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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The product change over capability of a case packer heavily relies on its
mode of automation. The machine with which product change over is capable with
less human intervention is highly desirable in the modern end-of-the-line
packaging system. Also, incorporating such feature will reduce the operator’s
effort to configure the machine. But, the cost for initial investment made on
fabricating such a machine will be considerably high than that of conventional
machines. But, as the operating cost reduces as a result of reduced human
intervention, the advantages of the system overweigh the initial investment made.
In some of the packaging system, side loading and bottom loading are
widely used. This also accounts for the delay in the end-of-the-line packaging
system. The side loading and bottom loading has to be replaced by top loading in
order to increase the speed of operation. The top loading operation can be
effectively performed by the pick and place operation rather than the conventional
one. With its inherent ability to operate with greater speed of operation and
precise loading, pick and place systems are highly desirable.
Multi layer packing provokes a need for using precise loading operation to
prevent any glitches in the packaging operation. In this packaging operation, a
corrugated case has to be filled with two or more layers of products within the
same case. While doing such operation, it is desirable to provide some means of
layer separation by inserting a sheet of carton in between the two layers.
The case packer machine has to incorporate all these modern features to
aid faster end-of-the-line packaging applications. Servo control operation can be
used to replace the conventional pneumatic actuation. By using servo control, we
can ensure auto indexing of corrugated boxes and also we can increase the
speed of operation considerably.
Product change over capability can be incorporated into the case packer
machine by suitable programmable logic controller programming of lane diverter.
This can aid the case packer machine to configure to the varying product
dimensions with less human intervention.
Thus this project is better suited for versatile machines, which have to be
operated under various configurations. The servo control aided with PLC
programming ensures faster changeover time with less human intervention. Also,
this is a viable project which can increase its production rate compared to that of a
pneumatic operated machine, by reducing the glitches in actuation mechanisms.
This project work mainly focuses on automating the lane diverter in the
case packer machine using RS Logix software and by using Micrologix hardware
to accomplish the automation of the case packer machine. The lane diverter
automation aids the complete system to increase its speed because of its ability
divert the product to the required number of lanes.
The lane diverter can also be incorporated with certain features like aiding
faster product change over capability, thus reducing the human efforts needed to
make changes in machine configuration while it is required to be changed on
facing other product variety of its kind. Thus the automation of lane diverter
mechanism in the pick and place case packer can considerably increase the
speed of operation and also has the ability to provide faster product change over
capability and thus enhance the flexibility of the system.
1.3. OBJECTIVE
The main aim of this project is to increase the production rate of a
manufacturing industry by modifying the end-of-the line packaging system. This
can be accompanied by altering the lane diverter unit in the pick and place case
packer machine. This can be done by determining the parameters to be controlled
on the lane diverter and programming the complete machine with suitable
Programmable Logic Controller.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.) Jim Beam (2002) presented a paper on ‘Advanced Case Packers to Protect
Bottles and Increase Efficiency’ in the FlexLink industrial journal. This work mainly
concentrated on introducing safe and reliable case packing system and to have
faster case packing operation. This paper presents key concepts on increasing
the operational speed by introducing alternative source of actuation and discusses
the advantages and disadvantages of various options available for the packaging
operation. One of the widely explained concepts is the replacement of pneumatic
system with the hydraulic system but this provides certain limitations to the safety
and speed of case packing operation. This work shows that the various case
packing operations can be accomplished at various speed but the appropriate
kind of case packing relies on the product to be handled. This work also
emphasize on the appropriate selection of case packer according to the product
varieties to be handled and to enhance the flexibility of the case packer system.
From this work, various advancements in the case packing machinery to handle
variety of bottle packing methodologies were understood.
2.) George Miltan (2004) had made a relevant work on the ‘Tandem Servo
Case Packers to Handle a Variety of Bottle Shapes and Materials with Ease of
Operation’. In this work, he stated various options available for the case packing
operation and this especially deals with the handling of various bottle shapes in a
single machine. Several analysis have been made on flexibility of the system and
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various options available were examined for their compatibility to handle variation
in product shapes and sizes.
