Village Report

REPORT ON VILLAGE STUDY SEGMENT
Submitted By:-
Kumar Nishant (10201026)
Sunil Kumar (10201055)
(VILLAGE STUDY SEGMENT REPORT SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER IN
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ON RURAL MANAGEMENT)
HOST ORGANIZATION VSS CO-ORDINATOR

UDYOGINI Prof. Jyotirmayee Acharya
REPORTING OFFICER FACULTY GUIDE

Ms. Ketaki Narkar Prof. H.S. Ganesha
Enterprise Promotion Manager MBA-RM Coordinator

Udyogini School of Entrepreneurship
KIIT SCHOOL OF RURAL MANAGEMENT (KSRM)

BHUBANESWAR, INDIA
(VILLAGE STUDY SEGMENT 2010-12)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost we are thankful to Prof. (Dr.) L. K. Vaswani, DIRECTOR, KIIT School of
Rural Management for placing the Village Study Segment (VSS) fieldwork Component as a part
of our course curricula. We would like to express our gratitude to Professor (Dr.) Jyotirmayee
Acharya, Coordinator, VSS to facilitate throughout by playing different roles as mentor,
coordinator and supervisor and for inputs and moral support for designing and completion of the
report. We are thankful to the faculty guide Prof H. S. Ganesha for his guidance and assessment
of this report.
We have immense pleasure in expressing our deep sense of gratitude, indebtedness and sincere
thanks to our esteemed Reporting Officer Ms. Ketaki Narkar, Enterprise Promotion Manager and
team member Mr. Kumar Padmanabh of Udyogini who facilitated our accommodation and made
us to learn all the VSS components by doing and interacting with the villagers. We are thankful
for their feedback and insight to our theme paper and support for the RAC and to share with us
useful experiences during the village study. We are also thankful to Mr. Prashanto Mandal,
EPM; Ms. Yojana Lama, EPE and Ms. Punam Rai, EPE of Udyogini who helped us immensely
in our project and ensured that our visit turns more meaningful.
In order to complete fieldwork successfully, I would like to present special thanks to all the
research participants and villagers who provided their valuable time and made our stay
meaningful and study valuable. We are extremely happy to reveal our special thanks to our
classmates for their inspiration.
Kumar Nishant (10201026)
Sunil Kumar (10201055)
School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 1

ABSTRACT
Author: Kumar Nishant and Sunil Kumar
Host Organization: UDYOGINI, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
Village Report: A report of the Samaiya village of Niwas Block, Mandla district was developed
by conducting household survey through a structured schedule.
Rural Action Components: The action component aimed to provide Grass roots management
training to the Women Entrepreneur Group (WEG) formed by Udyogini, conduction of a rally on
Women’s day to promote enterprise and entrepreneurship among women’s and a skit on
advantages of enterprise and entrepreneurship.
National Service Scheme: The main objective of NSS activities carried out is to create
awareness about of common diseases and prevention. To discuss among the villagers about the
State Govt. health schemes for women also we focused our NSS on children to increase their
awareness level and motivate them to come to school.
Theme paper: Assessment of willingness to pay of the community for the services and products
identified for being offered through Village Level Service Centers
Organization profile of the host organization was documented. The major objective was study of
existing supply chain established by Udyam Jagaran Sansthan (UJAS), to check for the
willingness of the community to pay for the identified products and services in the project areas
of Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh. A study in both financial and operational aspects of
different opportunities was carried out to understand the various perspectives for the initiatives
undertaken by Udyogini
Research Design: The main endeavor in the study was to check the willingness of the products
and services for Tribal community people that can be incorporated into the existing supply chain

of the UJAS. For this Semi Structured questionnaire is develop to collect the primary data.
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Focused Group Discussion (FGD) and Mass Meetings are
organized to conduct NSS and Rural Action Component activities, 32 Household surveys was
carried out and a schedule is designed to collect information from the individual on their
priorities on alternative livelihood. The secondary data is provided by organization. Interaction
with concerned officials also helped to understand the things better.
Study Findings:
During our stay in the village we found that giving right information can help people to make
right decision. We observed that the people of the villages have the potential and skill to come
up from poverty and misery but the most important thing they lack is information and knowledge
about what is happening around the World. We saw that mere distribution of money by
government and NGOs has degraded the communities’ value and generated a feeling of
dependency. We learnt the importance of life skills & functional literacy which will help them to
operate & manage their enterprise. The households have very small amount of savings which is
not enough for their risk mitigation. The rate of interest charged is 5-10 percent per month and
repayment period remain longer with number of self consumption loans being more taken by the
households. We also learnt that social rural marketing can bring an economic empowerment
with the help of WEG formation as this inculcates saving habits among the rural women.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1: VILLAGE REPORT
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................11
2 OBJECTIVES:..........................................................................................................................11
3 METHODOLOGY:..................................................................................................................12
3.1 SOURCE OF DATA:...........................................................................................12
3.2 SAMPLE DESIGN:.............................................................................................12
3.3 DATA ANALYSIS:..............................................................................................12
3.4 LIMITATIONS OF DATA COLLECTION:...............................................................12
4 GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE......................................................................13
4.1 Location:..........................................................................................................13
4.2 History of the Village:......................................................................................13
4.3 Demography of Village:...................................................................................14
4.4 Literacy Level:.................................................................................................14
4.5 Social Structure:..............................................................................................14
4.6 Institutions:.....................................................................................................15
4.7 Gender Clock...................................................................................................15
5 Weather and Seasonality..........................................................................................................16
5.1 Weather...........................................................................................................16

5.2 Temperature...................................................................................................16
5.3 Seasonality of Cropping Pattern:.....................................................................16
5.4 Seasonality of Food Availability:......................................................................17
5.5 Seasonality of Diseases:..................................................................................17
5.6 Period of happiness and sorrow:.....................................................................18
5.7 Seasonality of Migration:.................................................................................18
5.7.1 Force field analysis of Migration:...............................................................19
6 Natural Resources.....................................................................................................................19
6.1 Land:...............................................................................................................19
6.2 Water:.............................................................................................................20
6.3 Forestry:..........................................................................................................20
7 INFRASTRUCTURE...............................................................................................................21
7.1 Roads:.............................................................................................................21
7.2 Electricity:.......................................................................................................21
7.3 Drainage:.........................................................................................................21
7.4 Communication:..............................................................................................21
7.5 Social infrastructure........................................................................................21
7.5.1 Educational infrastructure.........................................................................21
7.5.2 Anganwadi:...............................................................................................22
7.5.3 Infrastructure Related to Health................................................................22
7.5.4 Defecation.................................................................................................22
7.5.5 Infrastructure Related to the Drinking water.............................................22
7.5.6 Cultural place............................................................................................23
7.5.7 Micro Enterprise:.......................................................................................23
7.5.8 Community hall.........................................................................................23
8 Local Economy..........................................................................................................................23
8.1 Income Source.................................................................................................23
8.2 Livelihood........................................................................................................23
8.3 Primary and Secondary Occupation of the Village..........................................24

8.4 Land holding pattern:......................................................................................24
8.5 Agriculture.......................................................................................................25
8.6 SERVICE HOLDERS..........................................................................................26
8.6.1 Government Service:................................................................................26
8.6.2 Private Service:.........................................................................................26
8.7 Market Linkage................................................................................................26
8.8 Expenditure Pattern........................................................................................26
9 Consumption.............................................................................................................................27
9.1 Products..........................................................................................................27
9.2 Food availability..............................................................................................27
9.3 Housing Pattern:..............................................................................................28
9.4 Banks..............................................................................................................28
9.5 Credit..............................................................................................................28
9.5.1 Trader/ Money Lenders:............................................................................28
9.5.2 Friends and Acquaintances:......................................................................28
9.5.3 Banks:.......................................................................................................29
9.6 SHGs:..............................................................................................................29
10 Village Level Committee:.......................................................................................................29
11 Political and Governance System..........................................................................................30
11.1 Political system:............................................................................................30
11.2 Panchayati Raj Institutions:...........................................................................30
11.3 Gram Sabha:.................................................................................................30
12 Government Schemes:............................................................................................................30
13 STATUS OF WOMEN...........................................................................................................31
14 PLANS OF THE VILLAGE..................................................................................................32
14.1 Short Term Plans:..........................................................................................32
14.2 Long term plans:...........................................................................................32
15 SWOT Analysis:......................................................................................................................32
16 Relationships with Other Communities................................................................................33

17 CONCLUSIONS:....................................................................................................................33
Appendices....................................................................................................................................36
Skit: Advantages of doing Enterprise and Entrepreneurship
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
Adivasi: Tribal
Gond tribe: A Caste of Tribal
Baiga tribe: A caste of Tribal
Karma: A flok dance of Gond and Baiga Tribal
Hareli: A Tribal festival
Madayi Mela: A Seasonal Local Fair.
Paddy: An Agriculture Produce
Kodu: An Agriculture Produce
Kutki: An Agriculture Produce
Jagni: An Agriculture Produce
Massor: An Agriculture Produce
Alsi: An Agriculture Produce
Mahua: NTFPs
Amla: NTFPs
Tendu Patta: NTFPs
Galla: Agriculture Produce
UJAS: Udyam Jagran Santhan
VLSCs: Village Level Service Center
CLSCs: Cluster Level Service Center

FGDs: Focus Group Discussion
PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal
NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Produce
INTRODUCTION
As part of the field work module of Village Study Segment course, we conducted survey of
village Samaiya in Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh. We were assigned a host organization, a
non government organization named UDYOGINI working in the Mandla district of Madhya
Pradesh. We had the opportunity to closely observe the various forms of interventions and
interactions taking place within the village and understand the impact of such interventions on
the lives of the people of the village.
2 OBJECTIVES:
The main objective of village study segment is:
➢ To get insight into the socio-economic and cultural realities of rural life.
➢ To understand the dynamics of various village level institution in addressing the
developmental work

➢ To understand the status of women; their contribution and the role played by them in
developing rural entrepreneurship
➢ To understand the dynamics of social structure, infrastructure, resources, and various
intervention on the villagers and how it effects them
➢ To blend class room learning with the field experience
3 METHODOLOGY:
The data collected are on demography, social structure, infrastructure facilities, agro-climatic
resources, village economy, village organizations and people’s institutions and the issues of
development. Both Quantitative and Qualitative data were collected. The quantitative data were
on population, land holding, literacy rate. The qualitative data were quality of drinking water,
quality of the road, housing pattern, sanitation, food habit which were obtained from the village
after the interaction with the villagers and with use of tools like PRAs, Focused Group
discussion, informal meetings.
3.1 SOURCE OF DATA:

The required data were collected from both primary source and secondary source.
The primary data were collected from direct interaction with villagers during household surveys
(through questionnaire given by college), PRA exercise, focused group discussions, informal
interviews, SHGs meeting, non- participatory observation and other village meetings.
The secondary data were collected from Gram Panchayat Office, veterinary hospital, Revenue
Office, Patwari, Anganwadi, Primary School, Sarpanch and Internet.

