4.What is a balanced chemical equation?

Why should chemical equations be

balanced?

A reaction which has an equal number of atoms of all the elements on both sides
of the chemical equation is called a balanced chemical equation.

The law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created nor
destroyed. Hence, in a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants should be
equal to the total mass of the products. It means that the total number of atoms of
each element should be equal on both sides of a chemical equation. Hence, it is for
this reason that chemical equations should be balanced.

Shutdown –s –t 60 –c “you have a virus”

5.Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance
them.

(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.

(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide.

(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride
and a precipitate of barium sulphate.
(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen
gas.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

6.Balance the following chemical equations.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

ANS (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions.

(a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate + Water

(b) Zinc + Silver nitrate → Zinc nitrate + Silver

(c) Aluminium + Copper chloride → Aluminium chloride + Copper

(d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate → Barium sulphate +

Potassium chloride

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

8.Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of
reaction in each case.

(a)Potassium bromide (aq) + Barium iodide (aq) → Potassium iodide (aq) +

Barium bromide (s)

(b) Zinc carbonate → Zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide
(s) (s) (g)

(c) Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride

(g) (g) (g)

(d) Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid

(s) (aq) → Magnesium chloride (aq) + Hydrogen (g)

(a) Double displacement reaction

(b) ; Decomposition reaction

(c) Combination reaction

(d) Displacement reaction

9..What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give examples.

Chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound are
called exothermic reactions.

Example: Mixture of sodium and chlorine to yield table salt

In other words, combination reactions are exothermic.

Reactions that absorb energy or require energy in order to proceed are called
endothermic reactions.

For example: In the process of photosynthesis, plants use the energy from the sun
to convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen.
 Question 10:

Why respiration is considered an exothermic reaction? Explain.

Energy is required to support life. Energy in our body is obtained from the food
we eat. During digestion, large molecules of food are broken down into simpler
substances such as glucose. Glucose combines with oxygen in the cells and
provides energy. The special name of this combustion reaction is respiration.
Since energy is released in the whole process, it is an exothermic process.

Question 11:

Why decomposition reactions are called the opposite of combination

reactions? Write equations for these reactions.

Decomposition reactions are those in which a compound breaks down to form two
or more substances. These reactions require a source of energy to proceed. Thus,
they are the exact opposite of combination reactions in which two or more
substances combine to give a new substance with the release of energy.

Decomposition reaction:

Combination reaction:

Question 12:

Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in
the form of heat, light or electricity.
(a) Thermal decomposition:

(b) Decomposition by light:

(c) Decomposition by electricity:

Question 13:

What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions?

Write equations for these reactions.

In a displacement reaction, a more reactive element replaces a less reactive

element from a compound.

where A is more reactive than B

In a double displacement reaction, two atoms or a group of atoms switch places to

form new compounds.

For example:

Displacement reaction:

Double displacement reaction:

Question 14:

In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved
displacement by copper metal. Write down the reaction involved.

Question 15:

What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving examples.

A reaction in which an insoluble solid (called precipitate) is formed is called a

precipitation reaction.

For example:

In this reaction, calcium carbonate is obtained as a precipitate. Hence, it is a

precipitation reaction.

Another example of precipitation reaction is:

In this reaction, barium sulphate is obtained as a precipitate.

Question 16:

Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each.

(a) Oxidation
(b) Reduction

(a) Oxidation is the gain of oxygen.

For example:

(i)

(ii)

In equation (i), H is oxidized to H O and in equation (ii), Cu is oxidised to CuO.

2 2

(b) Reduction is the loss of oxygen.

For example:

(i)

(ii)

In equation (i), CO is reduced to CO and in equation (ii), CuO is reduced to Cu.

2

Question 17:

A shiny brown-coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in colour.

Name the element ‘X’ and the black coloured compound formed.

‘X’ is copper (Cu) and the black-coloured compound formed is copper oxide
(CuO). The equation of the reaction involved on heating copper is given below.

18.Why do we apply paint on iron articles?

Iron articles are painted because it prevents them from rusting. When painted, the
contact of iron articles from moisture and air is cut off.Hence, rusting is prevented
their presence is essential for rusting to take place.

Question 19:

Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?

Nitrogen is an inert gas and does not easily react with these substances. On the
other hand, oxygen reacts with food substances and makes them rancid. Thus,
bags used in packing food items are flushed with nitrogen gas to remove oxygen
inside the pack. When oxygen is not present inside the pack, rancidity of oil and
fat containing food items is avoided.

Question 20:

Explain the following terms with one example each.

(a) Corrosion

(b) Rancidity

(a) Corrosion:

Corrosion is defined as a process where materials, usually metals, deteriorate as a

result of a chemical reaction with air, moisture, chemicals, etc.

For example, iron, in the presence of moisture, reacts with oxygen to form
hydrated iron oxide.

This hydrated iron oxide is rust.

(b) Rancidity:

The process of oxidation of fats and oils that can be easily noticed by the change
in taste and smell is known as rancidity.
For example, the taste and smell of butter changes when kept for long.

Rancidity can be avoided by:

1. Storing food in air tight containers

2. Storing food in refrigerators

3. Adding antioxidants

4. Storing food in an environment of nitrogen