Implementation of Low Cost Data Logger Using

Flash Disk with File Allocation Table

Panupong Thanutong1, Dusit Thanapatay2, Kamol Kaemarungsi3 and Tsuyoshi Isshiki4

1
TAIST Tokyo Tech, ICTES Program, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Kasetsart University, Jatujak,
Bangkok 10900, Thailand
2
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Kasetsart University, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
3
Embedded System Technology Laboratory, National Electronics and Computer Technology
Center, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
4
Dept. of Communications & Integrated Systems, Tokyo Institute of Technology, S3-66, 2-12-1,
Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, JAPAN
computer for further analysis using software analyzing tools.
Abstract— Data logger is a device used for storing Data loggers can be applied in various fields such as in [1]
measurement data. It can be used in wide range of embedded where data logger is used to observe city’s air environment or in
logging applications. This paper reports on practical development [2] where it is used for collecting galvanic skin response (GSR).
experience and design’s details of a low cost data logger prototype.
The data logger in this paper is also compared with two of existing
In this paper, we developed a prototype of low cost data
data loggers in the literature. This data logger combines 32-bits logger as a part of our planned research project in a
microcontroller and flash disk with file allocation system (FAT) hydrological system application for monitoring rivers. The data
together with programming technique to control the hardware for logger will be connected to a hydrological sensing system
recording and monitoring of general proposes measurements. which consists of a set of wireless sensor nodes and several
This data logger stores the data on removable flash disk for hydrological sensors. However, to test our prototype in this
convenient and can forward real time measurement data through
RS232 standard serial port to be display on LCD. The
paper we decided to use basic sensor device which can be
applications studied in this paper are based on logging of obtained easily such as temperature and humidity sensors.
temperature and relative humidity from a SHT15 digital sensor. These sensor devices are low cost and simple to integrate to our
The data are stored in form of comma-separated values file (CSV) data logger prototype. For example, SHT15 is an integrated
because this file format can be read and understood by many temperature and relative humidity sensors in one package [9]
platform applications such as MySQL, MS-Excel, and MATLAB. which is very convenient. We designed our prototype of data
The microcontroller in this prototype provides power down mode
function that can save energy during long waiting operation and
logger based on [3] with different structure for both hardware
its storage memory can record measurement data for several and software.
years.

Keyword: data logger, embedded system, temperature and

Relative humidity sensing, FAT system.

