaca, NY.
pests…or maybe it will build soil fertility. To order, send $3.75 to:
152 Riley Robb Hall
Develop a whole-farm business plan and study
Ithaca, NY 14853
carefully how well a new enterprise can be
(607) 255-7654
integrated. E-mail: nraes@cornell.edu
www.nraes.org
Internet resources. Surf the internet to find
organizations, such as ATTRA, that provide 4) Shroyer, James P. and Donald B. Erickson. 1987.
information on alternative field crops and Specialty and Non-Traditional Crops. MF-844,
sustainable agriculture. Many web homepage Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State
addresses are included with the citations in the University, Manhattan. January. 6 p.
reference section of this document.
5) Alternative Field Crops Manual. 1989–1992.
University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative
SUMMARY Extension, University of Minnesota Center for
Alternative Plant and Animal Products, and
Farmers interested in alternative crops should University of Minnesota Extension Service.
inventory their current farm resources and Available on-line at
carefully review the production and marketing <www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/inde
potential of these crops before planting. x.html>.
Networking is an essential part of this process. Print copies are available for $45.00 from:
ATTRA and other organizations mentioned in Center for Alternative Plant and Animal
Products
this publication have more detailed information
University of Minnesota
on specific crops and the suitability of these crops 352 Alderman Hall, Room 352
for certain regions and farm production systems. 1970 Folwell Avenue
Seed sources and marketing information can be Saint Paul, MN 55108
obtained through elevators, Extension personnel, (612) 624-4217 or (612) 625-5747
commodity groups, processors, and other E-mail: mgo@tc.umn.edu
channels. www.mgo.umn.edu
19) USDA Small Farm Program Cooperative State 23) Small Farm Center
Research, Education, and Extension Service University of California–Davis
For publications write to: 1 Shields Avenue
CSREES Davis, California 95616
Mail Stop 2220, (530) 752-8136 Fax: (530) 752-7716
868 Aerospace Center, 901 D Street E-mail: sfcenter@ucdavis.edu
Washington, D.C. 20250 www.sfc.ucdavis.edu
(800) 583-3071 Fax (202) 401-1602 Newsletter: Small Farm News
E-mail: smallfarm@reeusda.gov
www.reeusda.gov/smallfarm
Free newsletter: Small Farm Digest By Patricia Sauer and Preston Sullivan
NCAT Agriculture Specialists
The electronic version of Alternative Agronomic Crops
is located at: December 2000
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/altcrops.html
The ATTRA Project is operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology under a grant from the
Rural Business-Cooperative Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. These organizations do not recommend
or endorse products, companies, or individuals. ATTRA is located in the Ozark Mountains at the University
of Arkansas in Fayetteville at P.O. Box 3657, Fayetteville, AR 72702. ATTRA staff members prefer to
receive requests for information about sustainable agriculture via the toll-free number 800-346-9140.
Fababeans Pacific Livestock 2-6 ft 100-110 1,000 70 April-May. 150-175 -- 6-10” 1-2” Sclerotinia, pod blight
Northwest forage and White mold; grasshoppers
California feed Shattering
Needs to be inoculated
Responds to irrigation
Swath for harvest
Lupines Gulf Coast Livestock 1-2” 75-90 1,500-2,000 60 Feb.-Mar. 90-150 -- Drilled 2-4” Winterkill; Phytophthora root rot
states forage, green Bitter type contains alkaloids
manure Needs to be inoculated
Requires vernalization to produce grain
Does well on sandy, well-drained acid soils
APPENDIX (CONTINUED): PLANT CHARACTERISTICS, USES, AND PRODUCTION PRACTICES OF VARIOUS NON-TRADITIONAL CROPS (4).