Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Easier to produce
Vpp = 2Vp
Ipp = 2Ip
The average value of a sine wave is defined
over a half-cycle rather than over a full cycle
The RMS value is also referred to as the effective
Ym 2
Y ave = Ym
Π
Y p−p Y rms =
1
Y m=Y eff
2
Y t =Y m sin ωt φ Where Ym=max value of the V/I
ω=2πf (rad/sec) =angular velocity
f=frequency
t=any time t(sec)
φ= phase angle
φA φB
Ym Ym
A B
A leading by φA Y t =Y m sin ωtφ A
6.28ms
1. Resistor
V
I
V=iR
N
S
−
Inductor
V V L =L
di
I dt
dt
i L =∫ V L
L
−V m cos ωt
¿
ωL
Vm o
= sin ωt −90
ωL
plates
Gap or
− − − − −
insulation
− − − − −
−
Capacitor
dt
V C =∫ i
V C
dv
i C =C
I dt
d V msin ωt
¿C
dt
=ω CV m sin ωt 90o
LT =L1 L2Ln 1 1 1 1
Series =
CT C1 C2 C n
Parallel
1 1 1 1 C T =C 1C 2 C n
=
LT L1 L2 Ln
Resistor Inductor Capacitor
Im
v t =RI m sin ωt v L t =ω LI m sin ωt90 o
v C t =
ωC
sin ωt −90o
Where R=resistance
Xc =capacitive reactance
XL =inductive rectance
j o
Z ∠θ =R± jX
Z 2 2 2
X Z =R X
θ
R
R θ=tan
Where
−1
X
R
Z= impedance
−j R= resistance
X=reactance
Θ=impedance angle
If the reactance (X) is positive, Z is inductive in nature.
Else, Z is capacitive in nature
R-L Circuit R-C Circuit
R
Z
XL θ
R θ XC
R Z
R
Z ∠ θ o=R jX L − jX C
jX L Z ∠−θ o=R− jX C
XL
θ=tan −1 θ=tan −1
XC
R R
XL is positive Xc is negative
Theta (θ) is negative
Theta (θ) is positive
L-C Circuits
Inductive Capacitive
X T ∠90 o= jX T X T ∠−90 o=− jX T
j
Z Where j=i= −1
X 2
θ j =−1
R 3
j =− j
R 4
j =1
−j
1. Addition/ Subtraction
Z 3= Z 1 Z 2 *for polar: change to
rectangular form then
¿ R 1R 2 j X 1 X 2 add or subtract
5. Multiplication
Z 3= Z 1 Z 2= R 1 jX 1 R 2 jX 2
¿ R 1 R 2− X 1 X 2 j X 1 R 2 X 2 R 1
Z 3 ∠ θ3 =Z 1 Z 2 ∠ θ 1 θ 2
3. Division
Z 3=
Z1
=
R 1 jX 1 R2 − jX 2
¿
Z2 R2 jX 2 R2 − jX 2
=
R1 R 2 X 1 X 2 j X 1 R 2− X 2 R 1
2 2
R 2 X 2
Z1
Z 3 ∠ θ3 = ∠ θ 1 −θ 2
Z2
Z 1=12− j 18
Z 2 =4 j 15
Z 3 =25
Z1 Z2 12− j 18 4 j 15
Z 4= =
Z 1 Z 2 12− j 184 j 15
48270− j 72 j 180 318 j 108
= =
16− j3 16− j3
318 j 108 16 j3 4764 j 2682
= =
16− j3 16 j3 265
=17.98 j 10 .12
Z4 Z 3 17.98 j 10 .12 25
Z ab= =
Z 4 Z 3 17 .98 j 10.1225
449.5 j 253 449.5 j 253 42 .98− j 10.12
= =
42. 98 j 10.12 42 .98 j 10. 12 42 .98− j 10.12
21858.38 j 6330 .61
=
1949. 69
=11.21 j3. 25
10.33 a 100Ω resistor and a 500µF capacitor are in series.
The voltage across the resistor is Vr=300sin 100t.