I. INTRODUCTION

N owadays, the applications of embedded and ubiquitous

sensing systems are increasingly popular. Examples of
embedded sensing application are in the area of monitoring
systems such as meteorology, hydrological, mining and food
industries. A data logger is an embedded electronic device that
can be a part of those monitoring systems. The main
functionality of data logger is to record data from sensing
system over time. Generally, a data logger can obtain data from Fig 1. System architecture of the data logger
measurements in several ways such as through attached Fig. 1 illustrates the system architecture of the data logger in
analog-to-digital converter (ADC) or sensory data sent via this paper. At the center, the microcontroller is the heart of the
various communication protocols and serial communication data logger where we use STM32 ARM Cortex M3 which is a
port (USART). The data maintained in the data logger collected low cost 32-bit microcontroller with a lot of built-in
from monitoring system can be transferred to personal functionalities. Our data logger consists of major component
such as a RS232 serial interface for communication with
personal computer, a SHT15 temperature and relative humidity
sensor for measuring environment, a 16-character by 2-line
liquid crystal display (LCD) to display data output, Micro SD
card for a storage memory, and other analog input/output (I/O).
The organization of this paper is as follows. First, Section II
describes the hardware design and each major component.
Next, Section III describes our embedded software design for
the data logger. Next, Section IV reports on preliminary
measurement results and compares our data logger with others.
Finally, Section V concludes our work and briefly mention
about our future works.
II. HARDWARE DESIGN
A. Microcontroller Unit (MCU)
The selected microcontroller unit for the data logger system
is an STM32F103 ARM Cortex M3 [15]. This microcontroller
(MCU) provides a good price per performance when compared
to others well known microcontrollers such as MSP430 [5],
AVR32 [6], and PIC16 [7]. The price of this MCU is very
attractive among those popular MCUs. With 32-bit
architecture, it provides better computational power at similar
or lower price point than some 16-bit architecture. The major
advantage of ARM Cortex M3 lies in its Thumb-2 instruction
set which allows this MCU to have 32-bit performance with
16-bit code density [8]. Moreover, it can run at 1.25 DMIPS
(Dhrystone Million Instructions per Second)/MHz. The MCU
is faster up to 35% and up to 45% less code than ARM7TDMI
[8]. It is fully equipped with a number of peripheral interfaces
such as I2C, SPI, USART, analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
and digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Another reason for
choosing this MCU is that its manufacturer provides free
license of standard firmware libraries to be used in
development of complex applications.
B. Measurement Module
For our evaluation purpose, we initially use only one sensor
for our test. A sensor device called SHT15 is attached directly
to the microcontroller ARM Cortex M3. SHT15, which is a
well known sensor device, is applied in measurement module
where it provides sensory data to our data logger. This sensor
device has analog-to-digital conversion over linear temperature
and relative humidity and it has built-in on chip ADC circuit
[9]. Thus, we do not require separate ADC before attach the
sensor device to MCU. This simplifies the testing of our
prototype. Note that with the structure of this SHT15 sensor
chip is different from the one used in [3] where they used pure
analog sensors. Additional advantages of this sensor device are
that it can reduce the component count and the hardware
complexity. Another advantage of SHT15 is that it has fast
response time and uses CMOSens technology to guarantee
reliability and stability [9]. The size of this device is also small
with a dimension of 7.47 x 4.93 x 2.5 mm. Its weight is only
100 mg. The sensor also requires low power consumption with
average current consumption of 28µA and can be used with
single power supply between 2.4V and 5.5V [9]. The SHT15
has operating range for temperature between -40 to 123.8
Celsius and range for relative humidity between 0 to 100%RH
[9]. Finally, this data logger prototype can also take inputs from
other measurements through additional ADC ports on the
MCU. The ARM Cortex M3 provides three channel of 10-bit
ADC for connecting with other sensors such as CO2 sensor as in
[1]. Note that the data logger circuit can measure voltage
between 0 and 3.3V at ADC channel 1.
C. Storage Memory
Traditionally, the storage memory for most data loggers was
based on electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
(EEPROM) or small general purpose random access memory
(RAM) [6]. These devices were easy to use and require lower
write cycle. However, today flash memory in form of MicroSD
card is getting cheaper with larger capacity. Thus, MicroSD
cards are gaining popularity in modern embedded system. The
MicroSD cards used in this prototype are very small with
dimension of 15mm x 11mm x 0.7 mm and weight only 0.0.4g
[1]. The capacity of MicroSD used in this work is 2 GBytes
since it is the maximum physical limitation for FAT16 [1]. The
main advantage for using MicroSD card as data storage system
is the ease of transferring data directly to other electronic
devices such as laptops or smart phones which support FAT
format as file system. User can reduce the time to transfer and
convert the data from traditional EEPROM to other data
analysis systems.
D. Circuit Diagram
Our data logger prototype is developed on existing
development board called ET-STM32F103 from ETT
Company [11]. Fig. 2 depicts a circuit diagram of our prototype
which is based on schematic from [11] that were attached with
SHT15 from [9] and an LCD. Note that the peripherals around
