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Edited and some adding from previous post in Flydamnit~
Source-Asia Pacific Flight Training Text Book

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ABBREVIATIONS
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[ICAO Abbreviations That Commonly Used on Most Met Forecasts]

ACT - Active MAX - Maximum
AMD - Amended or Amendment MNM - Minimum
ASSW - Associated with MOD - Moderate
BKN - Broken MON - Above or Over Mountains
BLW - Below MOV - Moving
BTN - Between MTW - Mountain Waves
CAT - Clear Air Turbulence NC - No Change or Not Changing
CNS - Continuous OBS - Observed
COR - Correction OBSC - Obscured
COT - At or On The Coast OCNL - Occasional
EMBD - Embedded OVC - Overcast
FCST - Forecast SCT - Scattered
FEW - Few SEV - Severe
FPM - Feet per Minute SKC - Sky Clear
FRQ - Frequent SLW - Slow
GRN - Ground STNR - Stationary
HVYGR - Havy Hail TDO - Tornado
ICE - Icing TRS - Tropical Cyclone
INC - In Cloud TURB - Turbulence
INTSF - Intensifying VAL - In Valleys
INTST - Intensity VERVIS - Vertical Visibility
ISOL - Isolated VRB - Variable
LAN - Inland or Overland VSP - Vertical Speed
LOC - Locally WDSPR - Widespread
LSQ - Line Squall WKN - Weakening
LYR - Layer or Layered WS - Windshear
MAR - At or Over Sea WTSP - Waterspout

[Abbreviations That Require Further Explanations]

SKC Sky Clear - no oktas
FEW Few - 1 to 2 oktas
SCT Scattered - 3 to 4 oktas
BKN Broken - 5 to 7 oktas
OVC Overcast - 8 oktas
EMBD Embedded - thunderstorms or CB embedded in cloud or haze
OBSC Obscured - thunderstorms or CB concealed in cloud or haze
ISOL Isolated - individual CB
OCNL Occasional - well seperated CB
FRQ Frequent - CB with little or no seperation

[More Abbreviations]
CAVOK - Cloud and Visibility OK
Visibility is 10 km or more
No cloud below 5000 ft or below the MSA and no CB
No precipitation, thunderstorms, shallow fog or low drifting snow
NOSIG - No significant changes are forecast in the next two hours
CB - Cumulonimbus (added in the cloud group)
TCU - Towering cumulus (added in the cloud group)

[ICAO Weather Group Abbreviations]

- Light
+ Heavy or well developed when preceding PO or FC
VC In the vicinity (within 8 km of aerodrome perimeter)
MI Shallow
BC Patches (randomly covered)
PR Partial (covered only certain part)
DR Drifting
BL Blowing
SH Shower(s)
TS Thunderstorm
FZ Super cooled
DZ Drizzle
RA Rain
SN Snow
SG Snow grains
IC Diamond dust
PE Ice pellets
GR Hail
GS Small hail (less than 5 mm diameter) and/or snow pellets
BR Mist
FG Fog
FU Smoke
VA Volcanic ash
DU Widespread dust
SA Sand
HZ Haze
PO Well developed dust/sand whirls
SQ Squalls
FC Funnel cloud(s) (tornado or water-spout)
SS Sandstorm
DS Duststorm
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MET FORECASTS
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[Introductions]
SIGMET - Warnings of hazardous conditions
Transmitted to aircraft
Providing hazard ahead within 500 nm or 2 hours flying hours
Valid for 4 hours
METAR - Routine Meteorological Aerodrome Report
Contains actual conditions at the time of the observation
TAF - Terminal Aerodrome Forecast
Contains an estimate of conditions which are expected to prevail during
period of forecast
Covering periods of up to 12 hours are updated every 3 hours
Covering periods from 12 to 24 hours are updated avery 6 hours

[Example of METAR]
METAR EGLL 301220Z 24015KT 200V280 8000 -RA FEW010 BKN025 OVC080 18/15
Q0983 TEMPO 3000 RA BKN008 OVC020
EGLL METAR concerning London-Heathrow
301220Z At 1220 UTC on the 30th of the month
24015KT Surface wind: mean directon 240 degrees true, mean speed 15 kts
200V280 Varying between 200 and 280 degrees wind direction (10 minutes)
8000 Minimum visibility 8 km
-RA Light rain
FEW010 Cloud: 1-2 oktas base 1000 ft
BKN025 Cloud: 5-7 oktas base 2500 ft
OVC080 Cloud: 8 oktas base 8000 ft
18/15 Temperature +18 degrees Celsius, dew point +15 degrees Celsius
Q0983 QNH 983 hectopascals
TEMPO Temporarily over the next two hours
3000 Minimun visibility 3 km
RA Moderate rain
BKN008 Cloud: 5-7 oktas base 800 ft
OVC02 Cloud: 8 oktas base 2000ft