3.2 SAMPLE DESIGN:
For questionnaire survey systematic random sampling was done. 32 households were selected
randomly; efforts were made to collect different information regarding social and economical
status of the villagers from all caste, and economic group.
3.3 DATA ANALYSIS:

Statistical tools like tables, graphs, bar charts, averages, percentages etc. were used to analyze
the data collected on various things like, caste, sex ratio, different occupations, livestock, assets,
land holding pattern, literacy level, and different infrastructure like road, electrification etc
3.4 LIMITATIONS OF DATA COLLECTION:

a). People hesitate to tell about the details regarding income and assets.
b). Most of the people are working under MNREGA therefore they are available only in the
evening.
c). People are not clear about the present value of their asset.
4 GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE

4.1 Location:
Samaiya village is located in Niwas block of Mandla district in the state of Madhya Pradesh. It
comes under Singhpur Panchayat. It is located 7 km from Niwas, 60 km from Mandla town and
65 km from Jabalpur. The village is divided into four hamlets, It is situated on upland, and has
an area of about 400 acre out of which 200 acre is under forest.
Table 1: Location of the Village

Village Samaiya
Block Niwas
District Mandla
State Madhya Pradesh
Boundaries
East Singhpur

West Khudri
North Pipariya
South Devdungari
Parliamentary Constituency Niwas
Source: Transect walk, Panchayat Office
4.2 History of the Village:

Time 2: Line of the Village
Year Description
1950 Village Established
1955 First Bicycle
1976 First Open Well
1979 Establishment of Primary School
1986 First Boy to pass high school(10th)
1990 First Hand pump
1990 Electrification
1991 First Girl to pass high school(10th)
1995 First Television
1996 Establishment of Anganwadi
1996 Construction of Durga Manch
2005 Village included in MPRLP
2006 Starting of NREGA work
2006 First Tractor
2006 Ladali Yojana
2007 Samuhik Vivah Yojana
2007 First motorbike
2008 Metal Road

2009 Construction of Temple
2009 Formation of SHG
2010 First Mobile phone
Source: Informal meetings, Focused group discussion with villagers
4.3 Demography of Village:

Total population of the village is 613; out of which total numbers of male is 324 and total
number of female is 289. The sex ratio of the village is 892 female per 1000 males. The total
number of children is 206 out of which number of boys and girls (between 0-18) is 115 and 91
respectively. The population belonging to the age group of 18 and above constitutes 66 % of the
total population, 9% per cent belong to the age group of 0-6 years and 25% per cent belong to
the age group 7-18.
Table 3: Households and Population dynamics of Samaiya
Caste-wise distribution Total No. of Total No. of No. of No. of Total
households BPL Males Females Population
ST SC OBC households
112 12 4 128 35 324 289 613
Source: Survey done by MPRLP in 2009
4.4 Literacy Level:

The literacy level of the village is 58%, out of this 72% males of the village are literate whereas
just 43% females of the village are literate. Adult male literacy rate is found to be 69% and adult
female literacy rate is 33%. Also 75% and 59% of the boy’s and girl’s respectively in the age
group of 0-18 are literate. This increase in literacy level of girl’s indicates that the villagers are
now concerned about the girl’s education also this increase is mainly due to the programs
launched by government.
4.5 Social Structure:

The village has a homogenous population of Hindu. The social group composition of village
Samaiya is divided amongst the Schedule Tribes (ST), Schedule Castes (SC) and Other
Backward Caste (OBC). Hierarchy based class structure is not very visible 88% of the

households i.e. 112 belong to schedule tribe, 9% i.e. 12 belongs to schedule caste and rest 3% i.e.
4 is of backward class.
4.6 Institutions:
Various formal and Informal institutions in and around the village Samaiya are as follows:
Table 4: formal and informal institutions
From To Institutions Distance
Samaiya Jabalpur Railway Station 70 KM
Samaiya Mandla District Headquarter 60 KM
Samaiya Niwas Tehsil 7 KM
Samaiya Niwas Janpath 7 KM
Samaiya Niwas Primary Health Centre 7 KM
Samaiya Niwas Veterinary Hospital 7 KM
Samaiya Niwas Police Station 7 KM
Samaiya Niwas State Bank of India 7 KM
Samaiya Pipariya Market 2 KM
Samaiya Pipariya Cooperative Bank 2 KM
Samaiya Pipariya Cattle market 2 KM
Samaiya Pipariya High School 2 KM
Samaiya Pipariya Middle School 2 KM
Samaiya Pipariya Bus Stand 2 KM
Samaiya Singhpur PDS ½ KM
Samaiya Singhpur Gram Panchayat ½ KM

Samaiya Inside Village Anganwadi centre 0 KM
Samaiya Inside Village Primary School 0 KM
Samaiya Inside Village Temple 0 KM
Source: PRA
4.7 Gender Clock

Table 5 Gender Clock
Time Activities of female Time Activities of male
4:00-5:00 am Get up 4:00-5:00 am Get up
5:00-6:00 am Go for Toilet, Bringing 5:00-6:00 am Go for Toilet, brush
water, Cleaning house, teeth and go to field
Cleaning utensils, for inspection
6:00 – 8:00 am preparing tea, Bathing, 6:00-8:00 am Having tea, Take

cooking animal for grazing
8:00-9:00 am Serving food, send 8:00-9:00 am Take bath, breakfast

children to school, take and go to work/field
breakfast go to
field/forest/labor work
9:00-12:00 pm field/forest/labor work/ 9:00-12:00 pm field/forest/labor work
household chores
12:00-1:00 pm Come back from 12:00-1:00 pm Come back from

field/work, Take Lunch field/work, Take
and go back to field/labor Lunch and go back to
work. field/labor work.
1:00-5:00 pm Work/field 1:00-5:00 pm Work/field
5:00-6:00 pm Bringing water, cleaning 5:00-6:00 pm Come back from the

utensils field, go to bring
livestock from field
7:00-8:00 pm Cooking 7.00 - 8:00 pm Get fresh, take tea,
gather to chat with
friends/neighbors
8:00-9:00 pm Dinner 8:00 -9:00 pm Dinner

9:00-5:00 am Sleep 9:00-5:00 am Sleep
Source: Focused Group Discussion
5 Weather and Seasonality

5.1 Weather
The Mandla district receive average rainfall of 1580 mm. 70-80% of annual rainfall is received
southwest monsoon period i.e. June-September. The agriculture in the village is rain fed. The
climate is hot and humid during summer and cold during winter.
5.2 Temperature
The climate is hot and humid during summer and cold during winter. The mercury rises sharply
in the summer and touches about 44-45 degree Celsius in the summer and dips as far as 1-2
degree Celsius in the winter. The climate of the village is characterized by an oppressively hot
summer with high humidity. Summer generally commences in the month of March.
Seasonality:
5.3 Seasonality of Cropping Pattern:

Table 6: Major NTFP
Sl. No. Name of Product Time of Flowering Time of Harvesting
1 Maua Chait (March-April) Baisakh (April-May)
2 Tend leaf Fagun (February-March)
Source: PRA
Table 7: Major crops

Sl. Season Name of Crop Time of Sowing Time of Harvesting
No.
1 Paddy Ashadh (June-July) Mid Kartik (October)
2 Maize Ashadh (June-July) Kuwar (September-Oct.)
3 Kutki Sawan (July-August) Aghan (December-Jan.)

4 Kharif Kodo Mid ashadh (June) Aghan (December-Jan.)
5 Ramtilla Sawan (July-August) Aghan (December-Jan.)
6 Arhar Ashadh (June-July) Magh (January-Feb.)
7 Wheat Mid Kartik (October) Mid Baisakh (April-May)
8 Rabi Rai Aashin (September-Oct.) Aghan (December-Jan.)
9 Batra Kartik (October-Nov.) Fagun (February-March)
10 Masoor Kartik (October-Nov.) Fagun (February-March)
Source: PRA
5.4 Seasonality of Food Availability:

Although more than 90% of the villagers are engaged in agriculture but due to low fertility of the
soil and lack of irrigation facility production is not up to the mark. Scarcity of food is common
during June, July, and August.
5.5 Seasonality of Diseases:

Table 7: Seasonality of Disease
Types of Jan Feb Marc Apri May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Disease h l y
Cold/Coug
h
*** *** ** * * * * * * * *** ***
Headache
* * ** *** *** ** *** *** * * * *

Diarrhea
* * *** *** *** ** *** *** * * * *

Malaria
* * * * * ** ** ** * * * *

Sun Stroke
* * * *** *** *** * * * * * *

*, **, *** indicate rare occurrence, often observed and severely occurred respectively.
Source: PRA
5.6 Period of happiness and sorrow:

Table 8: Happiness and Sorrow
Indicator Season Reason
Magh (January-Feb) Greenery
Good climate
Sorrow Jeth (May-June) Very hot, Sum stroke, malaria
Sorrow Ashadh (June-July) No work no money
Sawan (July-August)
Average Fagun (February-March) Availability of food
Baisakh (April-May)
Source: PRA
5.7 Seasonality of Migration:

Migration is very common in the village and it is mainly cyclic migration. Migration is mainly
due to push factor, the primary reason for migration is lack of employment opportunities in the
village. Other reasons are lack of food availability need for money etc. People mostly migrate to
the nearby city like Jabalpur. Most of them engage in labor work and very few people work as

agricultural labor Migration is common in the Migration Details
month of January, February, July and August as Migrated 72%
there is no work available in the village and during For Job 100%
City 74%
this time no cropping is done. On an average a
Town 26%
person migrate for 36 days, 48% people live in tent Avg. no. of days for migration 36 days
in the city where they migrate and just 30% people Avg. earning/month 1878
Residence (pucca) 30%
live in pucca house during migration and 22%
Residence (kuchha) 22%
people lives in kuchha house at the destination Residence (Tent) 48%
place. .
Source: FGD, Survey
5.7.1 Force field analysis of Migration:

INHIBITING FORCE INDUCING FORCE
1. Emotional attachment to the

Village 1. Unemployment
. 2. High cost of living
2. Food shortage
3. Excess work during
Migration
3. Debt

4. Lack of proper housing
facility 4. Landlessness
5. Low quality food 5. Low agriculture production
6. Illness or death 6. Draught
Source: focused group discussion
6 Natural Resources
6.1 Land:
According to the villagers the fertility of soil is not good because of which yield per hectare is
very less. The village is situated on uplands or mid up land where texture of soil is loamy
Murom with or without clay. Depth of soil is also shallow to moderate. Fertility is moderate;
the soil is black, red or rocky in texture. The land use pattern in village is as follows:
Table 9: Land Holding Pattern
Land use Area in hectare

Cultivable land 185 acre
Fallow Land 15 acre
Forest Land 200 acre
Total geographical area 400 acre
Source: Patwari of the village

6.2 Water:
The Village has six hand pumps for the drinking water of which one is not functioning now.
Village has good drinking water facility as these pumps provide hygienic water. There are few
households which are little far away from the hand pump and well therefore they face a lot of
problem for drinking water. There are also few households who use River water for drinking
purpose and the water is not suitable for drinking purpose. Villages have 11 open wells of which
4 are public and rest is of private ownership. The village has a pond of approximately 0.5 acre
for drinking water for their livestock. The water in two of the open well is present throughout the
year and is used by most of the villagers. One of these well is used for drinking purpose while
other is used for bathing purpose. There is also a small River Balai flowing south of the village
which is used for drinking and bathing for the nearby households.
6.3 Forestry:
As village is situated on upland, it is surrounded by forest. Though a large part of forest is
depleted due to excessive use of resources but it still provides a lot of tangible and intangible
benefits to the villagers. Villagers gets not only fuel wood but also a number of non timber forest
produce like Maua and Tend patta which adds to their source of livelihood. The forest has
mainly tress of sagon, mahua, palash, Tend and other trees which are used as fuel. Forest doesn’t
have any animal species except wild pig, fox, monkey, rabbit and some varieties of birds like
peacock.
7 INFRASTRUCTURE
7.1 Roads:
The village is connected through a concrete Road, near the village there is PCC which is of 1km
in stretch. Inside the village road are both Kuchha and Pucca. The sample survey shows that 59%
of the households say that the road is dilapidated, 22% of the road is of poor quality, 16% of the
road is average and just 3% of the sample says that the road is of good quality.

7.2 Electricity:
The village was electrified in 1990; most of the households are electrified. Electricity is available
approximately 12 hours with two interruptions in a day. The sample survey shows that 80% of
the households are electrified. There are 4 mohallas in the village out of which three are
electrified. The village receives electricity for 12 hours every day with two breaks in a day.
7.3 Drainage:
Drainage is a problem in the village because there is lack of drainage line on both side of roads,
even road is Kaccha on some places. That is why water stagnation is a serious problem in the
village, especially in rainy season in this particular season stagnant water invites monsoon
diseases like malaria and diarrhea.
7.4 Communication:
There is no land line phone available in this village. Mobile phone network was available 1km
away from village till 2009. The proper use of mobile phone started in 2010. The village has
network connectivity of BSNL, Reliance CDMA & GSM
7.5 Social infrastructure

7.5.1 Educational infrastructure
There is one Primary school in the village, Middle school is situated in the neighboring village
Singhpur which is just half km from the village, and High school is situated at Pipariya which is
two km from the village. The strength of the school is 67 including 39 boys and 28 girls and
three teachers to teach them. The school has been provided with midday meal facilities for the
children under Sarvashiksha Abhiyan. There is no toilet facility for students in the school.
During our village stay and teaching in the Primary School we noticed that in spite of good
facilities provided the learning of the children is very poor. The students of 5 th std. are not able to
read properly nor are they good at solving simple mathematical problems. Students of different
classes’ seat together, teachers are inefficient in teaching and are not able to bring discipline
among students and nor are they willing to do so.

