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A non-composite open web steel joist warehouse floor was tested to determine its dynamic characteristics and maximum
strain levels under actual operational conditions. Altogether 28 tests were carried out. The strain and acceleration information
for each test was recorded on strip chart and magnetic tape recorders. The recorded data were examined and analyzed through
a dual channel spectrum analyzer and the results were compared with calculated values. Good agreements are noted.
On a soumis un plancher d'entrep6t, port6 sans goujonnage par des poutrelles d'acier en treillis, a des essais destines a faire
connaitre ses paramttres dynamiques et ses deformations maximales en service normal. Au total, on a effectue 28 essais. Les
deformations et les accClCrations ont fait I'objet d ' u n enregistrement double, par voie graphique et sur ruban magndtique, au
cours de chaque essai. Ces enregistrements ont etC itudies au moyen d'un analyseur spectral i deux canaux. On a note une
bonne concordance entre les relev6s expkrimentaux et les risultats dcs calculs.
[Traduit par la revue]
Can. I. Civ. Eng.. 8. 257-262 (1981)
For personal use only.
03 15-146818 11020257-06$01.0010
0198 1 National Research Council of CanadaIConseil national de recherches du Canada
CAN. J . CIV. ENG. VOL. 8. 1981
TABLE1. Warehouse floor vibration tests ture compensating gage. Each gage was equipped with
an individual amplifier placed in the immediate vicinity
Type of test Test number" of the gage. The gages were installed in the usual
manner, the surface being prepared by grinding and
Impact parallel to joists 1, 2, 3
Impact perpendicular to joists buffing, followed by degreasing prior to gage bonding.
4, 5
Roving parallel to joists 6, 7, 22 The accelerometers used were Columbia Instrument's
Roving perpendicular to joists 10, 11, 18, 19 servo SA 107 FDC accelerometers. These accelero-
Roving in circles 14, 15, 25, 26 meters have a sensitivity of 5 V/g and a rated noise floor
Roving parallel to joists and braking 8, 9, 23, 24 of 0.1 mV rms in the frequency range of dc- 100 Hz.
Roving perpendicular to joists The accelerometer output was connected to a transduc-
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and braking 12, 13, 20, 21 tion filter - amplifier unit; this provides high and low
Roving in circles and braking 16, 17, 27 pass filters with settings of 0.5, 1, and 10 Hz and 1, 10,
Static measurement of strains due 20, and 50 Hz respectively, as well as gains of 1, 10,
to storage materials 28 and 100. Floor mounts in the form of steel angles, each
*Light forklift used for tests nos. 1-17; heavy forklift used for weighing about 13.3 N were used to secure the accel-
tests nos. 18-27. erometers to the floor.
A Racal Thermionic Store 7D FM tape recorder and
610 mm S.S. OWSJ a Honeywell visicorder were employed in the data
\
acquisition. The strain data were simultaneously
recorded on the visicorder and the tape recorder. The
acceleration signals were recorded on the tape recorder
and also displayed as dynamic displacements on the
visicorder. This was achieved by connecting the accel-
erometer output simultaneously to a multichannel
For personal use only.
double integrator.
Data analysis
The data recorded on the magnetic tape were played
back through a Nicolet Scientific Inc. model 660A dual
channel spectrum analyzer of the FFT type. For results
that required plotting, the data were transferred to a data
recorder adaptor which has dual mini floppy disk
drives, and is connected to a HP digital pen plotter.
(tr) St/-trill dtrtn
Both the strains and the dynamic displacements can
U
U
WWF 686 mmX147 kg be read off the visicorder traces by using the appropriate
scale factor. With the exception of the test cases involv-
ing impact loadings and sudden stopping of the fork-
lifts, the majority of the strain data were essentially
A Accelerometers 0 Strain Gages static. Some of the critical cases for strain gage no. 2
FIG. I. Instrumentation layout for floor vibration test. were digitized through the analyzer and the results were
Strain gages are attached to bottom cord of the simply sup- plotted for presentation in this note.
ported open web steel joist (S.S. OWSJ). The results of test no. 4 are shown in Fig. 2, where
the maximum static or crawl strain is seen to be 160 p c .
