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2.
Ans. (a) SDCCH---- Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel.
Function----
a) Location updates
b) SMS
c) Ciphering Initiation
d) Equipment Validation
e) Subscriber authentation
f) Call set up signaling
a) Call Dropping.
b) Ping- Pong handover
c) Far- Away cell effect.
(Ans):
a) Fuzzy logic
b) Neutral networks
2. EXTERNAL HANDOVER.
1. Frequency Diversity
2. Interference Averaging
3. capacity
• Freq hopping implement will enable more aggressive freq reuse pattern,
that leads to better spectrum efficiency.
• It can add more transceiver in the existing sites , while maintaing the net
work quality/
• Freq hopping compressing the available spectrum to make room for extra
capacity
.
10. Define the freq. hopping parameters?
Mobile Allocation (MA): Set of frequencies the mobile is allowed to hop over.
Maximum of 63 frequencies can be defined in the MA list.
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN): Determines the hopping order used in the cell. It
is possible to assign 64 different HSNs. Setting HSN = 0 provides cyclic hopping
sequence and HSN = 1 to 63 provide various pseudo-random hopping sequences.
Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO): Determines inside the hopping sequence,
which frequency the mobile starts do transmit on. The value of MAIO ranges between 0
to (N-1) where N is the number of frequencies defined in the MA list. Presently MAIO is
set on per carrier basis.
Motorola system allows to define the hopping system on a per timeslot basis. So
different hopping configurations are allowed for different timeslots. This is very useful
for interference averaging and to randomize the distribution of errors.
(Ans)
1 Handovers:
2 Call setup:
• MS is instructed to resend.
2. TCH carriers in both cell 1& cell2 are same AFRCN TCH
1. L BC BS RXLEV
2. L TC TS BCCH ARFCN
Llcell TX
3. C/I RQ FE
4. TA DSC CHM
RH CiMd
MCC MNC LAC
RA CI
5.
• L1. Logical channel.----- BCCH
• TX - transmit power
• TA -- Timing advance
• CiMd—Ciphering mode
• RX Qual is the basic measure. It reflects the average BER over the certain period
of time(0.5s)
2. Frame erasure
3. Hand over.
19. What are type of interference occur?
1. Co- channel interference.
2. Adj-channel interference.
3. Near end- Far end interference.
22. What are the technique GSM offers which combat Multipath fading?
• Equalization
• Diversity
• Freq Hopping
• Interleaving
• Channel coding
Full rate
• BCH-- 1. BCCH
2 .FCCH
3. SCH
• DCCH---- 1.SDCCH.
2. SACCH
3. FACCH
• Normal Burst
• Frequency Correction Burst
• Synchronization Burst.
• Dummy Burst
• Access Burst.
The Hopping Sequence Number (HSN) indicates which hopping sequence of the 64
available is selected. The hopping sequence determines the order in which the
frequencies in the MA-list are to be used. The HSNs 1 - 63 are pseudo random sequences
used in the random hopping while the HSN 0 is reserved for a sequential sequence used
in the cyclic hopping. The hopping sequence algorithm takes HSN and FN as an input
and the output of the hopping sequence generation is a Mobile Allocation Index (MAI)
which is a number ranging from 0 to the number of frequencies in the MA-list subtracted
by one. The HSN is a cell specific parameter. For the baseband hopping two HSNs exists.
The zero time slots in a BB hopping cell use the HSN1 and the rest of the time slots
follow the HSN2 as presented in Error: Reference source not found. All the time slots in
RF hopping cell follow the HSN1 as presented in Error: Reference source not found.
When there is more than one TRX in the BTS using the same MA-list the Mobile
Allocation Index Offset (MAIO) is used to ensure that each TRX uses always an unique
frequency. Each hopping TRX is allocated a different MAIO. MAIO is added to MAI
when the frequency to be used is determined from the MA-list. Example of the hopping
sequence generation is presented in Error: Reference source not found. MAIO and HSN
are transmitted to a mobile together with the MA-list. In Nokia solution the MAIOoffset is a
cell specific parameter defining the MAIOTRX for the first hopping TRX in a cell. The
MAIOs for the other hopping TRXs are automatically allocated according to the MAIOstep
-parameter introduced in the following section.
Frequency hopping causes some changes in the RXQUAL distribution. Also, there
are some differences in a way the RXQUAL distribution should be interpreted.
The Frame Erasure Ratio (FER) is a ratio of discarded speech frames compared to all
the received speech frames. A speech frame is generally discarded if after the decoding
and error correction process any of the category 1a bits is found to be changed based on
the three parity bits following them in a speech frame.
FER is a measure of how successfully the speech frame was received after the error
correction process and it is thus a better indication of the subjective speech quality
compared to the RXQUAL which gives an estimate of the link quality in terms of BER.
The RXQUAL doesn’t indicate how the bit errors were distributed in a speech frame. The
bit error distribution affects the ability of the channel decoding to correct the errors.
The following table gives an idea of the correlation between RXQUAL and FER and
between subjective speech quality and different FER classes.