7.5.2 Anganwadi:
The Anganwadi is established in 1996 in the village but till now it’s not having its own building;
its building is under construction and is expected to become functional by next one month.
Anganwadi worker and Asha are in village itself and are working efficiently. They provide
services like Supplementary nutrition, Non-formal pre-school education, Immunization, Health
Check-up, Referral services, Nutrition and Health Education.
7.5.3 Infrastructure Related to Health

There is no health facility available in the village. The Primary Health Centre is located 7 km
from the village. According to the villagers the PHC is running well, the number of Doctors is
adequate and all the health facilities are in good condition. General fever, Malaria, Diarrhea, are
common in the village. There is an Asha worker in the village that provides vaccination to the
children and also informs people about different diseases.
From the household survey we found that 41.5 percent of the respondent feels the PHC is
running well while 39 percent feel there are not sufficient doctors while 14 percent are not happy
with the competence of doctor. 4.5% people feel PHC is lacking in basic facilities.
7.5.4 Defecation
91% of the houses in the village practice open defecation while the rest have toilet facilities.
Households having toilet facility also prefer to go in the open for defecation; toilets are mostly
used by small children’s.
7.5.5 Infrastructure Related to the Drinking water

The village has 6 Hand pumps for drinking water facility out of which one is not functioning.
There are 11 open well out of which 4 are for use others are of private. Most of the households
use water from an open well for drinking purpose, very few people use water from hand pump as
the water is not suitable for drinking purpose. Few households use water from river for drinking
purpose but the water is not hygienic. Few house hold complained about the distant location of
the hand pump.

7.5.6 Cultural place
There are 2 temples in which the villagers offer their prayers.
7.5.7 Micro Enterprise:

Out of 128 households only five households have small shop which keeps some basic need items
like, Matchbox, Bidi, Candies, Snacks, Soap, detergent, cosmetics, biscuit, gutkha etc. There are
three women SHGs which are involved in handicraft work and a men SHG involved in fishing
activity.
7.5.8 Community hall

There is a community hall present in the village and is presently being used as Durga Manch.
8 Local Economy
8.1 Income Source
According to the house hold survey the average annual income of the family is Rs 31300,
average annual expenditure is Rs 21100 and average annual savings is Rs 12000.These savings is
used for the creating assets and some part of it is saved to cope with future crises.
8.2 Livelihood
The livelihood of villagers is multidimensional; people are engaged in a number of activities.
Villagers try to do maximum work to meet the family needs. Most of the people in the village
have agriculture as the primary source of income, apart from this they also do work as wage
laborers in government schemes or private works. If they do not have work in village they
migrate to nearby city to earn some livelihood. Since the village is surrounded by forest they
gather Maua and Tend patta from there and either sell it in the market to get some money or keep
some for their own consumption. Few women’s are engaged in handicraft activity from last one
year and few men also do fishing for their livelihood.
Figure 1: Economic Activities
Source: Household Survey

8.3 Primary and Secondary Occupation of the Village
Figure 2: Primary Occupation Figure 3 Secondary Occupation
From the household survey we found that 26 of 32 households were engaged in agriculture as
primary occupation and only 6 households were engaged in other activity.
Apart from agriculture people are engaged in Activities like non-agriculture laborer, farm
cultivator, Services, agriculture laborer, home maker etc as secondary occupation. 72% People
are engaged in non agriculture- laborer as secondary occupation. 13% are engaged as farm
cultivator. From the household survey we found that 56% of the earning members are male and
44% earning members are female. The wage rate in the village is Rs 100 for both male and
female working under MNREGA; whereas for village work, wage rate is Rs 60.
8.4 Land holding pattern:

The land holding pattern of Samaiya village is pointed out in the pie chart. There are 9% people
who do not have land; they are dependent on wage labor as well as migration for livelihood. 22%
has below three acre land and they are engaged both in agriculture as well as non-agriculture job
to sustain their livelihood. 22% have between 3-5 acre land and they used the land in proper
manner for cultivation because the land is limited and most of the household members are
engaged in agriculture. 31% households have land between 5-10 acre and above 10 acre land
holder are 16%.
Figure 4 Land Distribution
Source: Patwari of the Village

8.5 Agriculture
Most of the people are dependent on agriculture; the agriculture practice is mainly primitive in
nature and labor intensive. Agriculture is mainly rain fed due to non availability of water for
irrigation purpose. It is found that the soil is blackish to red loamy and even rocky at some
places. Though some of the farmers use urea along with cow dung as fertilizers; however,
application of cow dung is found to be prevalent in the village. Most of the crops produced are
consumed only a small part of it is sold in the local market. On an average a household earns Rs
13000 per year from agriculture.
Table 10: Yield per Hectare
Product Name Yield
Rice 16.5 quintal/hectare
Wheat 29 quintal/hectare
Maize 12 quintal/hectare
Rai 14 quintal/hectare
Batra 18 quintal/hectare
Masoor 7 quintal/hectare
Arhar 6.5 quintal/hectare
Ramtilla 6 quintal/hectare
Kodo 5 quintal/ hectare
Kutki 5 quintal/hectare
Chana 13 quintal/hectare
Alsi 7.5 quintal/hectare
Urad 5 quintal/hectare
Source: FGD
8.6 SERVICE HOLDERS

There are ten service holders in the village out of which 8 are envolved in government service
and two are involved in private service. From household survey we found that on an average a
service holder earns Rs 2000 per month.
8.6.1 Government Service:

• Kotwar of village
• Asha worker

• Anganwadi worker
• Peon ( Education Department)
• Peon (Irrigation Department)
• Teacher ( High School)
• Stenographer (Irrigation Department)
• SAF ( MP Police)
8.6.2 Private Service:

• Program Assistant
• Health Worker
8.7 Market Linkage

The nearest market available for the villagers is at Pipariya which is 2 km from the village. The
market is held weekly i.e. on Saturday. Every household of the village go to this market for
purchasing goods for the whole week. The market is very huge containing almost all products
required by the villagers ranging from fruits, vegetables, clothes, makeup products, soaps &
detergents, sweets, all type of galla items etc. Many villagers also sell their products in the
market. Villagers usually go to the market by walking with their family.
A major product which come in and goes out from the village are annexed at the end.
8.8 Expenditure Pattern

From the household survey we found that 64% of the income is spend on food, on an average a
household spends Rs 1100 per month of food consumption.7% i.e. approx. Rs 1400 p.a. is spend
on clothing, 5% i.e. approx. Rs 1100 p.a. is spend on health care, 5% i.e. Rs 1000 p.a. is spend
on toiletries. Rest others constitute 20% of the total expenditure.
Figure 5: Average Expenditure
Source: Survey

9 Consumption
9.1 Products
There is no processing unit in the village. So people sell their raw material and grain stock in the
nearby market Main products of the village are the agricultural and forest produce. The
production of agricultural produce is just sufficient for the villagers, though they sell some
produce like Rai, Kodo, Kutaki, Jagni, Wheat, Arhar, Masoor, Batra etc. in the local and weekly
market of Pipariya. Apart from this they also sell NTFP like Mahua and Tend leaf to these
markets.
9.2 Food availability

According to the household survey most of the households are deficit in food availability. In case
of cereals 41% of the households have sufficient production and just 3% have surplus
production. In case of pulse 34% households have sufficient production; in case of oil 22% have
sufficient production. The village has very less production of vegetables, fruits and cash crops.
Figure 6: Food Availability
Source: Survey
9.3 Housing Pattern:

The village is divided in to 4 small hamlets’. The houses in the village are scattered, most of the
houses are located alongside the road of the village. Two houses of the village are Pucca houses,
except that all the houses in the village are thatched house made from brick, mud, stone, logs etc.
The walls are plastered with mud and colors are applied on them, roofs are made up of logs with
on them. All the houses in the village are painted either with white, sky blue or in combination of
both. Villagers keep their houses very clean by coating the floor regularly with cow dung or
mud.
Houses lack windows for ventilation. The housing area including the kitchen garden varies from
20×40-60×40. In most of the household average number of the room are 3 except in few

household which are having 2 rooms. The houses are more in width than in length. In almost all
house hold the animal living is situated just after the entrance.
9.4 Banks
There are two banks located near the village, one is the Co-operative Bank which is located 2 km
from the village and another one is the State Bank of India which is located 7 km from the
village. Very few villagers have account in the Co-operative bank; most of the people have
account in the State Bank. The reason is the villagers receive their payment for working under
NREGS from State Bank Only. Before this scheme came very few villagers had a bank account
but after the starting of this scheme as well as a number of SHGs, most of the people are account
holder.
9.5 Credit
9.5.1 Trader/ Money Lenders:
This is the major source of the informal credit for the villagers, may it be for daily expenditure,
social function, medical expenses purchasing cattle’s or crop loan. The interest rate varies from
60-80% p.a. depending upon the emergency of credit.
9.5.2 Friends and Acquaintances:

This is source of informal credit system for the villagers. Borrowing of money and grains mostly
take place. In case of cash borrowings it is repaid by working as a wage labor where as the grains
are returned back after harvesting.
9.5.3 Banks:
Very few people take loan from the bank primary reason is the process of taking loan is very
complicated in banks. Also taking loan from bank requires a lot of paper work and people have
to deposit their documents where as it is much easier to take money from money lenders as
people can get money very quickly.

9.6 SHGs:
Village has 6 SHGs formed by three different NGOs working in this village. An NGO naming
Ajeevika funded by MPRLP has formed 4 SHGs, Udyogini has formed 1 SHG and FES has
formed 1 SHG respectively.
1. Ajeevika is working very efficiently in this village; they have launched a number of poverty
elevation schemes in the village. It is working on the basis of three tier systems, first they are
working on group basis by forming SHGs, second on individual basis by providing fund for
business and third they are creating assets which can be used by all the villagers
2. Udyogini: It formed its first WEG in 2008 but this group broke up. Currently it has formed a
new group which is just 3 months old. This group is new and is involved in saving; each
member of the group saves Rs 50 every month.
3. Foundation for Ecological Security: It is working in this village since 2009 and has formed
one SHG.
10 Village Level Committee:

There are 5 village level committee, they are as follows:
1. Gram Vikas Samiti: This committee was formed in 2005 with an objective to works
for the development of the village and looks into new opportunities for development.
2. Van Suraksha Samiti: it is the oldest committee formed in this village. It was formed
in 1995 with the aim of protecting the forest and its resources. But now this
committee is not working properly.
3. Prashfutan Samiti: This committee was formed in 2008. This committee provides
utensils, tent and other related goods at the time of marriage or any other social
functions.
4. Nigarani Samiti: This committee was formed in 2005.the main objective of this
committee is to look after various constructions and development work in the village.
5. Gram Kosh Samiti: This committee was formed in 2005. It works for any type of
disaster management in the village. This committee is funded by Ajeevika which is a

Madhya Pradesh Government Project. Its main objective is to provide financial
support in case of Snake bite, delivery of child, sudden death in a poor family etc.
11 Political and Governance System

11.1 Political system:
There is no political party in the village, but there are some people using the political and social
influence to enhance the household income.
11.2 Panchayati Raj Institutions:

Panchayat office is located in the village Singhpur which is half km from the village. Mr. Munna
Singh Paraste is the Sarpanch of the Panchayat and he lives in the village Samaiya. Mr. Laman
Singh Warkare is the Up Sarpanch of the Panchayat. Village Panchayat take good care of the
villager’s day-to-day problems and the problems are sorted out in monthly Gram Sabha. Almost
all eligible voters participate in the Panchayat elections.
11.3 Gram Sabha:

Gram Sabha is a special type of meeting conducted in the village. Its main aim is to identify and
solve the problems related to village development plans. All the villagers attend these meetings
since they deal with the major problems of the village. Earlier Gram Sabha used to be held on 6 th
of every month but now there is no fixed date as such, but it is held every month.
12 Government Schemes:
• Poverty Alleviation Program: National Rural Employment Gurantee Act (NAREGA) is
running in the village. Currently it is working on water availability by digging wells
throughout the Panchayat also work on “Merdh bandh” is to be done after completion of
wells.
• Ladali Yojana: Under this scheme girl child would be given Rs 2 lakh when they
complete 18 yr of age.
• Samuhik Vivah: Under this scheme girl will be given jewelry, cloth and Rs 10,000 at the
time of marriage.