Instrumentation The impact strain history is shown in Fig. 3 , where an
The accelerations of the floor were measured with expanded time scale has been used. The maximum
accelerometers, while strain gages were used to monitor dynamic strain as measured from Fig. 3 has a peak to
the strains in the joists. The 4 accelerometers and 3 peak value of 928 W E , thus the maximum strain expe-
strain gages used in the testing program were laid out as rienced during this test was 544 p c or 108.8 MPa
shown in Fig. 1. The strain gages employed were (assuming E , = 200 GPa).
Micro-Measurements CEA-06-250UW-350 foil gages. The results of test no. 21 are shown in Fig. 4. The
They have a 350 51 resistance and a rated gage factor of maximum crawl strain in this case is about 135 p c . The
2.125 * 5%. The gages were connected in a standard strain history of the second braking action is shown in
114 bridge configuration, without an external tempera- Fig. 5 using a larger time scale. The maximum dynamic
NOTES 259
400
320 --
240 --
160
--
80 --
+
b 0--
2 -80 -r , - -
-160
--
-240 -'
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-320 --
-400
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
T ~ m e( s ) Time ( s )
FIG.2. Strain history, test no. 4, gage no. 2. FIG.5. Strain history, test no. 21, gage no. 2.
For personal use only.
-0.60 I
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Time ( s l Time ( s )
FIG. 3. Strain history, test no. 4, gage no. 2. FIG. 6. Acceleration history, test no. 4, accelerometer
no. 1.
-400
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
t
40.0
statically.
(O) Accelerrrtion clrttrr
Time ( s )
The acceleration data recorded on the magnetic tape
FIG.4. Strain history, test no. 21, gage no. 2. were digitized and examined through the NSI 600A
analyzer. The results were found to have essentially the
strain measures 260 pc peak to peak, thus the maxi- same trend as the strain data, i.e., significant levels of
mum strain experienced was 265 pc or 53 MPa. acceleration were observed only when impact or sudden
Static strains due to the normal floor load were also stopping of the forklift occurred. Plots of the accelera-
recorded at the end of the dynamic tests. These values tion histories of 2 such test cases are shown in Figs. 6
were 131, 160, and 150 pc, respectively, for strain and 7. Figure 6 shows that the peak acceleration of test
gages nos. 1, 2 , and 3. no. 4 as measured by accelerometer no. 1 was 0.56s.
CAN. J. CIV. ENGI. VOL. 8, 1981
0 320 1 I
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FIG. 7 . Acceleration history, test no. 27, accelerometer FIG. 9. 6 Hz decay curve, test no. 4, accelerometer no. 1.
Acc.1.rOmel.r No. 1
tfi +
For personal use only.
Acceleromlfer No. 2
-0.32
FIG. 8. Fourier spectra of impact vibration, test no. 4, FIG. 10. 11 Hz decay curve, test no. 4, accelerometer
accelerometers nos. 1 and 2 . no. 1.
From Fig. 7 , it can be seen that the peak acceleration first and second mode of floor vibration were found to
experienced by acceleronieter no. 2 during test no. 27 be 5.6 and 10.8 Hz, respectively. The high frequencies
was 0.16g. shown in the plot are generally of no interest as far as
structural vibration is concerned, because they are
(c) Freq~ietzcies usually very highly damped. To obtain additional and
The recorded acceleration signals were examined for
more accurate frequency information, other means of
their frequency contents by using the FFT function of
excitation (such as frequency sweeps with a shaker)
the analyzer. The FFT procedure yields a conlplex
should be employed.
