Network topologies

Topology Description Advantage Disadvantage

Star All nodes connect to a single central device Inexpensive & easy If hub fails, network down; maximum nodes = 1024

Bus All nodes connect to a common backbone Simple & less cables If backbone fails, network down; both ends must be

terminated

Ring Each node is connected to two other device No collisions; less signal degeneration Expensive; difficult to troubleshoot; proprietary hardware

Mesh Each node connects to every other device Redundancy & fault tolerance Expensive; complicated; difficult to troubleshoot

Common networking standards

Standard Description Speed Access Method Topology Media

802.3 Ethernet 10, 100, 1000 Mbps CSMA/CD physical star, logical bus UTP, STP, fiber optics

802.5 Token ring 4, 16 Mbps Token passing physical star, logical ring STP

802.11 Wireless networks 1, 11, 54 Mbps CSMA/CA cellular Atmosphere

FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface 100 Mbps Token passing dual ring Fiber optics

Ethernet specifications
Designation Cable Type Max Length Speed Connector Topology Standard

10BASE-T Cat3 UTP 100 m 10 Mbps RJ45 star IEEE 802.3i

10BASE-FL MMF 2000 m 10 Mbps ST star IEEE 802.3j

100BASE-TX Cat5 UTP, Cat5e FTP 100 m 100 Mbps RJ45 star IEEE 802.3u

100BASE-FX Micro MMF 412 m (half duplex) 100 Mbps (half duplex) SC star, point-point IEEE 802.3u

2000 m (full duplex) 200 Mbps (full duplex)

1000BASE-T Cat5e / Cat6 UTP (4 100 m 1 Gbps RJ45 star IEEE 802.3ab

pairs)

1000BASE-CX Twinax STP 25 m 1 Gbps HSSDC, RJ45 star, point-point IEEE 802.3z

1000BASE-SX Micro MMF 550 m (50u) 1 Gbps SC, LC point-point IEEE 802.3z

275 m (62.5u)

1000BASE-LX SMF or MMF 550 m (MMF) 1 Gbps SC, LC point-point IEEE 802.3z

5000 m (SMF)
10 GBASE-SR MMF 300 m 10 Gbps 850nm serial LAN point-point IEEE 802.3ae

10 GBASE-LR MMF 10,000 m 10 Gbps 1310nm serial LAN point-point IEEE 802.3ae

10 GBASE-ER MMF 40,000 m 10 Gbps 1550nm serial LAN point-point IEEE 802.3ae

Wireless networking technologies

Standard Data Speed Frequency Transmission Type Topology Range

IEEE 802.11 Legacy 2 Mbps 2.4 GHz FHSS or DSSS Point-point 30 m

IEEE 802.11b WiFi 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz DSSS with CCK Point-point 30 m

IEEE 802.11a WiFi 54 Mbps 5 GHz OFDM Point-point 30 m

IEEE 802.11g WiFi 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz >20 Mbps: OFDM, <20 Mbps: DSSS with CCK Point-point 30 m

IEEE 802.11n WiFi 540 Mbps 2.4 GHz MIMO Point-point 50 m

IEEE 802.15 Bluetooth 2 Mbps 2.45 GHz FHSS Scatternet 10 m

Infrared 100 kbps~ 4 Mbps 100 GHz ~ 1000 THz Baseband Point-point LOS 1m

IEEE 802.16 WiMax 75 Mbps 2 GHz ~ 11 GHz, 66 GHz BPSK Point-point Cellular 30 km

The Open Systems Interconnect reference model

No Layer Function Unit Protocols/Services/Standards Devices

7 Application network application services and processes data FTP, TFTP, HTTP, SMTP, SMB, NCP, Telnet, NTP, File & Print, gateway

DNS

6 Presentation encryption, formatting, compression, translation, conversion data ASCII, JPEG, GIF, TIFF, MIDI, MPEG, MIME, Quicktime gateway

5 Session establishes maintains, manages network connections and sessions; data RPC, ZIP, SCP, SQL, NetBIOS, NFS, ASP, LDAP, SSL, SMB gateway

redirector

4 Transport end-end error recovery, connectivity, flow control; classes of service segments TCP, SPX, UDP, NBP, NCP, NetBEUI, SCTP, NWlink gateway