the MCU are similar to the architecture in Fig. 1 which consists
of RS232 interface, LCD, SHT15 sensor, and SDMCC socket
for SD card. We chose this board because we needed a stable
hardware platform for programming and performing
experiment. We plan to develop our own print circuit board
(PCB) once the prototype and its peripherals have been
verified.
Fig 2.Simplified circuit diagram of the system
 III. SOFTWARE DESIGN
A. Flowchart Diagram of the Data Logger
The flowchart of embedded software that controls our data
logger is showed in Fig. 3. In this section, we briefly explain the
operation of our data logger.
In the first step, user needs to configure parameters for
sensory data recording via USART. The parameters include
time, date, sampling rate of data, and recording periods. Next,
the MCU checks status of memory whether the memory is full
or not connected. If there is no problem on the status of the
memory, the MCU can continue to the next step. However, if
there is a problem, the data logger will display error notification
to its user on the LCD and will continue without saving data to
the storage memory. Next, the MCU is put in standby mode and
waits for measuring next data from sensor. The waiting period
depends on predefined sampling rate. During the wait period,
the MCU is put into power down mode to save its energy
consumption. The MCU will be woken up to take the next
measurement based on the interrupt from the built-in real time
clock (RTC) of the MCU. After obtaining data from sensor, the
MCU will put the sensing data into a buffer space. Next, it
checks for the type of data whether it is a temperature or
relative humidity data. Before storing the data to its
corresponding sensor files using FAT16, the MCU attaches a
timestamp to each data. Finally, the MCU rechecks the storage
memory for its status before goes back to wait for the next
measurement and changes its status to power down mode again.
Fig 3.Flow chart diagram of the system
B. Programming Language
The software was developed using C language,
cross-compiled, and loaded into the MCU. We used IAR
Embedded Work Bench for ARM as a complier tool [12].
C. FAT File System
To implement the FAT File System into the propose data
logger, we applied the Embedded File Systems Library (EFSL)
which is an open source software in our embedded software.
EFSL is a generic FAT file system library for embedded
systems device [13]. It currently supports Microsoft FAT file
system family for FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32. The source code
of EFSL is based on pure ANSI C which can be adapted to any
C language compiler. However, the EFSL requires an
allocation of large memory block for fetching and writing a
512-byte sector [13].
D. Data Storage File and Record
The format of data logged on the MicroSD flash card is in
CSV file format. The design goal for our data logger is to store
the logged data in format that is portable or convenient for
reading by most software analysis tool. The CSV file type is
compatible with Microsoft Excel and widely accepted for
transferring data between computers or software using different
data format. The CSV file can be used on all computer
platforms and allows to be converted into many file types
including spread sheet files such as XLS, HTML, XML, and
DBF.
The CSV file is a simple file data format and requires less
memory storage space than using the Extensive Markup
Language (XML) file. Although the XML is very portable for
external data representation and exchange, it requires very large
size of storage space due to its markup tags [14]. The XML was
initially planned for use in our data logger but the size of its
data storage requirement was not suitable for embedded
systems. The CSV is convenient because user can convert CSV
file into other desired file format after transferring the file from
MicroSD to personal computer. CSV file is a plain text file
which is usually used to store spreadsheet or database
information in a simple format.
Although the CSV format is portable, it requires larger
storage space than binary format. For example, each record of
sensor sample, the binary format will require 8 bytes which
consists of two bytes for measurement data, three bytes for time
(hour, minute, and second) and three bytes for data (day,
month, and year). On the other hand, the CSV format would
require approximately 29 bytes per record and additional 183
bytes for file builder. However, we argue that the constraint of
storage space is less for our system when we utilize the
MicroSD card.
For each sensory data, the data logger records each sample
into a single line and separates each field with a comma [15]. In
our prototype, each sampling record of sensory data consists of
three fields: data, time, and sensor value. Note that the sensor
value can be either temperature or relative humidity. Each
record from the sampling of sensor consumes approximately
212 bytes of memory on the MicroSD. Examples of records in
CSV format of temperature file and relative humidity file are
showed in Fig. 4.
Temperature file
Date,Time,Temperature
07/11/2009,00:00:01,28.73
07/11/2009,00:01:01,28.70
… while the relative humidity is fluctuated around 61% in Fig. 7.
Relative humidity file
Date,Time,Relative humidity
07/11/2009,00:00:01,61.00
07/11/2009,00:01:01,61.00
…
Fig4. Sample CSV data logs file content
During the testing of data logger, the MCU will send the
reading data to display both via ICL3232 pin to a serial port and
LCD.
The graphs in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 plot the measurement results
of temperature and relative humidity, respectively. Both results
were recorded on two separate files on MicroSD using FAT16.
The temperature recording is varied around 28.6C˚ in Fig. 6
Note that dramatically dropping in temperature to 28.38C˚ at
0:39:01 showed in Fig. 5 was caused by the change when we
turned on the air condition. However, the relative humidity is
rapidly increased to 61.22% after that time.