function in the frequency domain, from which the
natural frequencies of the structure can generally be (11) D ~ ~ r t l p i t lIg. C I ~ ~ O S
identified by the various peaks of the Fourier ampli- The modal damping ratios are generally determined
tudes. F i g ~ ~ 8r eshows the Fourier spectra for test no. 4 using the half power (or bandwidth) method (Clough
obtained from accelerometers no. 1 and 2. Because the and Penzien 1975). But because the frequencies are
time domain signal was an imp~llseof a very short closely spaced and the peaks are not distinct, the damp-
duration, the spectra are broad band and have very few ing ratios were determined by examining the decay
distinct peaks. To identify the natural frequencies from curves. This involved displaying the acceleration
Fig. 8, it was necessary to digitize each spectrum and signals after filtering them through a narrow bandpass
feed the results into a minicomputer. The average filter set at the desired frequencies. The bandpass
amplitude of the spectrum was computed and used as a frequencies were set at approximately 6 and 1 1 Hz for
threshold. The 5 largest amplitudes in the spectrum that the first and second mode, respectively. The results of
exceeded the threshold were selected. Using this accelerometer no. 1 are shown in Figs. 9 and 10 for test
approach, the natural frequencies corresponding to the no. 4. The damping ratios can be determined from the
NOTES 26 1
STATIC CALCULATION finite element mesh ~ ~ s wase d a 15 X 15 grid. Because
of the severe cracks in the concrete floor, the stiffness
of the plate elements was reduced by using a modulus
of elasticity equal to a half of the estimated value of
19.8 GPa. The moment of inertia and Young's modulus
of the joists and supporting girders were not reduced.
The static moment and deflection calculated at midspan
I - of the middle joist for test no. 4 were 8.3 kN.m and
Moment
Stress
8.157 X 10'mrn4
-
- -
4.2 X 2.87
MyA 11.2
- 11.2 kN.rn
X 0 . 3 0 4 8 / 19.157 X l o - ' ) - 3 7 . 3 3 MPU
4.29 mm, respectively. The first and second mode
natural frequencies were found to be 5.1 and 10.9 Hz,
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Static
Deflection static displacements beforehand, because double inte-
gration of the acceleration will yield only the displace-
Dynmic
Deflection ment amplitudes as measured from the static equili-
brium position. The calculation of the maximum stress
Static deflection a mid-span beaed on simple beam calculation b 4.597 rnm for test no. 4 is shown in Fig. 12. The good agreement
Dynamic deflection a mid-.pan from integrator is 22.86 rnm pk. to pk.
obtained is a result of the easily predictable static
Total displwernsnt a mid-spm is 4.597 + 11.43 16.027 rnm-
Assume di~placement curve is Y -
16.027 sin X/9.15) deflections of the floor.
Moment - -El$ - 18314 X X 0.016 - 34.6 kN.m Conclusions
dX 9.15
Stress - My/l - 34.60 X 0.3048/(9.157 X 10'1 - 115 MPa From the results presented, the following conclu-
sions may be drawn.
FIG. 12. Calculation of stress from acceleration data. ( 1 ) While the combination of high acceleration
levels (0.56s) and the 5-6 Hz fundamental frequency
decay curves by calculating the log decrement. Using will have exceeded the annoyance threshold of floor
this approach, the first and second mode damping ratios vibrations, serious objectionable vibrations are not
were estimated to be 6 and 12%, respectively. likely to be a problen~,since the floor is used priinarily
The following factors probably contributed to the for storage. Furthermore, because of the high damping
rather high damping ratios of the floor: (1) the cracks in value of the tloor, the duration of peak level vibration
the concrete floor: (2) the noncomposite construction of will be very short. In the floor vibrations should annoy
the floor; (3) the mass of the ceiling panels; and (4) the certain people, it will not likely be for reasons of
mass of the storage materials in the adjacent bays. decreased efficiency or discomfort, but due to doubts
about the structure's safety, which in this case seems
Theoretical calculations justified.
