Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HUMANS
Note:
EA – etiologic agent
MT – mode of transmission
SKIN
Viral Infections
Bacteria Infections
Fungal Infections
EARS
EYES
Bacterial Infections
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Viral Infection
• Common Colds, Acute Viral Rhinitis, Acute Coryza – EA: major
cause are Rhinoviruses; MT: inhalation of respiratory droplets, indirect
by hands or fomites
Bacterial Infections
• Diphtheria – EA: Corynebacterium diphtheriae; MT: airborne droplets,
direct contact, contaminated fomites, raw milk
• Streptococcal Pharyngitis, Strep Throat – EA: Streptococcus
pyogenes; MT: direct contact usually by hands, inhalation of aerosol
droplets
Multiple Causes
• Pneumonia – EA: Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common cause of
pneumonia in the world), Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus
aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, etc.; MT:
droplet inhalation, direct oral contact, contact with contaminated
hands or fomites
Viral Infections
• Acute, Febrile, Viral Respiratory Disease – EA: Parainfluenza
viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), etc.; MT: direct oral contact,
inhalation of droplets, indirect by handkerchiefs, eating utensils,
fomites, some viruses fecal to oral route
• Avian Influenza (Bird flu) – EA: Avian Influenza viruses; MT: bird-to-
human via contact with infected poultry or surfaces contaminated from
infected poultry secretions
• Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) – EA: five different
hantaviruses (Sin Nombre, Bayou, Black Creek Canal, New York-1,
Monongahela); MT: inhalation or aerosolized rodent feces, urine, and
saliva
• Influenza, Flu – EA: Influenza viruses, types A, B, and C; MT: via
airborne spread,direct contact
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) – EA: SARS-
associated coronaviruses (SARS-CoV); MT: respiratory droplets,
touching the mouth, nose or eye after touching a contaminated surface
or object
Bacterial Infections
• Legionellosis, Legionnaire’s Disease, Pontiac Fever – EA:
Legionella pneumophila; MT: airborne from water and perhaps dust,
probably not person-to-person
• Mycoplasmal Pneumonia, Primary Atypical Pneumonia – EA:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae; MT: droplet inhalation, direct contact with
infected person or articles contaminated with nasal secretions or
sputum
• Tuberculosis, TB – EA: primarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
occasionally other Mycobacterium spp.; MT: airborne droplets,
prolonged direct contact with infected persons
• Whooping Cough, Pertussis – EA: Bortedella pertusis; MT: droplets
produced by coughing
Fungal Diseases
• Coccidioidomycosis – EA: Coccidioides immitis; MT: inhalation of
arthrospores
• Cryptococcosis – EA: Cryptococcus neoformans; MT: inhalation of
yeasts
• Histoplasmosis – EA: Histoplasma capsulatum; MT: inhalation of
conidia from soil
• Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP), Interstitial Plasma-Cell
Pneumonia – EA: Pneumocystis jiroveci; MT: direct contact, perhaps
transfer of pulmonary secretions from infected to susceptible person,
perhaps airborne
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Viral Infections
• Viral Gastroenteritis, Viral Enteritis, Viral Diarrhea – EA: enteric
adenoviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses, and rotaviruses; MT: fecal-
oral route, foodborne
• Type A Hepatitis, HAV Infection, Infectious Hepatitis, Epidemic
Hepatitis – EA: Hepatitis A virus (HAV); MT: fecal-oral
• Type B Hepatitis, HBV Infection, Serum Hepatitis – EA: Hepatitis
B virus (HBV); MT: sexual or household contact with an infected
person, mother to infant before or during birth, injected drug use,
tattooing, needle stick injuries (nosocomial)
• Type C Hepatitis, HCV Infection, Non-A Non-B Hepatitis – EA:
Hepatitis C virus (HCV); MT: primarily parenterally transmitted (e.g. via
blood transfusion)
• Type D Hepatitis, Delta Hepatitis – EA: Hepatitis D virus (HDV); MT:
exposure to infected blood and body fluids, contaminated needles,
sexual transmission, coinfection with HBV is necessary
• Type E Hepatitis – EA: Hepatitis E virus (HEV); MT: fecal-oral
transmission, primarily via fecally contaminated drinking water, also
person to person
• Type G Hepatitis – EA: Hepatitis G virus (HGV);MT: parenteral
Bacterial Infections
• Bacterial Gastritis and Ulcers – EA: Helicobacter pylori; MT:
probably via ingestion, presumed to be either oral-oral or oral-fecal
transmission
• Campylobacter Enteritis – EA: Campylobacter jejuni, less common
Campylobacter coli; MT: ingestion of contaminated food, raw milk and
water, contact with infected animals
• Cholera – EA: Vibrio cholerae serogroup 1; MT: fecal-oral route,
contact with feces or vomitus, ingestion of fecally contaminated water
and foods, flies