IV. MEASUREMENT RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section we demonstrate preliminary results of sensor
recording using our data logger. We also discuss the capacity of
our data logger based on the architecture described in Section
II. Specifications of our data logger are compared to existing
data loggers found in literature.
A. Data Acquisition Operations
After the MCU sent a request for data to SHT15 sensor, the
sensor will measure the sensory data and signal a completion of
measurement by transmitting four bits of low signal as shown Fig 6. Temperature results from recording
in Figure 5 to the MCU. The actual measured data is
transmitted next as 12 bits of data to MCU. The MCU will
receive one bit at a time and continue to receive the rest of data
until the whole 16-bit is collected. The 16-bit data will be
calibrated and stored in float variable. Before saving the data
into MicroSD card, the system will convert the float variable to
ASCII string format and use this variable to write data into file
and display it on LCD screen.

Fig 7. Relative humidity results from recording

Fig 5. Data Stream from sensor C. Estimating of Capacity and Spanning Time
Since the spanning time of records depends on the sampling
B. Testing of Sensor Recording rate selected by the user, in this subsection we estimate the
spanning time of the data logger with 2GBytes of memory.
To test the main functionality of our data logger, we collected
Table I shows the estimation of storage size per hours in the
environmental temperature and relative humidity using the
second column according to the sampling rate in the first
hardware described in Section II. The data logger was set to
column. In the last column, we calculated the spanning time of
record both sensory data every minute for a total of one hour.
total number of records that can be fitted into 2GBytes
We began our measurement at the room temperature and later
MicroSD card. This estimation is applicable for both
we turned on an air conditioner to change the room
temperature and relative humidity data.
temperature. Initially, the data logger required the user to
configure operating parameters which are date, time, recording
duration and sampling rate through RS232 serial port. The date
and time values are also needed when the RTC was reset.
 Equation 1 expresses the average current consumption of
TABLE I
RECORDING TEMPERATURE AND R.H. SPANNING TIME USING 2 GB OF MEMORY
MCU over one hour. Using the values listed above in the
equation, we can calculate current consumption Iavg by:
Sampling rate Storage size per Spanning time (1)
resolution 1 hour (approximately)
1s 178,174 bytes 1.2 years The calculation of power consumption (in Watt) and energy (in
10s 17,866 bytes 12 years Joules) of the system are expresses in the Equation 2 and 3.
1min 3,022 bytes 75 years P = Iavg x Vdd (2)
10 min 870 bytes 262 years E = P x Ttotal (3)
1 hour 578 bytes 3,900 years
D. Power Consumption where P is the power in Watts and E is energy in joules.
Therefore, the average current consumption of MCU operation
In this subsection, we estimate the power consumption of data with power down mode per unit of time (1 hour) is 21.6µA.
logger which is based on various current consumptions at Thus, the total power consumption is 71.28 µW and energy
different states of microcontroller STM32F103 [8]. Note that consumption is 0.26 J.
we begin our analysis with the current consumption of the
MCU first and then list the current consumptions of other TABLE II
peripherals in this analysis. We assume that the data logger is SUMMARIZE OF POWER CONSUMPTION OF THE SYSTEM WITHOUT
set to one-minute sampling rate to demonstrate an example of POWER DOWN MODE

power calculation. To reduce the power consumption, the MCU

will be put into sleep state or power down mode when it waits Energy in
Current @ Power
for the next sampling time. When the MCU woke up to take a Module 1 hour
3.3V (mA) (Watts)
sample from the sensor, the MCU will be in active state that (Joules)
consumes higher current or more energy. When the MCU 27 mA (without
Arm Cortex M3
finished reading the data, it will be put into power down state power down 89.1 mW 320.7 J
MCU
which consumes less energy. A current timing diagram of mode)
MCU is showed in Fig. 8. For test duration of 1 hour, we can SHT15 Sensor 0.55 mA 1.8 mW 6.4 J
then estimate the energy consumption as follows MicroSD Card 20 mA 66 mW 237.6 J
LCD 16 x 2 3 mA 9.9 mW 35.6 J
Total 50.55 mA 166.8 mW 600.3 J