• Antyodaya Yojana: It is distributing food grains, kerosene and sugar under Public
Distribution System (PDS) to the villagers.
Source: Revenue Department
13 STATUS OF WOMEN
Table 11: Gender Analysis
Women’s participation Women do not participate in local politics. Women’s vote is controlled
in Politics by men and Political parties do not see women as vote bank.
Agriculture Work is divided between both men and women. Women do the work
of removing weeds from the field and harvesting of the crops. Men do
the work of plough and sowing of seeds.
Land Both men and women have equal ownership over their ancestors land,
both gets equal amount of land.
Labor Both men and women receives equal wage for labor work
Marriage Girl is not forced for marriage by their parents. Girl is free to select the
person of her choice but inter caste marriage is not permitted.
Education Due to the government scheme of free education, girls are given all the
facilities like bicycle, books, stationary items, dress etc therefore most
of the girls go to school.
Family Planning Women have equal right to decide the number of children she could
have.
Dowry Dowry is common in the village. Girls Parent’s have to give some
dowry in cash or kind to the boy’s family. Only after settlement of
dowry, wedding takes place
Decision making Males are the decision maker in the family; women have a small role
in decision making.

Control over finance Head of the family have the control over finance, most often males are
the head of the family
Source: FGD
14 PLANS OF THE VILLAGE

14.1 Short Term Plans:
• Providing water for both drinking and an irrigation facility for this it is digging 15 wells
throughout the Panchayat. 13.2 Long Term Plans:
14.2 Long term plans:

• Work on “merh bandh” i.e. boundary along the fields would be done throughout the
village.
• Electrification of one part of the village i.e. a mohalla which is not yet electrified have to
be electrified
• Construction of roads in the remaining part of the village which is kuchha.
15 SWOT Analysis:
STRENGTH WEAKNESS
Land Lack of Water and irrigation equipments
Forest Illiteracy
Jute Low wage payment
Handicraft, Brick making skill Low saving habit
Social capital
Nuclear family

Demand for Agriculture/NTFP Natural calamities
Presence of Piparia Market Job insecurity
Road connectivity Low repayment habit
Weekly haat
NGO intervention
Government Schemes
OPPORTUNITIES THREAT
16 Relationships with Other Communities

As life in the village is interwoven the villagers have harmonious relationship with nearby
villages. The village lack many basic facilities and therefore people have to visit these villages
for their day today requirement. They to go to Pipariya to buy Kirana items, weekly haat is also
located in Piapriya, Flour mill is also located in Pipariya, middle school is located in Singhpur,
Panchayat is also situated in Singhpur etc.
17 CONCLUSIONS:
The village study enabled me in studying the various aspects of the village life. We came to
know various things knowing which perhaps were not possible without staying in the village
among the rural population. My stay helped me to understand the lives of the villager, their need
and various dynamics relating to it. The Firsthand experience is how they sustain their
livelihood, which kind of difficulties they face for livelihood and other expenses of household.
And we also saw the various development plans running in the village and impact of it helped
me to sharpen my understanding of these plans and ground realities associated with them. It’s

easy to stay outside the village and suggests various means for the development of village but the
real picture is quite different in the village. The village do have its bright color which is absent in
urban areas, even in many developed cities of the country. The facts like equality between
different caste, female position in the house, unity among villagers etc are among some of the
positive aspects of the village. Still there is sufficient scope of improvements in the village
related to the providing of livelihood opportunity to the villagers. We can say that providing
subsidies will not help but what the villagers actually needed is the information and knowledge
about their products, their value and their demand in the outside market, so that they could get
appropriate return for their hard work. And the second hand experience is how they cope up with
the expenditure when there have no job and suddenly natural disaster happened on the village
like Pala and other disasters.
PRA techniques used:

1). Social Mapping and Resource Mapping:

2) Chapatti Diagram:

3) Seasonal Calendar:

Appendices
Annexure- 1: Caste wise Population Distribution (Source: PRA)
Caste Wise Population

Sl. Cas No. of
No. Surname te Household
1 Marawi ST 9
2 Amro ST 6
3 Paraste ST 43
4 Kulaste ST 7
5 Uike ST 9
6 Oiyam ST 25
7 Saiyam ST 2
8 Sakhde ST 1
9 Masram ST 3
10 Warkare ST 2
11 Pandram ST 2

12 Udaste ST 3
Vishwakarm
13 a OBC 1
14 Yadav OBC 3
15 Sarthi SC 12
Total 128
Annexure-2
Inflow of products
Products/services Local
used but not Product
Sl. No. produced Annual Consumption in the area ion
Price/Uni Total
Quantity t Value
1 Chocolate 48000 0.5 24000 No
2 Body Soap 1700 10 17000 No
3 Washing Soap 1700 5 8500 No
4 Washing Powder 1700 5 8500 No
5 Face Cream 2400 5 12000 No
6 Gotha 48000 1 48000 No
7 Vegetable Oil 2500 60 150000 No
8 Dry Coconut 1000 5 5000 No
9 Finger chips 24000 1 24000 No
10 Sugar 1000 35 35000 No
11 Tea 6000 1 6000 No
12 Agarbatti 500 5 2500 No
13 Shampoo 2000 1 2000 No
14 Tooth paste 2500 10 25000 No
15 Biscuit 1500 5 75000 No
16 Hair Oil 2000 1 2000 No
Total Inflow 444500
Source: Informal interview
Annexure-3
Outflow of Products:
demanded
Sl. No. Products quantity price/unit total value in
1 Wheat 3000 kg Rs 11/kg Rs 33000 Pipariya
20000
2 Rai kg Rs 13/kg Rs 260000 Pipariya
3 Ramtilla 6000 kg Rs 22/kg Rs 132000 Pipariya
4 Kodo 2500 kg Rs 7/kg Rs 17500 Pipariya

5 Kutki 2500 kg Rs 8/kg Rs 20000 Pipariya
6 Maize 2500 kg Rs 7/kg Rs 17500 Pipariya
7 Arhar 2500 kg Rs 22/kg Rs 55000 Pipariya
8 Batra 2000 kg Rs 60/kg Rs 120000 Pipariya
9 Masoor 1000kg Rs 12/kg Rs 12000 Pipariya
20000
10 Maua kg Rs 15/kg Rs 300000 Pipariya
200000 Rs
11 Tendu patta piece 0.4/piece Rs 8000 Pipariya
12 Handicraft Rs 50000 Jabalpur
Annual Sell of products Rs 102500
Source: Survey
Annexure: 4
Literacy rate
Annexure: 5
Health Issues
Annexure: 6
Source of knowledge about Health

Annexure: 7
Drinking Water Facility
Annexure: 8
Quality of Road

Annexure: 9
Livestock Distribution
Type of Animal Number of Animal Number of family
Cow 32 21
Bullock 64 27
Buffalo 2 2
Calf 16 11
Goat/Sheep 21 5
Poultry 22 10
ORGANIZATION
PROFILE
1 Organization Overview
Udyogini which means “women entrepreneur” came into existence in 1992 as a World Bank
initiative to pilot a program to develop a curriculum, methodology and service provider for micro
enterprise management services, principally training for poor, asset less and mainly illiterate
women in the backward states of India.
Udyogini was set up to co-ordinate and facilitate management training for grassroots women's
groups for the World Bank Institute-funded Women's Enterprise Management Training Outreach
Program (WEMTOP). This was a three-year participatory action learning project aimed at
strengthening the capacity of intermediary NGOs to deliver management training to poor women
micro entrepreneurs in 1992. The training program consisted of Grassroots Management
Training (GMT) carried out for women producers and the Training of Enterprise Support Teams
(TEST) for the trainers of GMT. The trainings were carried out through NGOs who were
responsible for group formation and bringing together the women. NGO staff was trained as
trainers or Enterprise Support Teams (ESTs).

Udyogini from 1997 to 2001 scaled up its training services to many clients in existing and
additional states of India. It also introduced marketing services to NGOs that were working with
potential micro-entrepreneurs as well as to middle-level entrepreneurs working with women
producers to help scale up their enterprises. In 2002, as a result of a strategic planning process,
Udyogini made changes in implementing strategy, deciding to initiate programs to engage
directly with women producers at the grassroots.
By early 2010, Udyogini had a presence in 7 states of North, Central and Eastern India working
on aggregating and/or value-addition to commodities as diverse as lac, mahua, honey, bamboo,
silk, other medicinal plants, maize, mustard, vegetables, and pulses and services like child-care
center demonstrating considerable scale and breadth of experience and impact. It had also
facilitated registration of producers' institutions called UJAS in three of its locations. UJAS
(Udyam Jagaran Sansthan) is now an established national brand identity for producer-owned
entities and business products.
Most significantly, in 2010, it has taken up the challenge of microenterprise development for
older sex workers who want to move out of the profession and want to ensure that their young
daughters develop employable skills so that they are not vulnerable to sex work.
Its intervention at Mandla district, M.P began in 13 villages to support around 200 women. They
work in three clusters namely Niwas, Babaliya and Bakori at Mandla district. By the end of
2005, Udyogini worked with nearly 1200 women from 60 villages.
1.1 Vision
To become a nationally and internationally recognized agency specializing in business
development services for NGOs and poor women.
1.2 Mission
To provide quality and appropriate business development services for promotion of poor women
as entrepreneurs.

2 Operational Areas
Implementation Projects BDS Centre’s
Bikaner, Udaipur (Rajasthan) Udaipur (Rajasthan)
Mandla, Seoni, Raisen, Chindwada (MP) Jabalpur (M.P.)
Saharanpur (U.P) Dehradun (Uttrakhand)
Chamoli (Uttrakhand) Patna (Bihar)
Ranchi (Jharkhand) Ranchi (Jharkhand)
Kalahandi (Orissa)
Nawada, Gaya (Bihar)

2.1 Where it works:

It is working in some of the most backward regions of India (desert and tribal districts of
Rajasthan, forest areas of Madhya Pradesh, insurgency-affected districts of Jharkhand, higher
reaches of the hill state of Uttarakhand, neglected areas of Bihar and Assam
3 Organization Structure
4 Retrospective:
URMUL, SURE and LUPIN in Rajasthan; NIPDIT and Samanwita in Orissa and ADITHI in
Bihar are few of the distinguished alumni of Udyogini's enterprise.
Udyogini also has two flagship programs namely Training of Enterprise support teams (TEST)
and Grassroots Management Training (GMT).
➢ TESTs are for those people who are professional and Para-professional but yet do not
have much knowledge and business skills in this area. It is a residential course in which
participants have to undergo an intensive training for four to five days. It covers a vast
range of topics including motivation for entrepreneurship, business idea generation and
marketing, risk analysis, market survey, value-chain analysis, business plan creation and
linkages building with a woman focus, this is known as “Orientation TESTs”.
➢ Udyogini also has "Advanced TESTs" which deal more intensively with particular
aspects of enterprise management (such as feasibility and business planning), for those
already familiar with the basics
➢ GMT is a core activity in Udyogini’s work. This program focuses on women; they help
marginalized women to become entrepreneur not just skilled producers. The topics

covered under GMT are same as that of TESTs but the methodology and training aids
used are quite different. Udyogini build the capacity of women by training them in fields
like: assessing the feasibility of an enterprise planning and schedule production,
understanding and assessing the market, production / quality management. To simplify
these concepts for women, the training program includes tools like case studies and
simulation exercise, role-play and group works.
➢ There is also a program called “hybrid TESTs” which are designed for local
entrepreneurs who have a certain level of education. The hybrid TESTs are customized
version from TESTs and GMTs.
5 Approaches:
1. Gender Focused (women viewed as drivers and leaders)

2. Capacity building model for women (Starts with incremental steps towards livelihood
security for poverty alleviation and moves to empowerment through promotion of Micro
Enterprise)
3. Thrust in Inclusive Market Development
4. Innovation, Learning and Change in Business Services’ content and delivery mechanism
6 Operational Frameworks:
1. Enterprise motivation and management awareness for grassroots women.