3 Network routing, forwarding of packets; sequencing of datagram packets IP, IPX, ARP, RARP, DHCP, BootP, ICMP, RIP, BGP, OSPF, router, brouter

IPSec

2 Data Link encoding/decoding of packets into bits; frame synchronization, error frames MAC, LLC, PPP, ATM, frame relay, 802.11b/g, L2TP, FDDI, switch, bridge

checking X.25

1 Physical electrical, mechanical, lightwave, radio frequency, media specifications bits EIA/TIA-449, RS232, V.24, V.35, FDDI, ISDN, SONET, DSL hub, NIC, WAP

Physical media types

 Medium Description Types Remarks

Twisted pair Consists of multiple insulated wires that are twisted together in pairs to prevent UTP, STP, ScTP Cat3(16MHz), Cat5(100MHz), Cat5e(100MHz), Cat6(250MHz)

crosstalk

Coaxial cable Consists of a center conductor surrounded by a plastic jacket with braided shield 75Ω, 50Ω RG-58 (thinnet), RG-8(thicknet), RG-62(ARCnet)

Fiber optic cable Consists of a center glass core surrounded by glass cladding and other protective SMF , MMF 8~10um(SMF), 50~62.5um(MMF), 125um(clad), EMI immune

materials

Types of media connectors

Connector Description Lock Method Usage Developed by

RJ11 Registered Jack modular connector (6P2C) snap-in telephone equipments, PBX Bell Telephone Labs

RJ45 Registered Jack modular connector (8P8C) snap-in twisted pair ethernet, PoE, ISDN, token ring Bell Telephone Labs

F-type F-type coaxial connector (75Ω) screw-on broadband cable, CATV, CCTV

BNC Bayonet Nut Coupling (50Ω) bayonet thin ethernet, RF applications Bell Labs, Amphenol

ST Straight Tip fiber optic connector; 2mm ferrule bayonet fiber optic ethernet, WAN links AT&T

SC Subscriber Connector / Square Connector; 2mm ferrule snap-in fiber optic gigabit ethernet, WAN links IBM

FC Face Contact / Fiber Connector; 2mm ferrule screw on fiber optic ethernet, WAN links NTT

LC Local Connector; 1.25mm ferrule (SFF) snap-in fiber optic gigabit ethernet, WAN links Lucent

MT-RJ Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack; 1.25mm ferrule (SFF) snap-in fiber optic ethernet AMP

IEEE 1394 FireWire (i.Link) snap-in digital devices, consumer electronics Apple, Sony, Samsung, Matshusita, IBM, JVC, …

USB Universal Serial Bus (1.1 & 2.0) snap-in digital devices, computer peripherals HP, Compaq, Lucent, Microsoft, Intel, NEC, Philips

Network connectivity devices

Device Purpose Operation Remarks

Hub Connects all nodes in a network together; transmissions received in 1 port are rebroadcast to all ports Layer 1 concentrator (passive), repeater (active), MAU

Switch Connects all nodes/segments in a network together; filters and forwards packets; isolate collision domains Layer 2 multiport bridge, configure VLANs

Bridge Connects 2 network segments with dissimilar media types; isolate collision domains within a segment Layer 2 wired or wireless
Router Connects 2 networks with different topologies; maps nodes & routes packets; isolates broadcast domains Layer 3 Brouter, IOS

Gateway Connects 2 networks with different protocols or technologies; could be hardware or software Layer 4, 5, 6, connection to ISP, PABX

NIC An expansion card installed in a device to connect/interface to the network; particular to media & protocol Layer 1, 2 PCI, USB, PCMCIA, built-in M/B

CSU/DSU A 2 in 1 device used to connect a digital carrier to the network equipment; provides diagnostics & - T1, T3; V.35 interface; leased line

buffering

ISDN adapter The terminal adapter used to connect to the internet via ISDN technology - BRI TA

WAP A device used to connect mobile PCs to a wired network wirelessly via RF technology Layer 1, 2 infrastructure mode, WiFi

Modem A device that changes digital to analog signal and vice versa; modulator/demodulator - POTS (V.92), xDSL, cable