Power consumption of the system without power down mode

Fig 8. Power down current timing diagram
The STM32F103 microcontroller operates at Vdd = 3.3V.
Based on the current timing diagram in Fig. 7 and from the
datasheet of STM32F103 in [8], we can list the current
consumption at different states and durations of each state as
following:
• Ipowerdown = 14µA,
• Iactive = 27mA,
• Tpowerdwon = 3599 sec,
• Tactive = 1 sec,
• Ttotal = 3600 sec,
where Ipowerdown is the current that MCU operates in power down
mode when it is waiting for sampling data from sensor, Iactive is
the current that MCU operates in active mode when it is
recording data from sensor to MicroSD, Tpowerdwon is the
duration of time that MCU is in power down mode, Tactive is
duration of time that MCU is in active mode, and Ttotal is the
total time that MCU run in this experiment.
consumes total current of 50.55 mA. Thus, from Equation 2 and
3, the total power (in Watts) of the system at 3.3V operation is
166.8 mW and the total energy consumption in 1 hour is 600.3 J
as shown in Table II.
From calculation above, we can compare energy consumption
of MCU using power down mode with MCU running without
power down mode. This can save MCU’s power consumption
approximately up to 89 mW. Note that the difference in MCU
power consumption is 89.1 mW -71.28 µW = 89.028 mW.
Therefore, the total power consumption of the system with
power down mode in 1 hour is 166.8mW – 89.028 = 77.8 mW
or in total energy is 280 J.
To enable power down mode in the MCU, we used STOP
mode of the ARM CortexM3 STM32 which is the second level
of power down functions. Based on the CortexM3 STM32’s
user manual [4], execution of WFI or WFE instruction will put
the MCU into the STOP mode. During this mode, the MCU
will be halt and oscillators will be switched off. The FLASH
memory, SRAM and peripherals are still powered. The state of
STM32 is preserved. Similar to SLEEP mode of the MCU, the
STOP mode can be changed to other operating mode by an
interrupt generated from STM32 peripheral. In other words, the
STOP mode halts all peripheral clocks but it can still accept
external interrupts from peripherals.
The data logger prototype showed in Fig. 9 can work without
any problems with the sensory data from SHT15 sensor. The
accuracy of sampling rate depends on the accuracy of the RTC
which is built in the MCU. To maintain time and clock, the computer because our data logger uses the CSV file format.
RTC is in the backup (BKP) domain which is still powered by With any software applications that support CSV file, the data
VBAT when VDD is switched off. Therefore, the RTC can be read and analyzed easily.
configuration will not be lost if a battery is connected to the TABLE III
COMPARISON WITH OTHER DATA LOGGERS
VBAT pin. A key value is written in backup data register 1
(BKP_DR1) to indicate whether the RTC is already configured. (A) Data logger products
If user turns off the VBAT, RTC will be reset and require Company Veriteq Moghavvemi Our purpose
setting of a new time manually through a HyperTerminal. name [3] device
Product name Spectrum
Data 2000 -
2000
Type Digital Digital Digital
Temperature
-40 to 70 0 to 85 -40 to 123.8
Range (C˚)
Temperature
± 0.25 C˚ ± 1.0 C˚ ± 0.3 C˚
Accuracy
R.H. Range
0 to 95 10 - 90 0 to 100
(%)
R.H.
± 2% ± 3% ± 2%
Accuracy
(B) Data logging
Memory Type EEPROM RAM MicroSD
Memory
32 K 64K 2 GB
capacity
Fig 9. The data logger prototype Minimum
sampling 10 sec 1 sec 1 sec
period
E. Comparison with Existing Data Loggers
Maximum
After the preliminary testing of our data logger in previous sampling 24 hour 1 hour 1 hour
subsection, we compare our data logger with a commercial period
model and a data logger in reference [3]. The commercial data User-selectable
logger is called Spectrum 2000 from a company named Veriteq Yes Yes Yes
sampling rate
[22], while another data logger is based on a research paper in Power down
[3] called Data 2000. The comparisons in Table III are divided No No Yes
mode
into four groups: the sensor part, the data logging capability (C) Recording span with selected sampling rate
part, the total record length part, and the price part. 1 Second No 18.2 hours 1.2 year