A static analysis of test no. 4 and a free vibration (2) Any sudden application of load is dynamic in
analysis were carried out using the STARDYNE (Con- nature and hence could result in stresses that are many
trol Data Corporation 1979) finite element package. In times those due to the same load but applied statically
the analyses the floor was treated as a stiffened plate or gradually.
resting on 4 edge beams and supported at the comers. ( 3 ) Dynamic displacen~entscan be obtained by
The concrete tloor was idealized by 76 mm thick integrating the accelerations. However, if the frequen-
quadrilateral plate elements while noncomposite beam cies of vibration are lower than a certain cut-off point of
elements were used for the joists and the girders. The the integrator (0.8 Hz for the one used in this test),
262 CAN. J. CIV. ENG. VOL. 8, 1981
there will be phase distortion problems and the results ALLEN,D. L. 1974. Vibrational behavior of long span
will be worthless. floor slabs. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering,
(4) Satisfactory stress information could be 1, pp. 108- 115.
extracted from acceleration measurements, provided ALLEN,D. E., and RAINER, J. H. 1976. Vibration criteria for
the staitc displacements can be determined with a long-span floors. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering,
3, pp. 165-173.
reasonable degree of accuracy. This implies a simple
CLOUGH,R. W., and PENZIEN. J. 1975. Dynamic of Struc-
structural geometry and boundary conditions (such as tures. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY,
those of this test floor), and a good knowledge of the p. 634.
mechanical properties of the structural members (i.e., CONTROL DATACORPORATION. 1979. Stardyne user's guide.
moment of inertia, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio,
Can. J. Civ. Eng. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by 195.229.236.218 on 04/19/11
Minneapolis. MN.
etc). Generally speaking, displacement transducers LENZEN,K . H . 1966. Vibration of steel joists. American
(such as LVDTs) will yield more reliable results since Institute of Steel Construction Engineering Journal, 3(3),
they remove at least one level of approximation. p. 133.
In the case of prestressed concrete beams with unbonded tendons, in order to design for strength and serviceability, one has
to evaluate the effective prestressing force in the tendon, which is beam dependent rather than section dependent, both at
ultimate and working loads. The formulae available in the published literature deal only with ultimate loadconditions. A simple
equation to predict the tendon stress changes for the complete loading range is presented in this paper. The formula was
developed using the basic theory of flexure to obtain the equation for the elastic curve, and numerical integration to obtain the
curve lengths. Using the computer generated results of the increase in tendon strain for various span lengths, eccentricities,
and maximum deflections, a regression equation was developed. This regression equation predicts the increase in tendon strains
as a function of the span-eccentricity and eccentricity - maximum deflection ratios. The recently published stress-strain
relation which seems to be very accurate is then used to predict the tendon stress. The results are compared with a set of
experimental results. The suggested formula is also consistent with some of the available equations for the prediction of the
tendon stress at ultimate load.
Pour une poutre en bkton prkcontrainte en moyen de clbles non adhkrents, le calcul aux Ctats limites de service et de
rksistance impose le calcul de l'effort rkel dans le clble, qui dkpend du comportement d'ensemble de la poutre plut6t que de
la section, tant B I'ktat ultime qu'en rkgime klastique. Les formules prksentement disponibles dans la littkrature technique ne
visent que l'etat limite de rksistance (rupture). Cet article prksente une expression simple applicable au calcul des changements
de tension pour tout ktat de chargement. En se basant sur la thkorie usuelle de la flexion,,on dkrive I'kquation de la dkformke
qu'on intkgre numkriquement pour obtenir la longueur des troqons courbes. A partir des augmentations de dilatation calculkes
pour diffkrentes portkes, excentricitks et flbches, l'auteur a ktabli une kquation de regression qui permet le calcul de la variation
de la dilatation dans le c2ble en fonction des rapports flkche-excentricitk et excentricitk-portke. On peut alors calculer la
tension dans le clble par retour i la relation contrainte-dilatation d'une grande exactitude publike rkcemment. Ces rksultats
sont comparks B des observations expkrimentales. La formule proposke semble en accord avec quelques expressions permettant
le calcul de la tension sous la charge limite.
[Traduit par la revue]
Can. J. Civ. Eng , 8. 262-268 (1981)