RXqual FER
0-4 good 0 - 4% good
5 slightly degraded 4 - 15% slightly degraded
6 degraded 15 - 35% degraded
7 useless >35% useless
The relation of downlink FER and RXQUAL was measured during a FH trial. The
relation is clearly different in the hopping case compared to the non-hopping case. The
distributions of FER in each RXQUAL class are presented in Error: Reference source not
found and Error: Reference source not found. One clear observation can be made; in the
non-hopping case there are significant amount of samples indicating deteriorated quality
(FER>10%) in RXQUAL class 5 while in the hopping case the significant quality
deterioration (FER>10%) happens in RXQUAL class 6. Thus, it may be concluded that
in the frequency hopping networks significant quality deterioration starts at RXQUAL
class 6 while in non-hopping network this happens at RXQUAL class 5.
This improvement of FER means that the higher RXQUAL values may be allowed in a
frequency hopping network. RXQUAL thresholds are used in the handover and power
control decisions. Because of the improvement in the relative reception performance on
the RXQUAL classes 4-6, the RXQUAL thresholds affecting handover and power
control decisions should be set higher in a network using frequency hopping network. In
a frequency hopping network RXQUAL classes 0-5 are indicating good quality.
Typically, the share of the RXQUAL classes 6 and 7 may increase after FH is
switched on, even if no other changes have been made. This may seem to be surprising
since it is expected that frequency hopping improves the network quality. However, in
most cases the quality is actually improved, but the improvement is more visible in the
call success ratio. The improved tolerance against interference and low field strength in
FH network means that it is less likely that the decoding of SACCH frames fails causing
increment in the radio link timeout counter. Thus, it is less likely that a call is dropped
because of the radio link timeout. Instead, the calls generating high RXQUAL samples
tend to stay on. This may lead to increase in the share of RXQUAL 6-7. However, at the
same time the call success rate is significantly improved.
In the Error: Reference source not found, there are presented some trial results of a DL
RXQUAL distribution with different frequency allocation reuse patterns. As can be seen
from the figures, the tighter the reuse becomes, the less samples fall in quality class 0 and
more samples fall in quality classes 1-6. There’s bigger difference in downlink than in
uplink direction.
This difference is a consequence of interference and frequency diversities that affect the
frequency hopping network. Because of these effects, the interference or low signal
strength tend to occur randomly, while in a non-hopping network it is probable that
interference or low field strength will affect several consecutive bursts making it harder
for the error correction to actually correct errors. The successful error correction leads to
less erased frames and thus improves the FER.
When the frequency hopping is used, the frequency of a hopping logical channel is
changed about 217 times in a second. The frequency of the idle time slots changes
according to the same sequence.
In a case of the random hopping, this means that the measured idle channel
interference is likely to be the same for all the TRXs that use the same MA-list. If the
interference is averaged over more than one SACCH frame, the averaging effect is even
stronger. However, normally the interferers are mobiles located in interfering cells. In
this case, there are probably differences in the measured idle channel interferences
between different time slots in the cell. This happens, because the interfering mobiles
are only transmitting during the time slot that has been allocated to them. This is
illustrated in Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1.
If the cyclic hopping sequence is used, there might occur differences on the measured
idle channel interference levels between the TRXs on the same time slot as explained
in the following section.
Idle channel
interference level RTSL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Low
TRX 1
TRX 2
f1, f2, f3
High TRX 3
Interfering
mobiles using
Path loss to the the same
interfered BTS
frequencies:
f1, f2, f3
Timeslot #
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1. Idle channel interference in a
case of the random RF hopping
There are four different types of handover in the GSM system, which involve
transferring a call between:
Minimizing co-channel interference is a goal in any cellular system, since it allows better
service for a given cell size, or the use of smaller cells, thus increasing the overall
capacity of the system. Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is a method that takes
advantage of the fact that a person speaks less that 40 percent of the time in normal
conversation [22], by turning the transmitter off during silence periods. An added benefit
of DTX is that power is conserved at the mobile unit.
The most important component of DTX is, of course, Voice Activity Detection. It must
distinguish between voice and noise inputs, a task that is not as trivial as it appears,
considering background noise. If a voice signal is misinterpreted as noise, the transmitter
is turned off and a very annoying effect called clipping is heard at the receiving end. If,
on the other hand, noise is misinterpreted as a voice signal too often, the efficiency of
DTX is dramatically decreased. Another factor to consider is that when the transmitter is
turned off, there is total silence heard at the receiving end, due to the digital nature of
GSM. To assure the receiver that the connection is not dead, comfort noise is created at
the receiving end by trying to match the characteristics of the transmitting end's
background noise.
Discontinuous reception
Another method used to conserve power at the mobile station is discontinuous reception.
The paging channel, used by the base station to signal an incoming call, is structured into
sub-channels. Each mobile station needs to listen only to its own sub-channel. In the time
between successive paging sub-channels, the mobile can go into sleep mode, when
almost no power is used.