3.) M.Nakamura and S.Goto (2002), analysed various options available for the
servo controlled case packing operation and published their work in the title
‘Mechatronic Servo System Control’. This work mainly emphasizes on the
effective designing of the lane diverter and deals with the appropriate usage of
servo control mechanisms to avail flexibility of the system. The servo control unit
has an inbuilt encoder which is capable of auto indexing. The auto indexing
feature enables the case packer machine to have increased operational speed
because of its ease of availing feedback signals about the various positions of the
corrugated case available in the conveyor unit. The servo control has been widely
suggested because of its wide power range and its integrity with various electric
drives. The servo control provides feedback signal by either position control or
contour control. The position control emphasizes the arriving time and stop
position from any point without considering the response route. The contour
control emphasizes on the motion trajectory from the current position. Hence, in
this kind of contour control, the position at each moment and its motion velocity
were keenly observed to provide the feedback signal.
4.) FlexLink Standard Solution Company (2007) analysed various lane diverter
operations available in case of case packing operation. The bottle case packing
can be dealt by horizontal diverter with multi lane diverting operation. This is
because case packing of bottles cannot be carried out with vertical case packer
and bottle case packing will not be effective with side loading operations. These
things are taken into consideration before going for the design of case packer
machines. Also the case packing operation for bottles or cans is effective by using
pick and place robots for bottle handling. Because the case packer can provide
safe and reliable bottle handling by using a pick and place robot than the
conventional case packer operation.
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2.2. SUMMARY
CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
3.1.3. Advantages
Servo control can save time and money throughout the machine lifecycle
from design and installation through operation and maintenance.
The servo drives can meet the needs of almost any machine, with complete
power coverage up to 150 kW.
Compatible status codes, I/O, feedback cables and safety connections.
One drive solution for permanent magnet (synchronous) and induction
(asynchronous) motors.
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It is easy to operate. Also the product change over time is less and this can
be done with relatively small human intervention. Because, the system is
programmed in such a manner that the product change over can be easily carried
out by single push operation and hence avoid time consuming labour effort.
CHAPTER 4
The need for a new packer may simply be to replace an aging, high
maintenance machine, or it may be driven by new packages, higher line speeds,
efficiency initiatives, or new packaging requirements. The following factors provide
some basic considerations that can be used in the process of selecting a case
packer.
The type of container (or primary product) will often influence the packer
type. Expensive beverages such as top shelf spirits require a partitioned case,
which will usually dictate a drop packer or soft placement packer. Side load case
packers are often used for boxed items like dry pasta or bars of soap because
pushing the product from the side is easier then top loading. For the larger
products such as outdoor grills, bottom load packers are most gentle on the
primary product, as the case is pushed over the product.
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Plant floor space is a premium and some solutions can take up more
space than others. Intermittent motion wraparounds are usually space efficient
versus alternatives; however continuous motion wraparounds are usually very
wide and long. Drop packers and soft placement packers offer narrow profiles with
flexible layouts (inline, counter-flow, or right angle). Although robots can be space
efficient, consider the guarding requirements in the layout.
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In this area, all machines are not created equal. Robotic Packers are
best in this category with quick changeovers. Some can even be partially
automated. Drop Packers come in second and have the benefit of easy and
simple changeover. Rotary packers and soft placement packers fall somewhere in
the middle, as there are more change parts to handle. Wraparound packers are
usually the least flexible, in particular for new packages that are added in the
aftermarket.
We have to consider all these factors while selecting a case packer. Thus
the main objective in selecting a case packer relies on getting good line
efficiencies and low life cycle costs with the available initial investments.
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CHAPTER 5
5.1.1. Introduction
This power is supplied to the servo control (amplifier) from the "power
supply" which simply converts AC power into the required DC level. It also
supplies any low level voltage required for operation of integrated circuits.
As power is applied onto the servo motor, the load begins to move & speed
and position changes. As the load moves, so does some other "device" move.
This other "device" is either a tachometer, resolver or encoder (providing a signal
which is "sent back" to the controller). This "feedback" signal is informing the
positioning controller.
