Choppers

- Fixed DC to Variable DC Converters

- Anoop Mathew
HOD, ECE Dept.
Vedavyasa Institute of Technology
Vedavyasa Hills, Malappuaram Dist.
Kerala 673632

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Classification of Chopper

§ Based on input/output voltage levels

Ø Step-down Chopper (Buck converter)
Ø Step-up Chopper (Boost Converter)

n Direction of output voltage and current

Ø Class A
Ø Class B
Ø Class C
Ø Class D
Contd ...
© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Classification of Chopper
n Based on Circuit operation
Ø First (Single) Quadrant Chopper
Ø Two-quadrant Chopper
Ø Four Quadrant Chopper

n Based on Commutation Method

Ø Voltage Commuted Chopper
Ø Current Commuted Chopper
Ø Load commuted Chopper
Ø Impulse Commuted Chopper

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Classes of chopper (A,B,C,D &E

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Buck Converter (Step-down chopper)

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Discontinuous load current

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Continuous load current

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Principle of operation

Ø Duty ratio (k) = (Ton/ Ton+Toff)

Ø At Ton, Switch is closed.
Ø At Ton,load current freewheels through
DF – effectively, load terminals are
short circuited and load voltage is
zero.

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Analysis

Ø Average load voltage, Vo = Vs.k

Ø Output voltage varies linearly with “k”.
Ø Ton+Toff = chopping period
Ø Load voltage can be controlled by changing
the duty ratio.
Ø As k reduces, current becomes discontinuous.
Ø Average load current, Io = Vs.k/R
Ø Vo(RMS) = V 2 k = V k
s s

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Boost Converter (Step-up chopper)

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Waveforms

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Principle of operation
Ø When S is ON à L charges.
Ø When ‘S’ is OFF à inductor current
flows through diode and load during Toff
Ø Vo = Vs+L(di/dt)
Ø High value inductor is preferred
for lower ripples.

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Analysis
Energy stored in the inductor W 1, during TON :

W1 = Vs. Is. TON

During TOFF, Energy released by the inductor to the load is:

W0 = (Vo-Vs). Is. TOFF

At steady state and consider the system is lossless;
Vs. Is. TON = (Vo-Vs). Is. TOFF
ie, Vo = [(TON +TOFF)/ TOFF] x Vs

Vo = Vs/(1-k)

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
References

[1] A. Maamoun, “DEVELOPMENT OF

CYCLOCONVERTERS”, IEEE Trans. 2003.
[2] Ned Mohan et al, “Power Electronics”, Weily
publications 2005
[3] M.D. Singh & K.B Khanjandani, “Power Electronics”,
TMH 2006
[4] Cyril W. Lander “ Power Electronics”, McGraw Hill
International Editions 2007

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com
Thank you

Questions ??????

anoopmathew@ieee.org

© www.anoopmathew.110mb.com