Transceiver A device that transmits or receives analog or digital signals; allows a NIC to connect to a different media - media converter, DIX/AUI

type

Firewall A stand-alone device or software used to protect networks from spyware, hackers, worms, phising, - port blocking, packet filtering, proxy server,

trojans DMZ

Classful IP addressing
Class Range Default Subnet No of Subnets No of Hosts/Subnet

Class A 1.0.0.0 ~ 126.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 126 16,777,214

Class B 128.0.0.0 ~ 191.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 16,384 65,534

Class C 192.0.0.0 ~ 223.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 2,097,152 254

Reserved IP address blocks

CIDR address block Description Reference
0.0.0.0/8 Network or wire address RFC 1700
10.0.0.0/8 Private network (Class A) RFC 1918
14.0.0.0/8 Public data network RFC 1700
39.0.0.0/8 Reserved RFC 1797
127.0.0.0/8 Localhost (Loop back address) RFC 1700
128.0.0.0/16 Reserved -
169.254.0.0/16 Zeroconf , APIPA RFC 3927
172.16.0.0/12 Private network (Class B) RFC 1918
192.0.2.0/24 Documentation and example code RFC 3330
192.88.99.0/24 IPv6 to Ipv4 relay RFC 3068
192.168.0.0/16 Private network (Class C) RFC 1918
198.18.0.0/15 Network benchmark tests RFC 2544
223.255.255.0/24 Reserved RFC 3330
224.0.0.0/4 Multicasts (former Class D) RFC 3171
240.0.0.0/4 Experimental (former Class E) RFC 1700
255.255.255.255 Broadcast -

Physical and logical addressing

Version Length Notation Delimiter Separation Supports Example

MAC 48 bits Hexadecimal Colon (:), Dash (-) 8-bit hexadecimal digits (2 hex) 9
12x10 combinations 00:50:DA:C3:8A:F9

IPv4 32 bits Dotted-decimal Dots (.) 8-bit binary coded decimal digits 4.3x109 addresses 207.142.131.235

IPv6 128 bits Hexadecimal Colon (:) 16-bit hexadecimal digits (4 hex) 3.4x1038 addresses 2001:0DB8:0::0::1428:57AB

Rules of subnetting
No Rule

1 B bits => 2; R bits => 2

2 Usable subnets created = 2B – 2 (B – borrowed bits)

3 Usable hosts per subnet = 2R – 2 (R – remaining bits)

4 Decimal value of the number of bits borrowed = increment of the

subnets
Commonly used well-known ports
Port Name Function

20 FTP Reliable transfer of data; uses TCP port

21 FTP Provides flow control; uses TCP port

22 SSH Executes command and moves files; remote login protocol; uses TCP port

23 TELNET Connects a remote computer to a server; uses TCP port

25 SMTP Delivers emails between email servers; sending of emails; uses TCP port

53 DNS Translates hostnames to IP addresses; uses TCP port (zone transfers), UDP port (queries)

69 TFTP Simple transfer of data; uses UDP port

80 HTTP Opens a browser connection to a webpage; uses TCP port

110 POP3 Delivers emails between a mail server and client; receiving of emails; uses TCP port

119 NNTP Views and writes news articles for newsgroups; uses TCP port

123 NTP Sets computer clock to standard time; uses UDP port

143 IMAP4 Downloads emails; stores and searches messages from newsgroups; receiving of emails; uses TCP

port

443 HTTPS Allows browsers and servers to authenticate and encrypt network packets; uses SSL; uses TCP port

Switching type comparison

Resource Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Dedicated path? yes no

Available bandwidth? fixed dynamic

Could Bandwidth be wasted? yes no

Store-and-forward transmission no yes

Each packet follows the same route? yes no

Call setup required not required

When can congestion occur? at set-up at every packet

Charge? per minute per packet

Examples PSTN, ISDN X.25, ATM, frame relay

Network protocols
Protocol Routing Addressing Naming Interoperability

IPX/SPX RIP, SAP, NLSP 12-digit hexadecimal server names only: 64 characters, no special characters; NDS Windows, Linux

NetBEUI unroutable - NetBIOS or computer names; WINS Windows

AppleTalk version1: unroutable; version2: RTMP 24-bit address version1: NBP; version2: IP naming ethernet: ELAP, token ring: token talk