The positioning controller looks at this feedback signal and determines if
the load is being moved properly by the servo motor; and, if not, then the
controller makes appropriate corrections. For example, assume the command
signal was to drive the load at 1000 rpm. For some reason it is actually rotating at
900 rpm. The feedback signal will inform the controller that the speed is 900 rpm.
The controller then compares the command signal (desired speed) of 1000 rpm
and the feedback signal (actual speed) of 900 rpm and notes an error. The
controller then outputs a signal to apply more voltage onto the servo motor to
increase speed until the feedback signal equals the command signal, i.e. there is
no error.
Therefore, a servo involves several devices. It is a system of devices for
controlling some item (load). The item (load) which is controlled (regulated) can be
controlled in any manner, i.e. position, direction, speed. The speed or position is
controlled in relation to a reference (command signal) as long as the proper
feedback device (error detection device) is used. The feedback and command
signals are compared, and the corrections made. Thus, the definition of a servo
system is, that it consists of several devices which control or regulate
speed/position of a load.
motor turns. A 1.5 millisecond pulse, for example, will make the motor turn to the
90 degree position (often called the neutral position). If the pulse is shorter than
1.5 ms, then the motor will turn the shaft to closer to 0 degress. If the pulse is
longer than 1.5ms, the shaft turns closer to 180 degress.
As you can see in the picture, the duration of the pulse dictates the angle of
the output shaft (shown as the circle with the arrow). Note that the times here are
illustrative, and the actual timings depend on the motor manufacturer. The
principle, however, is the same.
Integrated Motion — Servo control can save time and money throughout
the machine lifecycle from design and installation through operation and
maintenance.
Quality — Outstanding performance is based on established, successful
product designs.
Power range and scalability — The servo drives can meet the needs of
almost any machine, with complete power coverage up to 150 kW. Thus
we can take the advantage of a single solution to meet all our needs.
Common User Experience — Compatible status codes, I/O, feedback
cables and safety connections.
Motor flexibility — One drive solution for permanent magnet
(synchronous) and induction (asynchronous) motors.
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The lane diverter takes a single lane of multi-ribbon lube oil cans and
diverts them into three lanes. The speed of the servo controlled lane diverter is
adjustable to receive a continuous flow of properly spaced product at a maximum
rate of sixty 12” long loaves per minute, or sixty-eight 10.5” long loaves per
minute. Groups of sliding platens form under each loaf as it passes from the
upstream conveyor and onto the lane diverter.
Lube oil cans are directed to either the left or right lane depending on
downstream demand. Two urethane belt conveyors include small diameter infeed
and exit pulleys for smooth transfer of loaves into and out of the lane diverter.
Product is diverted 3” in each direction and exits the lane diverter on a
centerline spacing of 6”. The lane diverter is built to USDA dairy guidelines and
features stainless steel construction. The robust cantilevered conveyor design is
sanitary and easy to clean and maintain.
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First being axially advanced to the dead plate to receive the formed bottles
and following a short period of time during which the bottles settle down, then
rotated through a circular arc to deposit the bottles on the conveyor. The pusher
fingers are then axially retracted leaving the bottles on the conveyor and rotated
back to their initial position.
5.5.2. Advantages
CHAPTER 6
PLC PROGRAMMING OF LANE DIVERTER
6.2. BENEFITS
Compact design of the MicroLogix 1400 controller can run well in limited
panel space.
Choice of communication networks is more with MicroLogix 1400 series.
An RS-232-C communication port is configurable for direct connection to a
programming device or operator interface, DeviceNet networking,
EtherNet/IP networking.
Simple programming with our choice of programming device afford us to
program these controllers in familiar ladder logic with MicroLogix 1400A,
RSLogix 500 Windows Programming Software, or the MicroLogix Hand-
Held Programmer. This symbolic programming language is based on relay
ladder wiring diagrams that simplify the creation and troubleshooting of
your control program.
Comprehensive instruction set—Over 65 instructions including simple bit,
timer, and counter instructions, as well as instructions for powerful
applications like sequencers, high-speed counter, and shift registers.