2. Creation of grassroots business development service providers
3. Enterprise promotion and incentives for producers and market players
4. Ownership and scale up through systems and institution
5. Expansion and outreach

7 Services offered:
1. Cluster identification, mobilization and development

2. Conducting market related Action Research & Assessment Studies
3. Conducting Feasibility Studies
4. Conducting Micro-plans for villages
5. Formulation of Business Plans for SMEs
6. Enterprise motivation / orientation training
7. Facilitation of market information, linkages & support
8. Facilitation for financial including social venture capital support
9. Building BDSP capacity through training, orientation & exposures
10. Mentoring selected BDSPs as entrepreneurs with access to venture finance
8 Major funding partners:

MISEREOR NABARD
Intel Corporation Government of India
Ford Foundation Forest Department ICCW
Government of Madhya Pradesh Reliance Life Sciences
Government of Rajasthan Government of Uttarakhand
European Union ICCO
9 Operational Model of VLSC

10 Overall Activities:
1. Integrated BDS in diversified sub-sectors of Craft, Consumables, Agriculture & NTFP

through its Field Projects.
2. GMT (Capsule-based enterprise trainings for SHG women/Leaders).
3. TEST (Training of Enterprise Support Team).
4. Training Material Development.
5. Market Surveys, Action Research & Impact Assessment.
6. Feasibility Studies for Micro-enterprise activities.
7. Business Plan Preparation.
8. Product to Market Mapping / Value Chain Analysis.
9. Supply Chain Development (Primary Level).
10. Building Market Linkages & Trade Network.
11 Key Achievements:
• Institutionalization of UJAS as a Producers’ Organization in all 3 implementation

locations;
• Has trained over 1000 NGO and government staff through TEST.
• Has trained over 5000 producer women through GMTs
• Establishment of local level supply chain with a growth-oriented enterprise model for
various sub-sectors in all project locations;
• Facilitated market linkages for various products with companies like Reliance, Safal,
Fab-India, UTMT and more corporate houses;
• Developed a cadre of more than 100 women producers as service providers handling &
coaching other women on enterprise functions;
• Chanelized a sales turnover of more than 50 lacs in 2 project locations each (M.P & Raj.)
and more than 25 lacs in 1 location (U.P);

• Facilitated around 3500 producers to move up the value chains with more technical
operations as processors;
• Build around 50% of the women to an extent to take up more technical production &
market operation and unions independently.
12 Future plan of organization:
• To strengthen customer base by expansion and outreach to other districts like Katni,
Shingroli.
• To strengthen and improvise the quality of training.
• To improvise the BDS by adding up more services and products in the supply chain.
• To set up a franchise model for the existing and upcoming VLSCs

THEME PAPER
Assessment of willingness to pay of the community for
the services and products identified for being offered
through Village Level Service Centers

INTRODUCTION
As part of the Village study segment, the major objective was study of existing supply chain
established by Udyam Jagaran Sansthan (UJAS), to check for the willingness of the community
to pay for the identified products and services in the project areas of Mandla district of Madhya
Pradesh. A study in both financial and operational aspects of different opportunities was carried
out to understand the various perspectives for the initiatives undertaken by Udyogini. In order to
identify challenges for the organization in current and future context different concepts that were
learnt in the classroom were utilized. The period of the study was from the 7th of January 2010
to the 29th January, 2011.
1.1 Background of the study:

The main endeavor in the study was to check the willingness of the products and services for
Tribal community people that can be incorporated into the existing supply chain of the UJAS.
The organization is expanding in terms of opening up new VLSCs but the profit is not
increasing in the same proportion therefore the organization is willing to find out the problems
in the supply chain and launch new products and services in order to increase their profitability.
The operational areas of the organization i.e. Mandla district have agriculture as their primary
source of earning and livelihood. As the geographical condition of this area is not suitable for
good production from agriculture due to lack of water and irrigation equipment, most of the
farmers have to depend on rain. There is a need to introduce some services to minimize these
problems to some level or some extent. All the identified products will be provided by the UJAS
through its supply chain i.e. through the chain of CLSCs and VLSCs. Udyogini desires to

identify potential services according to the need and demand of the villagers, so that they can
improve their livelihood and also UJAS can improve its profit.
1.2 Rationale of the Project:

Even though the organization is expanding in terms of number of VLSCs but the profit is not
increasing in same proportion, thus there is felt need to re-monitor the overall working of the
supply chain and identify the problems. Also there is a need of introducing new products and
services by keeping in mind the needs of the village and the villagers. Identification of products
& services has already been done therefore to check the willingness of the villagers to pay for
the identified products services, the main rationale lies behind the primary occupation of the
villagers, their income & expenditure pattern and the most critical period/ month in a year.
Based on the identified list of products and services, to fulfil the needs of the villagers at their
own village at fair prices so that they can increase their income and decrease their expenditure.
1.3 Objective of the Study:

The long term goal of this project is to increase the profitability of the CLSCs, VLSCs by
solving the identified problems in the supply chain and also to introduce new services and
products in the supply chain of UJAS. To achieve this goal the objective is to check for the
willingness of the community/ villagers to pay for the identified products and services.
1.4 Scope:
The information and the recommendations derived from this study helps to take appropriate
decisions for launching new identified products and services in the existing supply chain of the
UJAS to improve the lifestyle of the villagers. The primary data collected regarding their
willingness to pay for identified products and services and systemic knowledge generated by this
will result in the creation of a resource for other future study.

1.5 Limitations of the Study:
1) Poor and delayed transportation facility delayed the data collection.
2) As some of the villages are not operational areas of the organization, cause problems in
collecting villagers for FGD and data collection.
3) As the field staff was not familiar to such kind of surveys, they took time in
understanding and implementing right survey.
RESEARCH DESIGN
2.1 Study area and target group:
The study area is extended to 6 villages of Niwas Block, 7 villages of Narayanganj Block and 7
villages of Mandla Block. These 20 villages are divided into three clusters namely Niwas,
Babaliya and Bakori cluster of Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh.
Table 2 Village names

Babaliya Bakori Niwas
Keriba Singarpur Khamariya
Padhriya Muradeeh Phadki Raiyat
Sukhram Bakchheda Gondi Bandariya
Chakdehi Dungariya Mohpani
Banar Chirayi Dongari Umariya
Mukas Khurd Khuksar Lohari
Barbati Sijhori
7 7 6

2.2 Sample Design:
For checking willingness of the villagers to pay for the identified services, household survey was
done in 20 villages by taking 15 percent as sample size. The household of the 20 villages of
Babaliya, Bakori and Niwas cluster were the universe for the study with one person as unit of
the study.
2.3 Sampling Method:

Stratified sampling is used and the households of the given 20 villages are selected as sample.
2.4 Survey Design:

In the study both Primary and Secondary data is collected to fulfill the purpose of the study.

2.4.1 Collection of primary data:
The primary data is collected with the help of semi structured questionnaire containing a series
of descriptive questions dealing with the information about the identified services and the
suitable prices of the service. The purpose of the study is explained to the respondent prior to
survey.
2.4.2 Collection of Secondary Data:

Secondary data was provided by organization and other sources of secondary data were reports
and projects of the organization. Data on information about Mandla districts were collected from
the internet.
2.5 Methods of Data Analysis Techniques:

Various statistical methods are used for data analysis like pie charts, graphs, mean etc.
2.6 Time Frame:

We started our theme paper work on 8th January 2011 and ended on 29th January 2011 with all
fieldwork and data compilation works. Our time was equally divided for all the villages visited
by us.
2.7 Study Area Profile:

The study is focused on the willingness of the community to pay for the products and services
identified to be offered under VLSCs. For this we had to do study of 20 villages which fall in
Niwas, Narayangunj and Mandla block of Mandla district. All of these villages are situated in
hilly terrains and surrounded by river Narmada and forest. The majority of the population of
these villages is Gond tribe. People in all the villages are lacking essential infrastructure for the
development. Transport facilities are not adequate which makes it difficult for the people to go
out to purchase their basic amenities. Social infrastructures like electricity, health facility and
educational facilities are also lacking in most of these villages. Market connectivity is also very
poor; hence they have to depend on weekly haat bazaar which is usually far away from these
villages. There are very few to no general stores which forces villagers to run to places for their
day to day requirement. Most of the people are dependent on agriculture and forest produce for
their livelihood. Livestock’s are not in good condition due to lack of fodder facilities in the

village. For irrigation people are dependent on rain as the hilly terrain makes it difficult to bore
wells.
WILLINGNESS PROFILE
3.1 Products and Services for which willingness has to be
found:
As most of the villages are remotely located, the villagers do not have access to many services
easily and the service points are located on an average 5-6 km away from the village. Following
are the list of services which are to be provided:
1) Recharge coupons
2) PCO
3) Tailoring
4) Cycle repairing
5) Veterinary service
6) Agri-expert advice
7) Health insurance
8) Warehouse facility
9) Irrigation equipments on lease
10) Submission of electricity bill
11) Solar/emergency lights
12) Banking services
13) Computer works
3.2 Demands for Products and Services:

The demand for products and services according to cluster wise is annexed with this report.
During the household survey it is found that the demands for some services like Health
Insurance, Tailoring, submission of electricity bill, agriculture consultant are found very high.
The demand for these products and services depends heavily on the geographic condition of the
village like its location i.e. distance from market, availability of electricity, availability of mobile
network and also the most important availability of water for irrigation.

Figure 5: %age Demand for Products & Services
Source: Individual Household survey
3.3 Description of Services:
1. Service Name: Recharge coupon

Description of Service:
According to this service, the VLSCs can sell the recharge coupons of mobile phones at high
rates as compared to the normal rates. The price of recharge coupons would be of 1-2 Rs. higher
than the normal rates.
Current status of the service:

Now a day’s mobile phones are considered as the essential part of the human life and to some
extent all the households in the villages have access to the mobile phones. There is demand of
the recharge coupons in the village but are not available in the villages. The villagers have to
travel on an average 5-6 km only to recharge their phones.
Period of the year when the demand for the product/service is there: These products are in
demand for throughout the year.
Willingness to pay:
Figure 2: Willingness to pay for Recharge Voucher

During our household survey we found that 53% people are willing to pay Rs.11 i.e. Rs.1 higher
for a Recharge Voucher of Rs10, 3% people are willing to pay Rs 12 and 12% people want to
purchase Rs 10 mobile voucher at the market price i.e. marked price.24% of the sampled
household do not want to avail this facility. The reason for not willing to pay are: due to close
proximity to market where recharge coupons are available at the market price, few people use
mobile only for incoming, few people get their mobile recharged by their son or any other

relative who lives in town. Whereas 8% of the sample does not have mobile phones, the reasons
being poor economic condition to own a mobile phone, poor or no network connectivity of
cellular service or don’t need mobile phone.
2) Service Name: P.C.O.

