April 8

RIGHT
S OF
UNPAI
201
D
SELLER 1
DEBAYAN MUKHERJEE 21
DEVKNYA DHAR 22 GLOBSYN
GHANSHYAM DUBEY 26 B-SCHOOL
GOVIND SHARMA 27
 MEANING OF UNPAID SELLER
U/SEC. 45

"Unpaid seller" defined as

(1) The seller of goods is deemed to be an "unpaid seller" within the

meaning of this Act.-

(a) Who has not been paid or tendered the whole of the price
of the
goods sold, or

(b) Who had received a bill of exchange or other negotiable

instrument has as a conditional payment, and the condition
on which it was received has not been fulfilled by reason of
the dishonour of the instrument or otherwise.

(2) In this Chapter, the term "seller" includes any person who is in
the position of a seller, as, for instance, an agent of the seller to
whom the bill of lading has been endorsed, or a consignor or agent
who has himself paid, or is directly responsible for, the price.

Example: A purchased some goods in his personal name on

behalf of his principal B. B refuses to pay the price of the goods.
Since A has incurred personal liability, the relationship between him
and his principal will be taken as that of a seller and a buyer. A will
be taken as unpaid seller under the provision of Sec. 45.

 The unpaid seller has two types of rights under the Sale of
Goods act. This includes the seller’s right against the goods
and the seller’s right against the buyer personally.
 Unpaid Seller’s Rights Against The
Goods
U/Sec. 46

Unpaid seller's rights

Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any law for the time
being in force, notwithstanding that the property in the goods may
have passed to the buyer, the unpaid seller of goods, as such, has
by implication of law-
a lien on the goods for the price while he is in possession of them;
in case of the insolvency of the buyer a right of stopping the goods
in transit after he has parted with the possession of them;
a right of re-sale as limited by this Act.
Where the property in goods has not passed to the buyer, the
unpaid seller has, in addition to his other remedies, a right of
withholding delivery similar to and co-extensive with his rights of
lien and stoppage in transit where the property has passed to the
buyer.

 (I) when the property in the goods has been

transferred:

i) Right of Lien
ii) Right of stoppage of goods in transit
iii) Right of resale

i) Right of lien [Sec. 46(1) (a) and 47 to 49]

A lien is a right to retain possession of goods until payment of the

price.

Rules regarding lien

Subject to the provisions of this Act, the unpaid seller of goods who
is in possession of them is entitled to retain possession of them
until payment or tender of the price in the following cases, namely:-

a) where the goods have been sold without any stipulation as to

credit;
b) where the goods have been sold on credit, but the term of credit
has expired;
c) where the buyer becomes insolvent.

The seller may exercise his right of lien notwithstanding that he is in

possession of the goods as agent or bailee for the buyer.

Where an unpaid seller has made part delivery of the goods,

he may exercise his right of lien on the remainder, unless such part
delivery has been made under such circumstances as to show an
agreement to waive the lien.

ii) Right of stoppage in transit [Sec. 50 to 52]

Subject to the provisions of this Act, when the buyer of goods

becomes insolvent, the unpaid seller who has parted with the
possession of the goods has the right of stopping them in transit,
that is to say, he may resume possession of the goods as long as
they are in the course of transit, and may retain them until
payment or tender of the price. An unpaid seller can exercise right
of stoppage of goods in transit when each of the following
conditions are satisfied:

i) Seller had parted with the possession of the goods.

ii) Goods are in the course of transmission to the buyer.
iii) The buyer of the goods has become insolvent.

iii) Right of resale [Sec. 54]

A unpaid seller who has the possession of goods can resell them
under the following circumstances:
(a) when the goods are of perishable in nature: goods are
perishable in nature though has not been defined in the Act, but it
means perishable not only physically but also commercially.

(b) when he gives notice of his intension to resell: the unpaid

may gives noyice to the buyer of his intension to re-sell the goods
and the buyer does not within a reasonable time pay or tender the
price.

(c) when he expressly reserves the right of resale: where the

seller expressly reserves right of resale in case the buyer should
make default, the seller may resell the goods in the event of such a
default.

 (II) When the property in the goods has not been

transferred:

Right of withholding delivery: if the property in the goods

has not passed to the buyer, the unpaid seller cannot exercise right
of lien, but gets a right of withholding the delivery of goods, similar
to and co-extensive with lien.
 Unpaid seller’s Rights Against buyer
personally

These are the rights which an unpaid seller may enforce against the
buyer personally. These rights of the seller against the buyer are
called rights in personam and are in addition to his rights against
the goods. The rights in personam are as follows:

1) Suit for price: (sec. 55). (a) where property has passed :
where under a contract of sale the property in the goods has passed
to the buyer and the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to pay for
the goods, the seller may sue him for the price of the goods [Sec.
55 (1)].

(b) where property has not been passed : where under a

contract of sale the price is payable on a certain day irrespective of
delivery and the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to pay such
price, the seller may sue him for the price. It makes no difference
even if the property in the goods has not passed and the goods
have not been appropriated to the contract [Sec. 55 (2)].

2) Suit for damages for non-acceptance (Sec. 56).

Where the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to pay for the
goods, the seller may sue him for the price of the goods.

3) Repudiation of contract before due date (Sec. 60)

where the buyer repudiates the contract before the date of delivery,
the seller may either treat the contract as subsisting and wait till
the date of delivery or he may treat the contract as rescinded and
sue for damages for the breach. This rule is known as “the rule of
anticipatory breach of contract”.

4) Suit for interest [Sec. 61 (2) (a)]. Where there is a

specific agreement between the seller and the buyer as to interest
on the price of the goods from the date on which payment,
becomes due, the seller may charge interest on the price when it
becomes due from such day as he may notify to the buyer.

END

Bibliography
Professor: Santanu Mitra

BUISNESS LAW
BY
SATISH B MATHUR