Execution time for a typical 500-instruction program is only 1.56 ms and
hence it is faster than any other medium sized programmable logic
controller device.
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6.3. DESCRIPTION
The PLC is used as a controller for the robotic arm movement. The limit
switches are connected to the input of the PLC. The solenoid valves are
connected to the output of the PLC. No analog value is present so there is no
need of analog module. The inputs connected in sourcing mode so that there will
not be nay mishap even in case of any fault. The sourcing mode is one in which
the negative supply is directly given to common and the Positive supply is
controlled by the limit switch. The output is also in sourcing mode i.e the negative
supply is given to the solenoid directly and the positive supply is controlled by the
PLC.
INPUT/ BIT
OUTPUT DESCRIPTION ADDRESS
I:0/0 CAR_STOP_UP_RS_LOAD_ i0
I:0/1 CAR_STOP_DN_RS_LOAD i1
I:0/2 DRIVES_READY1 i2
I:0/3 DIVERTER_HOME i3
I:0/5 CE_CAR_PRE_AT_FORM i4
I:0/6 CE_CAR_FORMED i5
I:0/7 GRIPPER_REV_RS i7
I:0/8 CAR_STOP_AT_LOAD_SEN i8
I:0/9 CAR_STOP_WAIT_1_SEN i9
I:0/10 AIR_PS1 i10
I:0/11 DOOR_OPEN1 i11
I:0/12 VERT_BRAKE_OK1 i12
I:0/13 MATRIX_SEN1 i13
I:0/14 HIGH_LEVEL_ACC_SEN i14
I:0/15 SLIP_PICK_FWD_RS i15
I:0/16 SLIP_PICK_REV_RS i16
I:0/17 SLIP_PLACE_FWD_RS i17
I:0/18 SLIP_PLACE_REV_RS i18
I:0/19 SLIP_INDEX_SEN i19
I:1/0 SUPPORT_CYL_REV_RS i6
I:1/1 OUTFEED_HIGH_LEVEL i32
I:1/2 MAJOR_FLAP_1_UP i33
I:1/3 MAJOR_FLAP1_DOWN_RS i34
I:1/4 MPCB_TRIP1 i35
I:1/5 START_PB i21
I:1/6 STOP_PB i22
I:1/7 RESET_PB i23
I:1/8 AUTO_MANUAL i24
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CHAPTER 7
The entire lane diverter unit in the case packer machine was automated
with the help of MicroLogix 1400 series device programmed with RS Logix 500
software. The process has been tested for increased speed and results were
tabulated in the table 7.1
(5 litre cans)
From the above table, we can observe that the speed of operation is
considerably increased by the automation of pick and place case packer machine.
The replacement of conventional pneumatic actuation mechanism with the servo
control mechanism accounts for this considerable increase in the speed of
operation.
Also, it can be observed that the product change over capability has been
afforded with less human intervention. Requirement of less human labour force is
directly related with the product change over time. Thus speed of operation of the
pick and place case packer machine requires less than half of the time required in
the conventional case packer machine during its product change over period. This
shows that the fabricated model possess faster end-of-the-line packaging
operational speed and posses flexibility in the system according to the available
product variety.
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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
8.1. CONCLUSION
The PLC ladder logic program for the lane diverter was developed using
RS Logix 500 software. The system is programmed in such a manner that it will
provide flexible matrix dimension for packaging operation. After programming, the
lane diverter unit was tested for increased speed and product change over
capability. Results shows that introduction of servo control increases the speed of
case packer operation. The speed has been increased from 100 cans/minute to
150 cans/minute for a typical 1.5 Litre lube oil cans.
The product change over capability of the machine has been increased
with the automation of lane diverter in the case packing machine. Auto-indexing
facilitates easy positioning of corrugated boxes for packing and provide better
precision. Also the auto-indexing feature reduces the position timing of corrugated
boxes while packaging. The modification done in the conventional case packing
machine by automation of lane diverter machine can greatly afford increased
packaging speed and also provide flexibility to the case packing system.