Description of Service: This service will offer phone services/ calling facility to the villagers at
normal call rates. According to this service, one prepaid mobile phone will be kept in the shop of
VLSCs.
Current status of the service: Normally people of the village who don’t have a mobile phone
or any calling facility, they ask the person who have mobile phone with him, to use their phone.
And that person charge whatever he/she likes for their service or else they have to travel to 5-6
km. just for a single call.
Period of the year when the demand for the product/service is there: This service is in
Willingness to pay:
Figure 3: Willingness to pay for PCO

Demand for P.C.O. is found to be just 42%, this is because of the availability of mobile phones
in most the villages. During our household survey, we came to know that the local P.C.O. are
charging Rs.5 to10 for few minutes talk. 36% households are willing to pay Rs.1.5- 2.0/minute,
3% household each is willing to pay Rs 1/minute and Rs 2/minute respectively. 58% households
have either mobile phones or do not need the service of P.C.O.
3) Service Name: Warehouse Facility
Description Services: According to this service, UJAS will offer warehouse facility to the
villagers through the link of CLSCs and VLSCs.

Current status of the service: There is no warehouse available in the villages which can offer
warehouse services to them.
Period of the year when the demand for the product/service is there: These services are in
Willingness to pay:
Demand for warehouse is found to be more than 62%, the reason being non-availability of any
facilities of this kind. There is a general trend among people to sell their surplus products in the
market. People either sell it to local weekly haat or to traders of Babaliya, Niwas or Bakori, The
reason for selling is either they need money instantly or they do not have proper storage facility.
25% households do are not able to pay as they do not have enough production, whatever they
produce is used for their own consumption. 58% households are willing to pay Rs
20/quintal/month for keeping their produce in warehouse. 3% households are willing to pay Rs
25/quintal/month whereas 14% people do not require this facility because whatever surplus they
have, they prefer selling it to the market because of the need for money.
Figure 4: Willingness to pay for Warehouse
4) Service Name: Electricity Bill Submission
Description of Service:
In this, the UJAS will appoint agent either BDSP or VLSC in every villages. These agents will
be responsible for submission of all the electricity bills of a particular village and the agent will
charge commission for their service.
Current status of the service: All the villagers submit their electricity bill on individual basis.
To submit their electricity bill they spend some money to reach the submission point as these
bill submission points are located far away from the village

Willingness to pay:
Figure 5: Willingness to pay for Electricity bill submission

The average demand for this service is 43%. Out of the households surveyed 27% of the houses
do not have electricity. 17% of the households are not willing to pay for this service because of
their close proximity to the market were people go for bill submission 41% households are
willing to avail this service by paying Rs 5 extra along with their electricity bill whereas 13%
are willing to pay Rs 2 extra as commission for bill submission. This service is required in
remote villages were transportation facility is inadequate. In such villages people have to spend
Rs30-40 in travelling just for submitting the bill and also a complete day is wasted.
5) Service Name: Irrigation & Agricultural Equipments on Rent
Description of Service: According to this service, UJAS will put a few agricultural equipments
to the VLSCs and these agriculture equipments will be offered to the villagers on the rent basis.
Current status of the service: The villagers have limited access of agricultural equipments.
Willingness to pay:
Availability of water is one of the biggest problems being faced by the people of these areas.
Despite of having Narmada river farmer’s are facing a lot of problems for irrigation, this is
mainly due to rugged geography of this area which makes it difficult to bore wells and thus
farmers have to depends upon rain, this leads to increase in demand for irrigation pump. The
average demand for irrigation pump is 51%, 46% of the household do not require irrigation
facility because either they have their own pump or the irrigation pump cannot be used as there

is no water source available nearby. 4% of the households are willing to pay Rs 60/hour as rent
and diesel or kerosene for the irrigation pump, 47% is willing to pay between Rs 30 to 50 per
hour and diesel for renting irrigation pump and rest 3% do not have any idea for irrigation pump.
Figure 6: Willingness to pay for Irrigation Equipment
6) Service Name: Computer Work
Description of Service: According to this service, UJAS will put a computer at CLSC level.
This computer will offer services like photo printing, online registration forms related to
education and employment, etc.
Current status of the service: The villagers have limited access to computer related services.
Willingness to pay:
Figure 6: Willingness to pay for Computer Work

Computer work includes mainly Passport photography; there is a great demand for photography
i.e. more than 75%. 15% households do not want this service, whereas 17%households are
willing to pay Rs 60-80/6 copy of photograph, 41% are willing to pay Rs 40-60 for 6
photographs, 27% are willing to pay Rs20-40/6 photographs and rest 15% does not have any
idea about this service.
7) Service Name: Health Insurance
Description of Service: The UJAS will provide health insurance of Rs. 30,000 to the villagers
by the collaboration with some health insurance company. The insurance amount is of Rs. 150
per year for BPL family and Rs. 350 per year for APL family, this insurance amount is for
family of 4 members and this amount goes on increasing according to the family members.

Current status of the service: There is no health insurance service available in the villages.
demand for throughout the year
Willingness to pay:
Figure 7: Willingness to pay for Health Insurance

The average demand for this service is more than 95%. The premium amount for BPL family
starts from Rs. 150 for the family consisting 4 members and for APL family the amount starts
from Rs. 350 for the family of 4 members. Demand for insurance is high because people think
that the insurance will support them in case of sudden or long term illness, in case of operations
also they will not have to take loan from money lenders.
8) Service Name: Agri. Expert Service
Description of Service: According to this service the UJAS will train some WEG member or
BDSP who can act as an agri. expert in their respective villages. They can offer services like
advice on good fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides etc. These people can also work as a link
between the villagers and the agri. scientists, so that he/she can provide updated information
related to the agriculture. People will have to register for a year to avail this service.
Current status of the service: The villagers have limited access to services of agri expert
Willingness to pay:
The demand for agriculture consultant is more than 75%. As the farmers are ignorant about the
quality of seed to be used, quantity of fertilizers to be given, which pesticides are to be given for
a particular type of plant disease whatever hard labor they do, is not giving them sufficient yield.
Therefore there is a need for agriculture consultant in the village who can guide farmers in more
effective way. 60% households are willing to pay Rs 100 as service charge for agric-consultant;

few households are willing to pay up to Rs 350, whereas few households are willing to pay as
low as Rs 20 per service.
Figure 7: Willingness to Pay for Agriculture Consultant

9) Service Name: Cycle Repairing
Description of Service: The UJAS will facilitate WEG members of the village to offer cycle
repairing services to their respective villages by providing training to them. The trained person
can repair cycle puncture/ burst, brake fail, tyre/ tube change, etc.
Current status of the service: Almost all the villagers have cycle in their houses and there is
need to introduce a person who can repair their cycle.
Willingness to pay:
Figure 8: Willingness to Pay for Cycle Repairing

Cycle is the means of transportation for most of the villagers, but yet they do not have any cycle
repairing shops in their village. If anything happens to their cycle they have to carry it to the
market which is situated 5-10 km from their village or go to nearby village. Therefore there is a
great need for cycle repairing shop in the villages. 68% households are willing to pay for cycle
repairing facility if available in their village at the market rate where as 32% are not willing to
pay the reason is either their village is close to the market or they repair it by themselves.
10) Service Name: Veterinary Service
Description of Service: According to this service the UJAS will train WEG member or VLSC
of the respective village who can act as a veterinary doctor in their respective villages.

Current status of the service: The villager depends on government doctors to cure their
animals.
Period of the year when the demand for the product/service is there: This service has
maximum demand in the summer season and rainy season.
Willingness to pay:
As the villagers are ignorant about the diseases of animals and the veterinary doctor are very few
and available only in blocks. Farmers have to face a lot of difficulties in treatment of their
cattle’s, most of the time their cattle die before reaching of the doctor. Therefore there is a great
need for a Para Veterinary doctor. 36% households do not need this service because either their
villages are in close proximity to veterinary doctor or they have doctor in their own village. 46%
households are willing to pay Rs 50/animal as checkup charge, 9% are willing to pay Rs
20/animal, 4% Rs 100/animal and others are willing to pay anywhere between Rs 10-60/animal.
These charges are excluding the price for medicine.
Figure 9: Willingness to pay for Para-Veterinary doctor
11) Service Name: Emergency light
Description of Service: According to this service, UJAS will put a few numbers of emergency
lights to the VLSCs and these lights will be sold to the villagers.
Current status of the service: The situation of electricity in these villages is very poor and
people depend on kerosene oil to light their houses. So, there is need to introduce alternative of
electricity and kerosene oil.
Willingness to pay:
Willingness to pay for emergency light was found to be just 14%. Emergency light are
demanded only by those people who have got little higher status in their community and who

are economically well to do. Most households cannot afford emergency light due to it high cost.
Households get 5 ltr. of kerosene every month on subsidized rate which is just sufficient for the
entire month. Other reason for not willing to pay for this product is that in some places
electricity are mostly available in evening till night also some places do not have electricity
therefore emergency light cannot be used as it require charging.
Figure 10: Willingness to Pay for Emergency Light
12) Service Name: Bank Linkage & Other Banking Services
Description of Service: In this, the UJAS will train some WEG members in the villages who
will work as a link between the banks and the village.
Current status of the service: There is very limited access of banking services in the villages
maximum demand in the summer season because maximum migration done in this season only.
Willingness to pay:
As most of the households are tribal’s and economically weaker the demand for banking service
is limited. 89% households do not require this service & the reason is neither they have any bank
account nor do they need it as they do not have enough money to keep in bank also most of them
are farmers and the agriculture produce are not sufficient.
Figure 11: Willingness to Pay for Bank Linkage
13) Service Name: Tailoring

Description of Service: In this, tailoring services will be offered in the villages. UJAS will
facilitate some WEG member of the village to offer tailoring service to their respective villages
by providing training of tailoring to them.
Current status of the service: The quality tailors are available at Babaliya, Bakori, Niwas,
Ripta, etc., means that the quality tailors service are not available in the villages. To get quality
service the villagers should move to nearby villages by spending some amount on travel, this
additional cost increases the cost incurred in the stitching of complete cloth.
maximum demand in the marriage season and festival season
Willingness to pay:
Figure 12: Willingness to Pay for Tailoring

Out of 290 households surveyed, 87% of the households are willing to avail the service of
Tailoring. 13% of the sample does not require this service as some of them already has tailoring
machine and in some village tailors are already available. People who need this service have the
saying that if the facility will be available in their own village and the tailor has expertise in
tailoring work then they are ready to avail this service.
4 CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are drawn after the completion of the study:
1) The focused people in the household survey of 20 villages had agriculture as their primary
source of earning and livelihood. As the geographical condition of this area is not suitable for
good production from agriculture and there is lack of water and irrigation equipment therefore
there is a need for irrigation pump in most of the villages.
2) As the villages have poor connectivity with market, there is need of VLSCs in some of the
villages. Some of the products like Kirana materials, manihari, recharge voucher, emergency
lights can be sold there.
3) Farmers are ignorant about the crop disease and animal disease and since service of veterinary
doctor is not sufficient therefore there is a need to train people for Kishan mitra and veterinary
service.
4) Demand for health insurance is very high and also there is need for warehouse facility.
Tailoring facility is required in the villages and most of the people are willing to pay at market
price.
5) The purchasing power of the villagers is low; therefore, the services which can be uploaded in
the supply chain should be in their limit of purchasing power.
6) In distress periods the villagers migrate to other places for earning their livelihood, also they
ask credit from the informal sources on high interest rates to meet their financial need.
4.1 Major findings of the Study:

Table 3: Major Findings
CLUSTER NIWAS BAKORI BABALIYA
NAME
SERVICE Willingn Acceptance Willingn Acceptance Willingn Acceptance

OFFERED ess % price ess % price ess % price
RECHARGE 44 Rs 11 82 Rs 11.07 73 Rs 10.93
COUPON
P.C.O 44 Rs 2 46 Rs 1 39 Rs 1.5
WAREHOU 65 Rs 20.5 71 Rs 18 39 Rs 14
SE
SUBMISSIO 26 Bill charge 63 Bill charge 44 Bill charge
N OF + Rs 5 + Rs 5 + Rs 5
ELECTRIC
BILL
IRRIGATIO 73 Rs 47/hour 56 Rs 38/hour 36 Rs 23/hour
N

EQUIPMEN
T ON RENT
COMPUTER 53 Rs 41/6p 60 Rs 29/6p 86 Rs 44/6p
WORK
HEALTH 97 Rs 350- 98 Rs 350- 100 Rs 350-
INSURANC 800(APL),1 800(APL),1 800(APL),1
E 50- 50- 50-
200(BPL) 200(BPL) 200(BPL)
AGRICULT 96 Rs 37 Rs 44 83 Rs 89
URAL 109/year
CONSULTA
NT
CYCLE 69 Market 68 Market 71 Market
REPAIRING Rate Rate Rate
PARA 70 Rs 29 55 Rs 23 66 Rs 31
VETERNAIR
Y DOCTOR
EMERGENC 15 Not 20 Not 5 Not
Y LIGHT Decided Decided Decided
BANK 2 Depends 26 Depends on 2 Depends
LINKAGE on service service on service
TAILORING 78 Market 81 Market 86 Market
Rate Rate Rate
5 Suggestions:
We suggest the following services for feasibility check:
1. Product like Recharge Coupon can be added to the existing VLSC’s.