Determine the (a) current, (b) the voltage across the
capacitor and (c)impedance
(a) VR
300sin100 t
I= =
R 100
¿ 3sin100 tA
Phasor form
300
V R= ∠ 0o =212.1 ∠0o V
2
VR 212 .1 ∠0o o
I= = =2 . 12∠0 A
R 100
−j 1
(b) − jX C=− j =
ωC 100500 μ
¿− j 20
I
V C =− jX C I =− j
ωC
ωC
(c) Z t =R− jX C
¿ 100− j 20
11.60 Determine the voltages across each impedance
V 1=120
5∠60 o
5∠60 o10 ∠30o 15∠−40 o
¿ 120
5∠60o
22. 65∠−0.79 o =120 0.22 ∠60 .79
V 3=120
15 ∠−40 o
22 .65 ∠−0.79o
¿ 120 0.66∠−39 .21
¿ 79. 2∠−39.21 V
Z P=Real Power, Watts
X function of resistance, R
θ
Q=Reactive Power, VAR(Volt-
R
Ampere-Reactance)
function of reactance, X
S S=Apparent Power, VA (Volt-
Q Ampere)
θ
function of impedance, Z
P
Z ∠θ o=R± jX
Z
X Z 2 =R 2X 2
θ
R
θ=tan −1
X
R
Angle of Impedance
S∠ θ o =P± jQ
S
Q S2=P 2Q2
θ
P θ=tan−1 Q
P Power Factor Angle
*phase angle difference
between the voltage and
current
P=Scos θ
Q=S sin θ
P
cos θ= Power Factor
S
P=I 2R R S=I 2Z Z
2
V 2R VZ
Watts VA
¿ ¿
R Z
¿ VI cos θ ¿ VI
S∠ θ pf =V I¿
Q=I 2X X
V 2X VAR, inductive (lagging pf)
¿ VAR, capacitive (leading pf)
X
S
¿ VI sin θ Q
θ
P
Where:
θ= phase angle difference of the voltage
P
pf =cos θ= and current (θV –θI )
S pf = Power Factor or the ratio of the real
power to the apparent power
Q rf =Reactive Factor or the ratio of the
rf =sin θ= reactive power to the apparent power
S
(vi) Q= 5kVAR
pure capacitance
P T =P 1P 2P 3P 4P 5P 6
¿ 101518 .7516 .72200
¿ 80. 47 kW
Q T =Q 1Q2 Q 3Q 4 Q 5Q6
¿ 13. 338.6616. 5414 .315−5
¿ 62. 83kVAR
ST = P 2Q 2 = 80.47 62.83
2 2
T T
¿ 102.09 kVA
The power factor is to be corrected to 0.9 lagging.
(b) determine the kVAR rating of pure capacitors
needed to accomplish this.
θ=tan −1
62 . 87
80 . 47
=37 . 98 o
θ=cos−1 0.9 =25.84 o
80 .47 kW
25 .84 o
37 .98o
62 .83 kVAR
102. 09kVA QC
80.47kW
25.84 o 80.47kW
37.98o
62.83kVAR 25.84 o
62.83−Q C
102. 09kVA QC
Q T −Q C 62 .83−Q C
tan25.84= =
PT 80 .47
38 .97=62.83−Q C
Q C=23. 86kVAR
11.8 Two impedances Z1=10∠45 and Z2=12∠30
are in series across a voltage source. The total
reactive power Q is 2060 VAR. Determine the
total true power and the total apparent power.
Determine the applied voltage.
Given: Z T =Z 1 Z 2
Z 1=10∠ 45o o
o
¿ 21. 81∠36 .81
Z 2 =12∠ 30
Q T =2060 VAR
*Since Z=V/I, θz would be equal to the
phase angle difference of the voltage
and current.
S
o
2060 VAR
36 .81
P
2060
sin 36. 81=
S
S S=3438 .13 VA
2060 VAR 2060
36 .81 o tan36.81=
P
P P=2752 .66 W
V2
S=
Z
V = SV = 3438 .13×21.81
¿ 273.84 V