TCP/IP RIP, OSPF 32-bit address DNS, ARP, RARP Windows, UNIX, Linux, Mac, Novell

Digital transmission hierarchies

Carrier Channels Data Rate Format

T1 24 1.544 Mbps
North American
T3 672 44.736 Mbps

E1 32 2.048 Mbps
European
E3 480 34.368 Mbps

J1 24 1.544 Mbps
Japanese
J3 480 32.064 Mbps

SONET/SDH optical carriers

Level Data Rate

OC-1 51.84 Mbps

OC-3 155.52 Mbps

OC-12 622.08 Mbps

OC-24 1.244 Gbps

OC-48 2.488 Gbps

xDSL technologies
 Type Distance Downstream Upstream Characteristic Use

ADSL 18,000 ft 1.544 Mbps ~ 6.1 Mbps 126 kbps ~ 640 kbps Most popular; used for web access and multimedia streaming

SDSL 12,000 ft 1.544 Mbps(US), 2.048 Mbps(EU) 1.544 Mbps(US), 2.048 Mbps(EU) WAN connection from company network server to phone company

HDSL 12,000 ft 1.544 Mbps (2p), 2.05 Mbps (3p) 1.544 Mbps (2p), 2.05 Mbps (3p) WAN connection from company network server to phone company

IDSL 18,000 ft 128 kbps 128 kbps Transmits data only; similar to ISDN BRI

CDSL 18,000 ft 1.544 Mbps <1.544 Mbps Used in home and small business; no splitter; known as G.lite

RADSL n/a 640 kbps ~ 2.2 Mbps 270 kbps ~ 1.1 Mbps Same as ADSL

VDSL 4500 ft 1.6 Mbps ~ 53 Mbps 1.5 Mbps ~ 2.3 Mbps ATM networks using fiber optic cable

Encapsulation Types
Level Description
PPPoE Point to Point Over Ethernet; requires user info (i.e. email and password) to authenticate against RADIUS; Ethernet frames sent across
the DSL line to the DSLAM
PPPoA Point to point Over ATM; requires user info (i.e. email and password) to authenticate against RADIUS; ATM cells sent across the DSL line
to the DSLAM
RFC 1483 Encapsulates user data in ATM AAL5 cells without otherwise communicating to the network; authentication takes place in the user’s
router or computer
ENET Requires DHCP-based DSL circuits or static IP offerings;
ENCAP

TCP/IP protocol suite

Name Meaning Function

TCP Transmission Control Protocol Enables two hosts to establish connection and exchange network data; connection-oriented; guaranteed delivery of packets

UDP User Datagram Protocol Enables two hosts to establish connection and exchange network data; connectionless, unreliable, less overhead
FTP File Transfer Protocol Downloads or uploads files between hosts; performs directory operations; also offers authentication security

SFTP Secure File Transfer Protocol Transfer of files with SSH to provide encryption, public key authentication, and file compression; similar to FTP

TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol Facilitates file transfer between computers; uses lesser bandwidth and faster speed; similar to FTP; used in firmware

downloading

HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol Transfer files or web pages from web server to client web browser; uses lesser bandwidth and supports both text and graphics

HTTPS HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure Allows browsers and servers to authenticate and encrypt network packets using SSL; secure version of HTTP

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Uses a spooled or queued method to deliver or send emails

POP3 Post Office Protocol version 3 Used to retrieve email files from the email server; can be used with or without SMTP

IMAP4 Internet Message Access Protocol version 4 Used to retrieve email files from the email server; similar to POP3 but with added features; supports Kerberos

Telnet Telecommunication Network A terminal emulation program that connects remote computers to a server; execute a commands using command prompt

SSH Secure Shell A suite of protocols used to log into another computer on the network, execute commands, and secure transfer of files

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol Provides network layer management and control by sending datagrams and control messages; works with IP

ARP Address Resolution Protocol Resolves network addresses (IP) into hardware addresses (MAC); uses address resolution cache table built into every NIC

RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Uses host MAC address to discover its IP address

NTP Network Time Protocol Sets computer clock to a standard time source usually a nuclear clock

NNTP Network News Transfer Protocol Used for the distribution, inquiry, retrieval, and posting of news articles and newsgroup forum messages

SCP Secure Copy Protocol Safe and secure copying of files between a local and remote computer; similar to SFTP

LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol A session layer protocol that provides directory services and access to x.500 information directories

IGMP Internet Group Multicast Protocol A network layer protocol used to report multicast group membership to adjacent routers

LPR Line Printer Remote A printer protocol used to print across different NOS platforms

Network services and protocols

Name Meaning Function

DNS Domain Name System Translates and resolves IP addresses into host names or the reverse

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Allows a client device to request and obtain a unique IP address and other parameters from a server automatically

NAT Network Address Translation Allows a local network to use one set of IP address for internal or in-house traffic and a different set for external or internet traffic

ICS Internet Connection Sharing Connects multiple computers on a local network to the internet through a single connection and IP address; uses NAT
WINS Windows Internet Naming Service Resolves a host NetBIOS name or computer name into an IP address; used in legacy Windows

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol Monitors the network and network devices; sends messages to different parts of the network; uses MIB

NFS Network File System Permits network users to access and used shared files; allows different computer platforms to share files and disk space

Zeroconf Zero Configuration Connects networking devices using an Ethernet cable; no configuration or DHCP required

SMB Server Message Block Shares files, directories, and services; message format used by DOS; allows UNIX/Linux and Windows machines to share files

AFP Appletalk File Protocol A file sharing protocol used with TCP/IP to permit non-apple computers to access apple servers

LPD Line Printer Daemon Processes LPR print jobs, queues, and prints files

Samba - Provides file and print services to SMB clients; runs on UNIX and Linux

Apache - A popular public domain UNIX-based web server

Remote access protocols and services

Name Meaning Function

RAS Remote Access Service Used for client remote access to a network

PPP Point-Point Protocol Used to establish an internet connection between serial point-to-point links; provides for dial-up connnections to networks; aka leased line

SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol Used to connect to the internet via a dial-up modem; older, slower, less reliable than PPP; does not support two-way communication

PPPoE PPP over Ethernet Uses PPP over Ethernet to connect an ethernet LAN user to the internet using an ADSL or cable modem; users share a broadband connection

PPTP Point-Point Tunnel Protocol A form of encryption that provides a tunnel for secure connections over the internet; used to create VPN

VPN Virtual Private Network A private, secure, point to point connection from a company LAN to the remote users and wireless nodes using the internet

RDP Remote Desktop Protocol Connects a client to a network via a terminal server and uses authentication to establish connection to run applications and printers remotely

ICA Independent Computing Architecture The core of Citrix presentation server that enables Windows or UNIX server to run an application for multiple users simultaneously

Security protocols
Name Meaning Function

IPSec Internet Protocol Security Provides authentication and encryption over the internet; works with IPv4 and IPv6; used to secure VPN; open source protocol suite

L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Supports non-TCP/IP protocols VPN over the internet; combines the best features of PPTP and L2F

SSL Secure Sockets Layer Uses a private key to encrypt data that is transferred over the SSL connection; service independent and can secure different network
 applications

WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy Encrypts and protects data packets over radio frequencies; does not offer end-end security

WPA WiFi Protected Access Offers improved data encryption and user authentication using the wireless devices MAC address; uses TKIP encryption

802.1x - Method for passing EAP over both wired and wireless networks; provides authentication services for wireless networks not using PPP

Encryption algorithms
Name Function Type
DES Data Encryption Standard Created by IBM; uses 56 bit keys symmetric
3DES Triple Data Encryption Standard Uses 3 DES keys on each packet of data; uses 168 bit key symmetric
RSA Rivest Shamir Adleman Used misc encryption; uses 512, 768, 1024 bit keys asymmetric
AES Advanced Encryption Standard A newer and more efficient cryptographic cipher that uses Rijndael algorithm; uses 128, 192, 256 bit keys symmetric
PGP Pretty Good Privacy An encryption utility based on public key encryption designed to encrypt email transmissions

Authentication protocols
Name Function
CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol Uses a hashed algorithm MD5 that provides client response encryption; weak and one-way authentication
protocol
MS- Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Has two versions used in Windows systems that offers more security; version1 not compatible with version2
CHAP Protocol
PAP Password Authentication Protocol The weakest authentication protocol that sends username and password in clear text over the network to be
verified by RAS
RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service An industry standard that provides authentication, authorization, and accounting services
Kerberos - A fully-fledge security system that uses secret key cryptography
EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol A general protocol often used by a wireless devices to connect to a RADIUS server; TLS uses certificates such
as smart cards