2. Electricity bill can be collected through VLSC or CLSC.
3. Health Insurance Service has more than 98% demand therefore this service can be availed.
4. There is a need for computer related work like photography which can be provided at
CLSC’s.
5. Agriculture consultant is required in most of the villages due to lack of adequate facilities.
6. Cycle repairing is also required as cycle is the most widely used means of transportation and
there is no such facility available in most of the villages.

ANNEXURE:
Figure 13: %age demand for products and services (Cluster wise)
Questionnaire to Check the Willingness of the Villagers:

Name: ………………………………… Age: ………… Sex: ………….
Educational qualification: ……………… No. of Family Members: ………..
Village: …………………. Cluster name: ……………………..
1. If you get recharge coupons of Rs. 10 &. 20 in your village at Rs. 11 & 22.
Are you willing to pay that much amount for this service? If not then how much amount you
able to pay for this service
(A) Maximum amount……………………. (B) Minimum

amount……………
2. If we offered PCO service in your village and the call rates will be Rs. 1.5-2.0/minute.
(A) Maximum amount……………………. (B)Minimum

amount………………
3. If your village served by the services of warehouse, in which you can store your produce and
collections. For this, one receipt will be issued to you in respect to the cost and quantity of
your produce and collection. This receipt helps you to get loan easily from banks and other

financial institutions at low interest rates to fulfill your financial need. To use the services of
warehouse you have to pay Rs. 20/quintal per month for your produce and collection. The
conditions are:
1. You have to bear the carrying cost.
2. You have to bear the measurement cost
Are you willing to store your produce items in warehouse the charge will be Rs 20/quintal?
If not then how much amount you able to pay for this service
(A) Maximum amount……………………. (B) Minimum

amount………………
4. If we offered the service for Submission of your electricity bill by the agent. The agent will
be from your village and he/she will charge Rs. 5 per electricity bill.
Are you willing to pay Rs 5 for this service? If not then how much amount you able to pay
for this service
(A) Maximum amount…………… (B) Minimum amount…………
5. Would you like to use diesel/electric irrigation pumps at Rs. 50/ hour on rent basis? The
conditions are:
1. You have to bear the carrying cost of the pumps from the center to your farms.
2. You have to bear the cost of diesel and electricity
Are you willing to pay Rs 50/Hour for this service? If not then how much amount you able
to pay for this service
(A) Maximum amount……………………. (B) Minimum amount………
6. If you get the photo printing and other computer related services(various types of online
registration forms) at CLSCs of Babaliya, Bakori and Niwas, and:
1. You have to pay Rs. 50/6 photographs
2. You have to pay Rs. 40/3 photograph
3. Cost of other works as per the market rates.

(A) Maximum amount…………… (B) Minimum amount…………………………..
1. If health insurance scheme of Rs. 30,000 will be provided to you and for that you have to
pay Rs. 150/ year (only for BPL families) or Rs. 350/year (only for APL families) for the
family of 4 members. The amount will increase according to the number of persons in a
family. And the conditions are as follows:
1. You should consult only the recommended hospitals of the insurance company
(i.e. in Jabalpur and Mandla).
2. The person will claim only in that situation in which he/she admit in the
recommended hospitals at least for 24 hours (1 day).
Are you willing to pay that amount to avail the services of health insurance by keeping in
mind the above conditions? If not then how much amount you able to pay for that
service. (A) Maximum………………….. (B) Minimum………………..
2. If some person of your village will act as a Kinas Mitra, who provides you different services
related to your agric-farms such as agric-expert advices, information about different diseases
and how to cure them, use of pesticides, soil testing, effective use of fertilizers, new
techniques of irrigation etc. To avail this service you have to pay Rs 100/year.
Are you willing to pay Rs 100/Year for this service? If not then how much amount you able
(A) Maximum amount……… (B) Minimum

amount……………
3. If VLSC shop of your village (if available) or any person of your village will offer you the
services of cycle mechanic at the market rate. Will you use this service or not?
Will you use this service at market rate: (A) Yes (B) No
4. If some person of your village act as a Pasha Mitra, who provides different services to your
animals such as seasonal checkup of your animals, will cure your animals, provide
medicines and injections etc. To avail this service you have to pay Rs 50/animal plus
medicine cost.

Are you willing to pay Rs 50/animal for this service? If not then how much amount you able
(A) Maximum amount…………… (B) Minimum amount………………….
5. If the CLSCs will provide you Emergency light on rental basis in your village, will you able
to use this service?
(A) Yes………… (B) No…………
12. Would you like to have a person in the village who act as an agent between banks and
the village and for this service you have to pay some amount depends on the service.
Are you willing to pay for this service?
A) Yes………… (B) No…………
13. Would you like to have a tailor in the village who will stitch your cloths at the same rates
of the nearby market?
Will you stitch your cloth at the market rate?
A) Yes………… (B) No…………

RURAL ACTION
COMPONENT
Grassroots Management Training for
Women Entrepreneur Groups

1 Introduction
GMT is one of the core activities of Udyogini. This program focuses on women; they help
marginalized women to become entrepreneur not just skilled producers. The topics covered
under GMT are motivation for entrepreneurship, business idea generation and marketing, risk
analysis, market survey, value-chain analysis, business plan creation and linkages building. This
training is given to build the capacity of women by training them in fields like: assessing the
feasibility of an enterprise planning and schedule production, understanding and assessing the
market, production / quality management. To simplify these concepts for women, the training
program includes tools like case studies and simulation exercise, role-play and group works.
2 Objectives:
• To motivate and sensitize women to develop and inculcate entrepreneurship within them
• To sensitize women about the necessity and strength of organized power.
• To empower them in collective decision making process
• To help them develop life skills which will help them run their business
3 Methodology:
The methodology used for training depends upon the group under training. The training
methodology varies for groups depending upon whether they are literate or not. A number of
training tools are used like playing games, giving lecture, pictorial cards, group discussions,
explanation on charts, oral representation, money, role play etc. The training module is designed
to encourage active participation of the group members.

4 Activity Profile:
Whole training is divided into 7 Modules:
Table 4: Activity Module

Session Topic
Warming up
1 Module 1 Role of Women in Family/Society
Definition and Objective of WEG
2 Module 2 Group vision ,Mission & Goal
3 Module 3 Unity
4 Module 4 Collective decision making
5 Module 5 Common fund management
6 Module 6 Livelihood Analysis
7 Module 7 Business Idea Generation and analysis
5 RAC Place:
Table 5: Groups under Training
Group Name No. of Date of Address Monthly
Members Group Saving
Formation
Jai Maa Santoshi 15 Nov. 2010 Jevra, Block-Niwas Rs 50
Krishnan Mahila Udyog 10 2005 Barbati, Block-Niwas Rs 10
Samuh
Jai Durgavati Mahila Samuh 10 Oct. 2010 Pipariya Block-Niwas Rs 50
Shail Putri Mahila Samuh 10 2006 Dadargaon, Block- Rs 50
Niwas
Maa Durgavati Mahila 15 Nov.2010 Samaiya, Block-Niwas Rs 50
Samuh
Maa Durga Udyog Samuh 10 2006 Devdongari, Block- Rs 30

Niwas
6 The Process:
Table 6: Training Process

Module for WEG Training
Topic Objective Pedagogy
Small warm up game,
Warming up To know about each introducing with name, place
Modul members and work
e1
Role of women in Multirole played by Discussion
family/society women
To motivate WEG that
will help them to
Definition & double their income Lecture Mode
objective of WEG through savings &
enterprise development
Modul Group vision To make them familiar

e2 ,Mission & Goal with their role as WEG Discussion & use of flip chart
Modul
Unity Advantages Role play/ Cat & rat game
e3
Distribution of money dividing
Modul Collective Importance of group
the members to different groups
e4 decision making decision
Modul Common fund Appropriate utilization
Life skill-Situational case
e5 management of money
To know what they are
Modul Livelihood
doing and what they Discussion
e6 Analysis
can do
Modul Business Idea To motivate the group
Game & discussion
e7 Generation to develop enterprise

7 Outcomes and Impact:
• They were able to understand their needs such as further enterprise related training and
market linkages. (Sources feedback form)
• Facilitated in making appropriate decision for their enterprises.
• Motivated members to generate varied ideas for enterprise selection
• Instilled a reflective thinking among the people
• Helped them to be vocal about their thoughts
• Transference of gender sensitivity which would help the rural entrepreneurs to operate
their enterprise
8 Key Success Factor:

The main key success factors for us were the GMT member. The women of the village were
very active they always tries to listen us whatever we say and other key success factor is the
director and secretary of the Group who always try to convince the local women also the
Udyogini field staff who arranged the training at schedule time.
9 Lessons Learnt:
• Though we were giving GMT to the Women Entrepreneur Group but it was also training
for us. This training gave us opportunity to interact with very poor but brave women of
the villages.
• We learnt about the factors influencing the rural women to start and operate their
enterprises.
• During the GMT we also learnt the importance of life skills & functional literacy which
will help them to operate & manage their enterprise.
• We also learnt that social rural marketing can bring an economic empowerment with
the help of WEG formation as this inculcates saving habits among the rural women.
• It helped us to understand that giving right information can help people to make right
decision.
• A proactive strategy can bring a sustainable development.

10 Overall observations as a grassroots change agent:
10.1 Challenges Ahead:
• It’s very important to strengthen the purchasing power of the rural community.
• Education is very important for Operation of business so that these women can do
accounting independently.
• To be able to tackle the group pressure which remains an important aspect as it affects
the decision making of an entrepreneur.
• Social customs plays an important role for an entrepreneur as it affects their mobility
which is crucial for an entrepreneur.
• Due to many faulty interventions of other NGOs working in the district it’s a challenge
to earn & sustain communities trust.
• A mere distribution of money has degraded the communities’ value and generated a
feeling of dependency.
• Quality of work has hampered due to lack of speedy implementation and proper co-
ordination with other Governmental /Non –government agencies.
10.2 Suggestions to the above challenges:

• The purchasing power of the community can be strengthened by setting up new
enterprises.
• Life skill and functional literacy programs can be implemented for Women.
• Awareness on gender sensitivity
• Trust can be build by proper and effective working of the NGOs
• Efforts should be made to make community self dependent, which can happen by
enterprise development.
As a grassroots worker we have learned that, without participation of local people we cannot
make any event successful because we can’t judge which is the most important thing needed by
them. During the GMT we found that everyone has some skill, some members have good
knowledge of enterprise and they know how they can generate income only they don’t have
proper guidance and market linkage. Due to the intervention of Udyogini, which is working as a
change agent many of the WEG have become self sufficient and are doing small enterprise like

vegetable production, mahua procurement, providing credit facility ,and brick making and so
on. Thus we can say that any program can be implemented only by being sensitive to the need of
local people.
Case Study
Face Sheet:
Name: Gomati Bai Dhumkati Age: 46
Marital status: Married Educational qualification: Illiterate
Village: Keriba P.O.: Chhapra Block: Niwas
State: Madhya Pradesh
Cast: Schedule Tribe Religion: Hindu
Name of the husband: Mr. Bal Chand Dhumketi
Educational qualification: 8th
No. of family Members: 4
Present family income (Rs):3000

Gomati Bai -A face of Women Entrepreneur
Background:
Gomati Bai Dhumketi is a 46 year old woman; she resides in the village Keriba of Niwas block
in Mandla district. She was married to Bal Chand Dhumketi at the age of 16. She is having a
family of four consisting of a son studying in 12th, a daughter studying in 10th, her husband is an
unskilled labor and works on a daily wage basis. As her husband is an unskilled labor he could
not earn enough money to meet daily requirements, the financial sources are not secure and
living condition is not good. She has a small piece of agriculture land on which she cultivates
kodo, kutki, wheat, rai etc. The income from the agricultural activities is not enough to manage
her household expenses and education related expenses of the children as the land is infertile and
there is an acute shortage of water for irrigation.

