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Greenhouse Gases
FAQ 2.1, Figure 1. Atmospheric concentrations of important long-lived green-
Human activities result in emissions of four principal green- house gases over the last 2,000 years. Increases since about 1750 are attributed to
house gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide human activities in the industrial era. Concentration units are parts per million (ppm)
or parts per billion (ppb), indicating the number of molecules of the greenhouse gas
(N2O) and the halocarbons (a group of gases containing fluorine, per million or billion air molecules, respectively, in an atmospheric sample. (Data
chlorine and bromine). These gases accumulate in the atmosphere, combined and simplified from Chapters 6 and 2 of this report.)
causing concentrations to increase with time. Significant increases
in all of these gases have occurred in the industrial era (see Figure
• Ozone is a greenhouse gas that is continually produced and
1). All of these increases are attributable to human activities.
destroyed in the atmosphere by chemical reactions. In the tro-
• Carbon dioxide has increased from fossil fuel use in transpor- posphere, human activities have increased ozone through the
tation, building heating and cooling and the manufacture of release of gases such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and
cement and other goods. Deforestation releases CO2 and re- nitrogen oxide, which chemically react to produce ozone. As
duces its uptake by plants. Carbon dioxide is also released in mentioned above, halocarbons released by human activities
natural processes such as the decay of plant matter. destroy ozone in the stratosphere and have caused the ozone
hole over Antarctica.
• Methane has increased as a result of human activities related
to agriculture, natural gas distribution and landfills. Methane • Water vapour is the most abundant and important greenhouse
is also released from natural processes that occur, for example, gas in the atmosphere. However, human activities have only
in wetlands. Methane concentrations are not currently increas- a small direct influence on the amount of atmospheric wa-
ing in the atmosphere because growth rates decreased over the ter vapour. Indirectly, humans have the potential to affect
last two decades. water vapour substantially by changing climate. For example,
a warmer atmosphere contains more water vapour. Human
• Nitrous oxide is also emitted by human activities such as fertil-
izer use and fossil fuel burning. Natural processes in soils and activities also influence water vapour through CH4 emissions,
the oceans also release N2O. because CH4 undergoes chemical destruction in the strato-
sphere, producing a small amount of water vapour.
• Halocarbon gas concentrations have increased primarily due
• Aerosols are small particles present in the atmosphere with
to human activities. Natural processes are also a small source.
Principal halocarbons include the chlorofluorocarbons (e.g., widely varying size, concentration and chemical composition.
CFC-11 and CFC-12), which were used extensively as refrig- Some aerosols are emitted directly into the atmosphere while
eration agents and in other industrial processes before their others are formed from emitted compounds. Aerosols contain
presence in the atmosphere was found to cause stratospheric both naturally occurring compounds and those emitted as a re-
ozone depletion. The abundance of chlorofluorocarbon gases is sult of human activities. Fossil fuel and biomass burning have
decreasing as a result of international regulations designed to increased aerosols containing sulphur compounds, organic
protect the ozone layer. compounds and black carbon (soot). Human activities such as
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Frequently Asked Questions
FAQ Citation:
These Frequently Asked Questions have been taken directly from the chapters of the underlying report and are collected here.
When referencing specific FAQs, please reference the corresponding chapter in the report from whence the FAQ originated.