Routing protocols
Nam Meaning Function Type
 e
RIP Routing Information Protocol Finds the quickest route between two computers; maximum of 16 hops between routers before deciding that a distance
packet is undeliverable vector
OSPF Open Shortest Path First A descendant of RIP that increases its speed and reliability; much used on the internet; accepts 256 hops link state
between routers
IGRP Interior Gateway Routing A propriety protocol from Cisco that takes bandwidth, latency, reliability, and current traffic load into distance
Protocol consideration vector
EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol A distance vector protocol that uses polling to retrieve routing information
BGP Border Gateway Protocol Used to span autonomous systems in the internet; used at the edge of networks; designed to supersede EGP distance
vector
NLSP Netware Link Services Protocol A routing protocol by Novell that was designed to reduce wasted bandwidth associated with RIP link state
RTMP Routing Table Maintenance Used by Appletalk to ensure that all routers in the network have consistent routing information
Protocol

Network operating system versions

Vendor Releases

Novell Netware 3.x, 4.x, 5.x, 6.x

Microsoft Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003

Apple Mac OS X, AppleShare IP

UNIX/Linux SCO ACE, RedHat

Server operating systems basic capabilities

Operating System Client Support Authentication File & Print Services Interoperability

UNIX/Linux multi-user, multitasking; GUI etc/password; NIS authentication; LDAP LPD/LPR; FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, Ext2, Ext3; NFS Windows, Linux, Netware, Mac OS

Netware multi-user, multitasking; GUI user password; keys stored in NDS; eDirectory FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, NFS, AppleShare Windows, Linux, Netware, Mac OS

Windows multi-user, multitasking; GUI domain username/password; AD LPD/LPR; FAT16, FAT32, NTFS Windows, Linux, Netware, Mac OS

Mac OS multi-user, multitasking; GUI kerberos mechanism; keychain; OD UNIX-type file system, AppleShare IP Windows, Linux, Netware, Mac OS
TCP/IP utilities
Utility Operating System Function Switches
config NetWare displays IP stack configuration
ifconfig UNIX/Linux displays IP stack configuration
winipcfg Windows 95/98 displays IP stack configuration
ipconfig Windows NT/2000/XP displays IP stack configuration, release/renew DHCP IP address, flush/register /all /renew /release /flushdns
DNS /registerdns
ping Windows/UNIX/Linux/Netwar verifies end-to-end network connectivity; uses ICMP echo packets –t –a –n –l –f –i –r –v
e
tracert Windows 2000/XP/2003 traces routes to internet sites based on the number of hops and displays time –d –h –j –w
taken
traceroute UNIX/Linux traces routes to internet sites based on the number of hops and displays time
taken
netstat Windows/UNIX/Linux/Netwar displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP network connections –a –b –e –r –o –s –n –p
e
nbtstat Windows/UNIX/Linux/Netwar displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP network connections using –a –A –c –n –r –R –S –s
e NetBIOS over TCP/IP
arp Windows/UNIX/Linux/Netwar displays and/or modifies IP to physical address translation tables; displays –a –g –s –N
e current ARP cache
nslookup Windows 2000/XP/2003 queries a DNS name server; used to troubleshoot DNS and verify DNS resolution –a –d –t exit
dig UNIX/Linux nslookup equivalent
telnet Windows/UNIX/Linux/Netwar enables a computer to function as a terminal working from a remote computer –a –e –f –l –t
e
netuse Windows NT/2000/XP used to connect to file or print share