Before opening up the VLSC, she was completely dependent upon agriculture and non-agri
labor as the source of livelihood. Being physically weak she was not able to do hard labor work,
also as compared to the work done as laborer she used to get much less wage. Thus overall
situation of her family is miserable and survival is not ensured.
Training:
Fed up of her living condition and humiliations that her family faced in the society she was
looking for some activity which could help her in getting some financial support to the family.
At that time Udyogini was expanding its work from Bakori cluster to Babliya cluster and there
only Gomati Bai came into contact with the field staff and other workers of Udyogini. She
joined Udyogini’s Women Entrepreneur Group in 2006 and started saving Rs 25 every month.
After having enough savings, one day she went to Udyogini’s Babliya office and asked for the
VLSC franchise and she took training for 3 months.
Entering into Business:

After completion of the training she opened a VLSC in her village Keriba with the help of
UJAS. In the beginning she invested a sum of Rs 10000, out of which Rs 3000 came from her
savings and rest Rs 7000 was given by UJAS. It’s now more than 1 year since the opening of
VLSC by Gomati Bai, per day sell of the shop is approx. Rs 200-250. She manages to earn
profit of Rs 100-150 per day, but this earning varies from season to season. On an average the
monthly selling from the shop is approx RS 9000-10000 and her monthly earning from the shop
is approx. Rs 2000.This VLSC aggregates and procures agricultural and forest produce from the
village itself and then the volume is sold out to CLSCs. From CLSC retail products are bought
and VLSCs supplies to the villages.
Udyogini has helped in transforming her life; she has gained self confidence. Earlier she used
to shy and hesitate to talk but today she can talk to any officials. Now she can ask for
the right price for goods, she now knows about different weights used for weighing products.
She was illiterate but now she has learnt to manage the accounts of her shop with the help of her
husband and children’s. She has got better position and name in the society now she is invited

for special occasions and festivals in the village. She feels empowered and independent as she
plays a major role in decision making in her family. She understands the importance of
education and therefore wants her children to study, she even teaches other women’s of the
village about hygiene, cleanliness and even motivates them to get similar training from
Udyogini and become an entrepreneur.
Future Plans:
As the income from the business allows her to save, she is planning to expand her business. She
has planned to improve the infrastructure of her shop so that she could store more products both
for selling and for procurement. She is also planning to invest for her children’s better
educational facilities.

NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME
INTRODUCTION
National Service Scheme was launched in year 1969 with a motto “Not Me, But You” which
means the service for others without being selfish. It is a service through which the nation’s
Youth can develop the community welfare Programs. The NSS promotes the volunteers to come

ahead and put their effort and help to aware the community through campaigning, drama, role
play etc.
The NSS is directly relevant to the Rural Management student, because the student of RM are
supposed to work under Rural Areas and give the development program for the inclusive
development in Rural Areas. Thus NSS is also a part of development activity and therefore is
very meaningful for the Rural Management students.
This NSS activity helps to built direct linkages between Community and Campus, College and
Village, Knowledge and Action, Thinking and Implementation through the involvement of local
community
2 Objective of NSS:
• To work with local community for their awareness and development.
• To encourage students for daily attendance at the school
• To assimilate and incorporate environmental values in the education
• To aware the villagers specially women about the Pulse Polio Drop and its importance
for their nascent child.
• To support the government schemes.
• To inform the women about the other useful vaccination i.e., ECG, BCG etc
• To motivate small children to go to School.
3 Activity Profile:
1. Participation in Pulse Polio Day
2. Poem and Dancing Competition among Children’s up to 5 years
3. Participation in Republic Day Celebration
4. Teaching in Primary School
5. Essay and Drawing Competition

6. Rally on women’s day
3.1 Participation in Pulse Polio Day:

Eradication of Polio is of the prime objective through the World. It has been eradicated in most
part of the World but it is still prevailing in our country. Therefore our government has taken a
large scale campaign with a motto to eradicate Polio. For this Polio camp are organized
throughout the country with the help of local nurses and Anganwadi workers. On one such event
i.e. on 23rd February, 2011 we also participated in one such mission to create awareness about
Polio. The day is also known as Polio Raviwar.
Approach:
Having the aim to do something for the society, we were searching and planning for the
opportunities since the day-1, and then we came to know that the government is once again
organizing the mega campaign for Pulse Polio. We decided to participate in this program and
started planning. We went Primary Health Centre to meet the Medical officer Dr. P.L. Kori and
introduced ourselves and our purpose of visiting. Coincidently a meeting was organized on that
day for the distribution of field area for Polio vaccine; we also participated in the meeting and
addressed our purpose to all the nurses, asha and the doctor. During the meeting Doctor
introduced us to a nurse named Ms. S. Choudhary (ANM) and Ms. Saroj Warkare (Asha
worker) with whom we had to organize Polio Raviwar. We are very thankful to
the doctor because he gave us this opportunity. On 23rd morning we went to the health centre and
from there we along with the nurse headed towards village Devrikala, booth No.-66. We had to
put our Polio camp in the Primary School, after reaching there we posted Polio Raviwar banners
on the wall and on the outside of the school, our work started by 9 o’clock in the morning.
Along with giving polio drops we were also giving them information on why Polio vaccine is
required. We also asked them whether they have given other vaccines or not, we informed them
about the benefits of vaccine and also encouraged them to give vaccines to their children. Some
very interesting things happened during the program, we came across few children’s who were
very enthusiastic for taking Polio drop, not only this they encouraged many other children to

take Polio drop. Though we taught people about disease and vaccine, this day was very
informing for us also. We interacted with people of almost all caste and class and learnt their
culture and behavior very closely.
3.2 Poem & Dancing Competition (children up to 5yrs.)

During our work on theme paper we came across many “Palan ghar” run by Udyogini. We saw
that children’s were not willing to come to the Palan ghar. After few visit, we observed that the
reason behind children’s unwillingness to come was their lack of interest. We decided to
generate interest in these children so that they could come to these centers and therefore we took
it for our NSS activity. We organized Poem & singing competition among children’s and
distributed chocolates among them.

3.3 Republic Day Celebrations:
On 26th January i.e. the Republic Day we thought of organizing a rally on awareness for
education and motivate drop outs to join the school again. With this thought in mind we went to
meet the Principle of the Middle School, Babaliya and put our plan in front of him. And thus
with his permission and support we organized a rally in the village starting from the school to
the Boys hostel where cultural programs were organized.

3.4 Teaching in Primary School:
During our stay in the village we came to know that the teaching facilities are not adequate in
the village, therefore we visited Primary School of the village and talked with the teacher. We
found that there are just two teacher to teach students from class 1 to 5 and one Para teacher to
teach students below std.1. There are three rooms in the school and total number of students in
the school is 67. We also noticed that the teachers lacked interest in teaching, after looking at the
situation we decided to take class for these children. We took permission from the teacher and
started taking classes. We found that the students had very poor reading and writing skill.
Students of std. 5 were not able to read Hindi properly and most of the students failed to solve
simple mathematical problems. We also took classes for students below class 1.
3.5 Painting and Essay Competition:

While teaching in the Primary School we thought of organizing a competition among students.
The prime objective for such competition was to check the thinking ability of the students as
well as to check how much they are concerned about their environment. The topic for the essay

competition was “Our environment” for students from class 3 to 5. The topic for essay for junior
students was “How I spend my Day”, the objective behind this topic was to see how they plan
their day and also make them aware about proper utilization of time. After essay competition
Painting competition was organized for students from class 3 to 5. The topic for painting
competition was “Nature”. The evaluation for both the competition was done and the winners
were given prize. First and second prize was instrument box whereas third prize was pen.
3.6 Rally on Women’s Day

Skit: Advantages of doing Enterprise and
Entrepreneurship
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,पिशकण देती है। िजसको जी एम टी बोला जाता हे मैने आस पास के गावं की कानती,गोमती,दोपती
धनोबाई से भी िमली ऒर देखा िक वो लोग अपनी अपनी उदयम चला रही है। इसीिलए मेने भी
पिशकण मे भाग ली ओर अपनी गाम सतरीय सेवा केद खोल ली तुम चाहो तो उदोिगनी के पिशकक के
साथ बात कर सकते हो चलो उनसे बात कर लेते है ।
aÉÉãqÉÌiÉ: UÉqÉ UÉqÉ qÉæQûqÉ

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मागरदशन कीिजए ।
ÌuÉqÉsÉÉ: UÉqÉ UÉqÉ qÉæQûqÉ
दोपती: जयादा पिरशान मत हो यहा से पिशकण लेने के बाद बहुत सारी बाई आतमिनभरर हो गई है और
आपना जीवनयापन अचछे से चला रही है हारा अगला पिशकण १४ माचर से शुर हो रहा है तू आ
जाना ..................
उदोिगनी पिशकण के साथ साथ आपको बाजार से जुडाव ओर िवितय सहायता भी देती है ।
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6.
7. और इसके साथ साथ अनपढ मिहलाऒं को पढना िलखना िसखा
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AÉrÉÉ..
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xÉçÇuÉÉSè MüiÉÉï :
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Village Report

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Village Report

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REPORT ON VILLAGE STUDY SEGMENT

HOST ORGANIZATION VSS CO-ORDINATOR

REPORTING OFFICER FACULTY GUIDE

Enterprise Promotion Manager MBA-RM Coordinator

KIIT SCHOOL OF RURAL MANAGEMENT (KSRM)

Kumar Nishant (10201026)

Sunil Kumar (10201055)

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 1

Author: Kumar Nishant and Sunil Kumar

Host Organization: UDYOGINI, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 2

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 2

PART 1: VILLAGE REPORT

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 3

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 2

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 3

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 4

the lives of the people of the village.

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 2

3.1 SOURCE OF DATA:

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 1

3.3 DATA ANALYSIS:

3.4 LIMITATIONS OF DATA COLLECTION:

4 GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Table 1: Location of the Village

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 1

4.2 History of the Village:

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 1

4.3 Demography of Village:

4.4 Literacy Level:

4.5 Social Structure:

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 1

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 2

4.7 Gender Clock

6:00 – 8:00 am preparing tea, Bathing, 6:00-8:00 am Having tea, Take

8:00-9:00 am Serving food, send 8:00-9:00 am Take bath, breakfast

12:00-1:00 pm Come back from 12:00-1:00 pm Come back from

5:00-6:00 pm Bringing water, cleaning 5:00-6:00 pm Come back from the

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 1

Source: Focused Group Discussion

5 Weather and Seasonality

5.3 Seasonality of Cropping Pattern:

Table 7: Major crops

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 1

5.4 Seasonality of Food Availability:

5.5 Seasonality of Diseases:

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5.6 Period of happiness and sorrow:

5.7 Seasonality of Migration:

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 1

Source: FGD, Survey

5.7.1 Force field analysis of Migration:

1. Emotional attachment to the

. 2. High cost of living

School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Page 2

5. Low quality food 5. Low agriculture production

6. Illness or death 6. Draught

Source: focused group discussion

Table 9: Land Holding Pattern

Land use Area in hectare

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