[Example of TAF)
EGLL 102200Z 110624 13010KT 9000 BKN010 BECMG 0608 SCT015 BKN020 PROB30 TEMPO 08
16 17025G40KT 4000 TSRA SCT010 BKN015CB BECMG 1821
3000 BR SKC
EGLL TAF concerning London-Heathrow
102220Z Issued at 2200 UTC on the 10th of the month
110624 Validity from 0600 UTC to 2400 UTC the next day .
13010KT. Surface wind: mean directon 130 degrees true, mean speed 10 kts
9000 Minimum visibility 9 km
BKN010 Cloud: 5-7 oktas base 1000 ft
BECMG 0608 Becoming from 0600UTC to 0800UTC
SCT015 Cloud: 3-4 oktas base 1500 ft
BKN020 Cloud: 5-7 oktas base 2000 ft
PROB30 With a probability of 30%
TEMPO 0816 Temporarily from 0800 UTC to 1600 UTC
17025G40KT Surface wind: Mean 170 degrees true, 25 kt gusting to 40 kt
8000 Minimum visibility 8 km
TSRA Thunderstorm with rain
SCT010 Cloud: 3-4 oktas base 1000 ft
BKN015CB Cloud: 5-7 oktas with Cumulonimbus base 1500 ft
BECMG 1821 Becoming from 1800 UTC to 2100 UTC
3000 Minimum visibility 3 km
BR Mist
SKC Sky clear
[Example of SIGMET]
SIGMET 1
EDDF SIGMET VALID 101500 to 1900 ACT TS OBS AND FCST IN W
AND S OF FRANKFURT FIR ASSW FRO CB TOPS FL 400 MOV SLW E INTSF =
SIGMET 2
EGLL SIGMET VALID 041630/2030 OCNL SEV CAT OBS AND FCST
LONDON FIR, N OF 53 DEG AND E OF 00 DEG. MOV SLW S. INTST NC =
Decode 1
Frankfurt (EDDF) SIGMET valid 10th day of the month 1500 to 1900 UTC. Active thu
nderstorms observed and forecast in west and south of Frankfurt flight informati
on region, associated with frequent cumulonimbus, tops FL 400, moving slowly eas
twards and intensifying.
Decode 2
Heathrow (EGLL) SIGMET valid 4th day of the month 1630 to 2030 UTC. Occasional s
evere clear air turbulence observed and forecast in the London flight informatio
n region, north of 53°N and east of 0°E/W. Moving slowly southwards, no change in in
tensity.

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1)Horizontal Visibiliy
-When there is no marked variation in direction the minimum visibility is given
in meters.
The minimum visibility with the direction is given when there is a marked vari
ation with direction,
e.g. 2000NE.
-9999 indicates a visibility of 10 kilometers or more, 0000 indicates a visibil
ity of less than 50 meters
2)Runway Visual Range (RVR)
-Reported when the vis falls below 1500 m. It has the form R, followed by the R
/W designator, a diagonal and then the Touchdown RVR. If > one R/W is in use
, the RVR group will be repeated. Parallel runways are distinguished by adding C
, L or R to the runway designator.
e.g. R24U1200R24R/1100.
-When RVR is greater than the maximum assessable value the prefix P will be add
ed followed by the maximum value.
e.g. R15/P1500.
-The prefix M indicates the RVR is less than the minimum value that can be asse
ssed.
e.g. R15/M0050.
-Tendencies are indicated by U for up, D for down or N for no change. They show
a significant change (100m or more) from the first 5 minutes to the secon
d 5 minutes in the 10 minute prior to the observation .
e.g. R25/1000D.
-Variations are reported if the RVR has changed minute by minute during the 10
minute period prior to the report.
The 1 minute minimum and maximum separated by V are reported instead of the 1
0 minute mean.
e.g. RI5L0850V1000.

3)CAVOK
-Visibility is 10 km or more.
-There is no cloud below 5000 ft or below the highest Minimum Sector Altitude (
MSA), which ever is greater, and no CB.
-No significant weather phenomenon at or in the vicinity of the aerodrome.
-Minimum Sector Altitude is the lowest altitude that may be used under emergenc
y conditions which will provide a minimum clearance of 1,000 ft above all obje
cts located in an area contained within a sector of a circle of 25 nm radius c
entered on a radio navigation aid. A sector cannot be less than 45°.
4)Air Temperature and Dew point
-Air Temperature and Dew point are reported in degrees Celsius. M indicates a n
egative value.
Examples: 10/08, 01/M01
5)Weather (RE)
-This is operationally significant weather observed since the previous observat
ion (or in the last hour, whichever is the shorter) but not occurring now.
-Up to three groups may be used to indicate the former presence of more than on
e weather type.
Example: RETS REGR
6)Windshear (WS)
-Windshear may be inserted if reported in the lowest 1600ft of the take-off or a
pproach paths.
Example: WS RWY27, WS ALL RWY
7)Trend
-A forecast of significant changes in weather expected within 2 hours of the ob
servation time may be added to the end of a METAR or SPECI if a qualified F
orecaster is present.
-Change Indicator:
BECMG (becoming) or TEMPO (temporary) which are followed by a time group in
hours and minutes UTC, and which may be followed by FM (from), TL (until) o
r AT (at) followed by a four figure time group.
 -Weather:
Standard codes are used in this section. NOSIG is used when no significant c
hanges are expected to occur during the trend forecast period.
Example: BCMG FM1100 25035G50KT or, TEMPO 0630 TL 0830 3000 SHRA.
8)Runway State Group
-An eight-figure Runway State Group may be added to the end of the METAR or SPE
CI (following any TREND) when there is lying precipitation or other runway c
ontamination. The student must be able to decode the first two digits (Runway
designator) and last two digits (Braking Action). The complete group consist
s of:
Examples: 24CLRD93 = Rwy 24 cleared: Braking action; Medium
88CLRD95 = All runways cleared: Braking action; Good

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Edited and some adding from previous post in Flydamnit~