Tools for network cabling and troubleshooting

Tool Usage

Wire crimper Used to affix an UTP/STP cable to a modular connector or plug

Punchdown tool Used to affix several cables to a punchdown block or a patch panel found in wiring cabinets
Media Used to test continuity or polarity of cables, trace shorts along the line; can’t be used on live/active wires

tester/certifier

Tone generator Used along with a probe to verify cable continuity, identify wiring faults, determine line voltage and polarity; can’t be used in active

networks

Common network implementation

Implementatio Purpose Characteristics/Benefits Remarks
n
Firewall security Permits/denies public traffic based on various filtering rules; protection from internet threats ACL, DMZ
Proxy server security, performance A firewall method that caches web content for improved network performance; establish VPN web proxy, ip proxy
for remote users
Antivirus software security, maintenance Software used to search/remove malicious programs on network computer hard drives; viruses, worms, trojan
prevents infection horses
VLAN security, performance Better bandwidth management; reduced administration costs; well-defined groups; improved static/dynamic; VTP, DTP
network security
Intranet cost, flexibility A private network based on TCP/IP which resides behind a firewall; cheaper, versatile, flexible -
information sharing
Extranet security, versatility Extension of a corporate intranet; exchange data between suppliers/customers; secure -
corporate purchasing
Clustering fault-tolerance, load A group of redundant mirrored servers; high availability and scalability; minimized network -
balancing downtime

Network security implementation

Implementation Purpose Impact on network Remarks
Port blocking intrusion detection slows down firewalls, proxy servers
Packet filtering intrusion detection slows down firewalls, proxy servers
Authentication access control none NOS logon server
Encryption data protection slows down IPSec, PKI, PGP, Kerberos,
DES
Characteristics of fault-tolerance
Item Implementation
Power UPS, SPS; backup generators, cooling fans, processors; surge suppressor;
line conditioners
Link redundancy Backup links: ISDN, dial-up; microwave wireless radios; secondary ISP;
clustering
Storage Hardware or software RAID; SCSI hard disks; data warehousing
Services Mission critical servers and equipments: gateways, routers, switches; SAN
clusters, MSOS
Disaster recovery Backup/restore schemes; offsite storage: NAS, SAN; hot/cold spares; hot,
warm, cold sites

Types of RAID
Level No of Description
drives
RAID 0 2 disk stripping without fault tolerance
RAID 1 2 disk mirroring/duplexing
RAID 0+1 4 a mirror of stipes
RAID 5 3 stripping with parity
RAID 10 4 stripe of mirrors; also RAID 0/1

Backup types
Type Description Clears archive Sets to restore
bit?
full/normal backs up all data; longest time to backup Y full only
incremental backs up files changed or added since the last backup; faster to backup; uses Y full + every
more tapes incremental
differential backs up files changed or added since the last full backup; faster to restore; N full + last
uses lesser tapes differential
mirror/copy backs up all data; used to make offsite copies; N -

Types of backup tape drives

Drive Description Capacity Data Transfer Speed
QIC Quarter Inch Cartridge; formats: 3.5”, 5.25” 20 GB, 50 GB 60 kbps, 125 kbps
Travan Enhancement of QIC; formats: TR4, TR5 4/8 GB, 10/20 GB 1 Mbps, 1.83 Mbps
DAT Digital Audio Tape; formats: DDS (Digital Data Storage), DLT (Digital 40 GB (DDS), 160 GB 4.8 Mbps, 20 Mbps
Linear Tape) (DLT)
Mammoth An 8mm backup format used in computer systems; AIT (Advanced 10/20 GB, 20/40 GB 3 Mbps, 6 Mbps
Intelligent Tape)

Sites
Type Description
Hot Primary & backup run simultaneously; Fault-tolerant implementation (clustered systems – redundancy & load balancing); zero
downtime; very expensive
Warm Backup run at the background while primary run real-time; Disaster recovery implementation (duplicate systems); minimum
downtime; less expensive
Cold Backup only used when primary fails; No fault-tolerance; no guaranteed uptime; cheapest

Troubleshooting strategy
Step Description
1 Identify the symptoms
2 Identify the affected area
3 Establish what has changed
4 Select the most probable cause
5 Implement a solution/action plan
6 Test the solution/result
7 Recognize the potential effects of the
solution
 8 Document the solution and process

IEEE Standards
Standar Description
d
802.1 Internetworking
802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC)
802.3 Ethernet (CSMA/CD)
802.4 Token bus LAN
802.5 Token ring LAN
802.6 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
802.7 Broadband technical advisory
802.8 Fiber optic
802.9 Integrated voice/data
802.10 Network Security
802.11 Wireless Networks
802.12 Demand Priority (100VG-Any LAN)
802.13 Not used
802.14 Cable modem
802.15 Wireless personal area network
802.16 Broadband wireless access
802.17 Resilient packet ring