MATRIX SUMMARY SHEET

============================================================================ Matrix Element A rectangular or square array of numbers Any of the numbers in the matrix array b i j is the element in the i_th row , j_th column of Matrix B Dimension of a Matrix nxm n = number or rows ; m = number of columns Inverse Matrix A 1 A must be a square matrix Identity Matrix I Matrix A times its Inverse = Identity Matrix Square Matrix with diagonal elements = 1 A A 1 = I or A 1 A = I and off diagonal elements = 0 A I = I A = A Used to solve A x = b x = A 1 b x = solution vector Augmented Matrix A | b or A | I U Matrix Triangular matrix with the Lower half = zeros Matrix where the coefficients of the variables have been augmented [ combined by adding after ] L Matrix Triangular matrix with the Upper half = zeros
by another matrix or vector.

Singular Matrix Determinant Det A or |A|

A number associated with a Matrix created by multiplication and addition of the matrix elements A determinant "determines" if there is a unique solution A matrix which has a Determinant = 0 A matrix which has no Inverse If Det A = 0 of Ax = b, then system has no unique solution

Rule of Sarras
The method of evaluating a 3x3 Determinant by first augmenting the matrix with the 1st two columns

to A x = b. If Det | A | = 0 then No Solution Gauss Jordan Elimination

Procedure using Elementary Row Operations Beginning with an Augmented Matrix it will . Solve a system of equations

Elementary Row Operation

One of 3 possible operations on a matrix 1/ Interchange of two rows 2/ Multiplication of all elements in a row by a non zero # 3/ Addition of the elements of one row to the corresponding elements in another row

A | b ==> I | x A| I ==>

x = solution

Find the Inverse of a Matrix

I | A 1

Gauss Elimination Procedure using Elementary Row Operations Results in a U Triangular Matrix It will simplify a Matrix to make calculating a Determinant just be the diagonal product Triangular Matrix
Square Matrix with only zeros above or below the diagonal

Transpose Matrix AT A new matrix formed from matrix A by interchanging rows for columns or interchanging columns for rows Symmetric Matrix A matrix which is equal to its Transpose A=AT It is always a square matrix

Its Determinant = Product of the diagonal elements Square matrix Matrix with n = m ; # of rows = # of columns Diagonal Matrix
Square Matrix with zeros for off diagonal elements

Leading Coefficient The first non zero coefficient of a row in a matrix Pivot Element First non zero element from the left used to reduce to zero the elements in the same column. Column Vector A matrix of order n x 1 ; n rows, 1 column Any column of a larger matrix Elementary Matrix Obtained from an Identity Matrix by performing one elementary row operation Multiplication of Matrices AxB=C Only defined if . # columns of A = # rows of B The result C, has ... # rows of A by # columns of B c i j = multiplication of corresponding elements of ( i th row of A ) times ( j th column of B ) and then adding the results
20-Dec-11 PFreda, Assumption College

Its Determinant = Product of the diagonal elements Row Vector A matrix of order 1 x m ; 1 row, m columns Any row of a larger matrix Cramers Rule A method of solving a system of equations using only determinants of the Matrix A in A x = b Addition / Subtraction of Matrices; A + B = C The two matrices must have the same dimension You add / subtract the corresponding elements

a ij b ij = c ij
Scalar Multiplication kA Multiply every element of the matrix by k

Minor Minor = Determinant = Number A minor is a determinant [ a number ] obtained by covering up the row and column of an element & finding the determinant of the resulting submatrix Cofactor Matrix Matrix formed by finding the cofactor for each element and forming a matrix of these numbers Cofactor Expansion Method of finding the determinant of a matrix For any row or column of the matrix Multiply each element of the row / column by its Cofactor and then add them Trace of a Matrix Equals the sum of the diagonal elements Row Echelon Form 1/ All rows of only zeros are at the bottom 2/ Leading coefficient of any row is to the right of the leading coefficient of the row above it. 3/ Leading coefficients are all one [ some definitions ] Result of Gauss Elimination Procedure Allows solution by simple back substitution process 1 2 6|3 0 1 5|2 0 0 1|4 or 1 2 6|3 0 2 5|2 0 0 3|4

Cofactor CoFactor = Signed Minor = Number A cofactor is a Minor [number] multiplied by minus one to the power of the sum of the row number [i] and the column number [j] Adjoint Matrix Transpose of the Matrix of Cofactors The Inverse of a square matrix is equal to the the Adjoint matrix times the reciprocal of the determinant of the matrix Linear Algebra
The study of vector spaces Linear transformations/maps/operators of 1 vector to another

Orthogonal Matrix A square matrix whose column and row vectors are orthogonal. Its Transpose Matrix = Its Inverse Reduced Row Echelon Form Row Echelon Form .. plus 4/ Every leading one is the only non zero entry in its column Result of Gauss Jordan Elimination Procedure Solution is read directly from the matrix equation 1 0 0|3 0 1 0|2 0 0 1|4 Determinant Calculation of Area of a Triangle
The area of a triangle of points (x 1 , y 1 ) (x 2 , y 2 ) (x 3 , y 3 ) is equal to 1/2 the absolute value of the determinant of a matrix with rows of (x 1 , y 1, 1 ) (x 2 , y 2, 1 ) (x 3 , y 3, 1 ) Hint ; First simplify with elimination to make the 2nd & 3rd row 1's to be 0's before finding the determinant

Determinant Geometric Interpretations

2 dimensions; | Det A | = area of the paralleogram spanned by the 2 row vectors of matrix A 3 dimensions; | Det A | = volume of the parallelepiped spanned by the 3 row vectors of matrix A

Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues

For every matrix linear transformation Ax = b , an eigenvector of that linear transformation is a nonzero vector which, when that transformation is applied to it, changes in length, but not direction . The factor by which the vector changes in length is the eigenvalue So for A x = b , the resulting vector b is parallel to x but different in length. Eigen means "own" or "proper" or "characteristic"

Characteristic Polynomial
A specific polynomial equation whose solutions are the eigenvalues of a matrix. Det | A - L I | = 0 is the characteristic polynomial. L is a scalar eigenvalue and I is the Identity Matrix A x = L x is the Eigenvalue Equation where L is the eigenvalue, x is the eigenvector and A is the matrix

================================================================================== Significance / Power / Importance of Matrices A Matrix is an extension of the concept of a function A function maps or transforms the independent variable x on to the dependent variable y f : X => Y or y = f (x) ; This is called a mapping or linear transformation of set X on to set Y Similarly, a matrix maps or transforms one vector on to another vector Ax=b the matrix A maps or transforms vector x into vector b Since a vector can have n dimensions, the mapping is of n variables, not just one The techniques are the same and independent of the size of n; n can be 2, 3, 50, 1000, etc. In Physics, this vector often will represent the State of a given system.
20-Dec-11 PFreda, Assumption College