Generally, our data logger and the sensor functionality are 10 Second 30 hours 91 hours 12 years
comparable to both existing data loggers as showed in Table III
1 min 7.4 days 22.7 days 75 years
(a). With the SHT15, our temperature sensing’s range is wider
1 hour 1.2 years 7.5 years 3900 years
than the other two with slightly worse accuracy than the
(D) Price (USD)
Spectrum 2000. Our relative humidity denoted by R.H. also has
a wider range with equivalent accuracy to the Spectrum 2000. Hardware 400 USD 100 USD 70 USD
For data logging specification, our prototype provides largest Software 100 USD Free Free
storage memory of 2GBytes with smallest sampling rate of 1 Total 500 USD 100 USD 70 USD
second as showed in Table III (b). However, the maximum
sampling rate based on the current software is limited to 1 hour. V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
We could extend this in the future work. Note that our data This paper presented details of construction and design of
logger also has power down mode which could save the energy low cost flash disk based data logger. This general purpose data
consumption of data logger. This function is very important if logger integrated with temperature and relative humidity sensor
we operate our data logger using battery only. called SHT15 that can be used in any sensing, monitoring or
Based on the large size of memory space, our data logger measurement systems. The total cost of data logger including
could provide an extended period of sensor recording as the SHT15 sensor is approximately lower than 100 USD.
showed in Table III (c). All data loggers can provide multiple This general purpose data logger still has a number of ports
selectable sampling rates. This is under an assumption that we
available for recording other data through USART and ADC
collect only temperature and humidity data. Finally, the
channels on the MCU. Users may apply these free ports to
hardware price of our data logger is cheapest at 70 USD as
connect with other sensors for data logging in the following
showed in Table III (d). The software price is also free too.
Finally, an important feature of our data logger, which was applications:
not showed in the comparison table, is its ability to • For weather application, connecting the data logger to
conveniently port data recorded in the MicroSD to any personal other sensors which use to observe measurements of wind
speed, light intensity and rain fall.
• Other agriculture, transportation and biomedical
applications
The future plans of this work are to improve the
functionalities of the data logger such as implementing
database functionality and adding a built-in web server. To
enhance the accuracy and setting of the RTC to standard local
time, we need to develop a time synchronization mechanism in
software to calibrate the RTC. One method is to implement
network time protocol (NTP) to allow this node to synchronize
with a time server [21]. Moreover, we are planning to add
smart functionality to warn status of environment in our
hydrological monitoring system for rivers. A global positioning
system (GPS) receiver is also needed in our project to provide
location information for the sensory data. Finally, an internet
connection is also necessary for our data logger to forward the
log data to a base station. This can be implement using wireless
wide area network such as general packet radio service (GPRS)
which operates on global system for mobile communication
(GSM) network or wireless local area network such as WiFi.
Our data logger is a part of hydrological monitoring system
which is illustrated in Fig. 10.
Fig 10. Hydrological monitoring system
Acknowledgment
This research is financially supported by Thailand Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology-Tokyo Institute of
Technology (TAIST-Tokyo Tech), Nation Science and
Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Tokyo Institute
of Technology (Tokyo Tech), Kasetsart University (KU) and
the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT). Moreover,
the authors would like to thank the partners in the electronic
laboratory at KU, ICTES students and staffs in the embedded
system technology laboratory at NECTEC.
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