• Salmonellosis – EA: Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella
enteriditis; MT: ingestion of contaminated food, fecal-oral transmission,
contaminated water supplies
• Typhoid Fever, Enteric Fever – EA: Salmonella typhi, less sever
Salmonella paratyphi; MT: fecal-oral route, ingestion of food or water
contaminated by feces or urine of patients or carriers, feces to food by
flies
• Shigellosis, Bacillary Dysentery – EA: Shigella dysenteriae, and
other Shigella spp.; MT: direct or indirect fecal-oral transmission,
fecally contaminated hands and fingernails, ingestion of fecally
contaminated food and water
• Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) Diarrhea –EA:
Escherichia coli O157:H7; MT: fecal-oral route, ingestion of
inadequately cook food, fecally contaminated beef, unpasteurized milk,
and fecally contaminated water
• Enterotoxigeic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Diarrhea, Traveler’s
Diarrhea –EA: many different serotypes of Enterotoxigenic E. coli; MT:
fecal-oral route, ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water
Protozoal Infections
• Amebiasis – EA: Entamoeba histolytica; MT: ingestion of focally
contaminated food and water with oocysts
• Cryptosporidiosis – EA: Cryptosporidium parvum; MT: fecat-oral,
ingestion of contaminated food and water
• Giardiasis – EA: Giardia lamblia; MT: fecal-oral, ingestion of cysts in
fecaly contaminated water or food
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Viral Infections
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection, Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – EA: Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV); MT: direct sexual contact, sharing of
contaminated needles and syringes
• Mumps, Infectious Parotitis – EA: Mumps virus; MT: droplet spread,
direct contact with saliva of infected person
• Viral Hemorrhagic Diseases – EA: Ebola virus and Marbug virus; MT:
direct contact with infected blood, secretions, internal organs, or
semen, also by needstick
Bacterial Infections
• Lyme Disease – EA: Borrelia burgdorferi; MT: via tick bite
• Plague, “Black Death”, Bubonic Plague, Pneumonic Plague,
Septicemic Plague – EA: Yersinia pestis; MT: via flea bite (rodent to
to flea, flea to human)
• Tularemia, Rabbit Fever – EA: Francisella tularensis; MT: via tick
bite, entry of organism into wounds, ingestion of contaminated meat or
drinking water
GENITOURINARY TRACT
Viral STDs
• Anogenital Herpes Viral Infections, Genital Herpes – EA: herpes
simplex virus, type 2 (HSV 2); MT: direct sexual contact, oral-genital,
oral-anal, or anal-genital contact during presence of lesion, mother to
fetus during pregnancy, mother to neonate during birth
• Genital Warts, Genital Papillomatosis, Condyloma Acuminatum
– EA: Human Papilloma viruses (HPV), HPV genotypes 16 and 18 have
been associated with cervical cancer; MT: direct contact, usually
sexual, through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes, from mother
to neonate during birth
Bacterial STDs
• Genital Chlamydia Infections, genital Chlamydiasis – EA: certain
serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis; MT: direct sexual contact, mother
to neonate during birth
• Gonorrhea – EA: Neisseria gonorrhoeae; MT: direct mucous to
mucous membrane contact, usually sexual contact, mother to neonate
during birth
• Syphilis – EA: Treponema pallidum; MT: direct contact with lesions,
body secretions, mucous membranes, semen, saliva, and vaginal
discharges of infected people, usually during sexual contact, also
through blood transfusion, transplacentally from mother to fetus
Protozoal Infection
• Trichomoniasis – EA: Trichomonas vaginalis; MT: sexual intercourse
Viral Infections
• Poliomyelitis, Polio, Infantile Paralysis – EA: Polioviruses; MT:
fecal-oral route
• Rabies – EA: Rabies virus; MT: bite of rabid animal
• Viral encephalitis, Arthropodeborne Viral Encephalitis – EA:
West Nile virus, EEE virus, California encephalitis virus, LaCrosse
encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, WEE virus; MT:
arthropod vector (mosquito)
Bacterial Infections
• Botulism – EA: Clostridium botulinum; MT: ingestion of food with toxin
(food poisoning), entrance of spores in wounds (wound infection)
• Listeriosis – EA: Listeria monocytogenes; MT: ingestion of
contaminated food
• Tetanus, Lockjaw – EA: Clostridium tetani; MT: entrance of spores in
puncture wound, burns or needlestick injury
Protozoal Infections
• African Trypanosomiasis, African Sleeping Sickness – EA:
Trypanosoma brucei; MT: bite of infected tsetse fly
• American Trypanosomiasis – EA: Trypanosoma cruzi; MT: bite of
reduviid bigs
• Babesiosis – EA: Babesia microti; MT: by tick bite
• Malaria – EA: four different species of Plasmodium (vivax, malariae,
ovale, falciparum); MT: injection of sporozoites by infected female
Anopheles mosquito