Forces and Motions in Rolling Bearings

bearing clearance
Example:
VIR > VRE > VOR > VRC
bearing type 62222 C3
fIR > fRE > fOR > fRC C3 = 0.05 mm
Vc gap
Fcentrifugal, rolling
element

Vb
v(fn)
Fdyn., rotor
housing

shaft
Fstat, rotor

acceleration impulse
roller leaves load zone

breaking impulse
roller enters load zone
Hertz
surface pressure
vibration

contact load zone = measuring zone

no air gap
 Overall values for Bearing condition

Acceleration - Crest Factor

Spike Energy Value
Shock Pulse
BCU - Value Measurement
Kurtosis Factor Normalising with…
• Shaft speed (rpm)
gSE - Value • Shaft Diameter (Bearing Size)
SEE - Value

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Time Time
A Typical Bearing Life Cycle
 Types of Rolling Bearing Damages (1)

Damages types/ Causes wear

1 Wear - lifetime expired

- overloading
- assembly / shock pulses
manufacturing error
- greasing deficiency
wear

shock pulses
- lifetime expired
2 Damage to - bearing overloaded
rolling track - bearing under-loaded damage
- greasing deficiency
envelope

high variation in
- Damaged rolling track shock pulse levels
3 Contaminated - damaged sealing and defect
frequencies
lubricant - contaminated
lubricant
 Types of Rolling Bearing Damages (2)

Damages types/ Causes

4 Greasing - greasing deficiency

- Under-loading
deficiency
temperature
rises very late

shock pulses
air gap
- assembly error
5 Unround - manufacturing defect damage
frequencies
deformation of in shaft or bearing in envelope
bearing race housing

dirt

- in bearing housing
6 Jammed loose (sliding fit)
bearing - mis-calculation of
housing design fixed bearing loose bearing
high vibration
increasing bearing
temperature
VIBSCANNER® Bearing Condition Measurement

in
Normalising of Shock Pulse Measurements
Bearing Condition : Location & Preparation
 Extent of rolling bearing surface damage

n - number of rolling
elements in contact
0 good d with damage at

a - extent of damage to b ac
rolling bearing component

- small material defects

1 very small - several pitting
- defect frequencies are visible
in envelope spectrum

2 small - slight material splintering

- Max values of shock pulses begin to rise
when rolling element passes over defect
 Extent of rolling bearing surface damage

- one roller drops into slight depression

3 medium caused by damage to rolling track
- maximum values rise perceptibly

- one or more rollers drop into

large depression by damage to
4 large rolling track
- maximumvalues rise dramatically
carpet values rise continuously

- carpet values rise substantially

- bearing approaching crash
5 very large - componentsmay break
- increasing machine vibrations
- rotor drops into very large depression
- several rollers drop into severe
 Envelope Analysis – Rolling Bearings Fault Detection
Time signal:
a
m/s2

No rolling track defect:

t (s)

Rectification
a
m/s2

t (s)

Enveloping
a a Envelope spectrum:
m/s2 m/s 2
Envelope

t (s)

f (Hz)
 Envelope Analysis – Rolling Bearings Fault Detection

Time signal:
a
m/s2
Rolling track defect:
t (s)

a
Rectification
m/s2

t (s)

Enveloping Envelope spectrum:

a
m/s2
a
m/s2
Envelope Defect frequency

t (s)
fRPOF 2• fRPOF 3• fRPOF 4•fRPOF f (Hz)
1
• fRPOF (Hz) =
TRPOF
 Roller Bearing Race Track Defects
Outer Race Defect: Inner Race Defect:

a a
Envelope Spectrum: m/s² Envelope Spectrum:
m/s²

fRPOF 2f RPOF3fRPOF4f RPOF 5fRPOF f 2xfRPIF f (Hz)

f (Hz) RPIF

Rolling element pass outer race fRPOF and
harmonics clearly visible
• if only fRPOF appears, then it can also be an unround
deformation of the outer race track
• In the case of very big unbalance, side bands with interval
fn appear because of periodic load changes
(in the load zone modulation with fn as the unbalance runs
periodically through the load zone)
Rolling element pass inner race frequency fRPIF
and many side bands with interval f n
• Modulated with the fundamental frequency fn as the inner
race defect runs periodically through the load zone with fn
• Fundamental modulation frequency fn and harmonics are
visible
 Roller Bearing Defects – Part 3
Rolling element defect: Cage Defect:

a a
m/s² Envelope Spectrum: m/s² Envelope Spectrum:

fRPF 2•f 3• f f CRF 2 fCRF 3 f CRF 4 f f (Hz)

0.5 • fRPF 1.5•fRPF RPF 2.5•fRPF RPF f (Hz)
Rolling element pass frequency f RPF with harmonics
And side bands with interval f CRF
• f can be also visible because of too small bearing clearance
RPF
or insufficient lubrication
• Modulation with cage rotational speed f CRF , as the rolling
element runs periodically through the load zone with f CRF
• Sub-harmonics of f RPF exist always with the harmonics, because the
pulse on outer race gives a higher level as pulses on the inner race
• Fundamental modulation frequency fCRF and harmonics are visible
CRF
Cage rotational frequency f CRF and harmonics
visible
• fCRF cage rotational frequency is cage defect
frequency
• coming out of the load zone: the rolling element
is accelerated and slides on the cage defect
• or coming into the load zone: the rolling element
is braked and slideson the cage defect