A

SYNOPSES

ON

Data Communication & Security System

Using LASER
Submitted To

Electronics &Communication Engineering Department

of

MAHARANA PRATAP ENGINEERING COLLEGE ,

KOTHI, MANDHANA, KANPUR

SESSION :- (2009-10)
 Staff Counselor Submitted By

NEERAJ SAHU
Electronics & Communication (0604631060)
Engineering Department
MAHENDRA SHUKLA
(0604631047)
AMIT KUMAR
(0504631006)
ADISH JAIN (0604631005)
E.C. - IV Year

ACKNOWLEDMENT

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to those whose encouragement and co-

operation has been a source of inspiration. Specially, it is an honor to thank Mr. Sunil

Kushwaha for acknowledge our Project topic “Data Communication & Security

System Using LASER”.

We would also like to express our thanks to all those respected faculty

members of Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering who have

helped us and gave their permission for initiate our project.

Group Members

NEERAJ SAHU
MAHENDRA SHUKLA
AMIT KUMAR
ADISH JAIN
 E.C. 4th year

ABSTRACT

In this project we will transmits the data using a LASER beam by inputting the data from
our PC then receive the corresponding data wirelessly and transmitted data will visible on
DIGITAL DISPLAY SYSTEM.
The laser module (TIM202) module is a small (38x14x14 mm) semicunductor;
similar to those types used in laser pointers which takes 3V 45mA and outputs 3-5mW
670nm laser beam. We implement a simple LASER data link using this semiconductor
laser module and some kind of receiver. We will use a fiber optic receiver module as a
receiver. module is designed for 665nm wavelength and it can operate up to 5 mbit/s.
Now we connected the circuit to the serial-port of a PC. Using a PC circuit can be operate
with different communication speeds. At the receiver side we’ll use a display system on
which we can see the transmitted data
( text or number ).
Undertaking the laser for security system therefor If any person try to hack the
transmitted data from communication medium (LASER path through air) the security
alarm will get ON. We’ll also show in our project how to protect a object by using
LASER beam.
 CONTENT

• Introduction of Data communication

• Security system
• LASER
• LASER Cunstruction
• LASER Physics
• Spectral Outputs of Several LASER
• Sensors
• PC Interfacing
• RS-232
• RS232 Data Interface
• Signals
• RTS/CTS handshaking
• IC Used
• Circuit Diagram for Data Communication
• Transmitter Block Diagram
• Reciever block Diagram
• Security System Circuit Diagram
• An introduction of Visual Basic
• References
Introduction of Data Communication:-

To send digital information through the laser communication device, the inputaudio
signal must be converted into a series of digital bits. Before this can beaccomplished,
some formatting has to be performed on the analog audio signal comingfrom the CD
player. The analog input is a 100-200mVp-p signal. It is first sent through a filtering
circuit to block any DC offset and center the input signal at 0V. The signal is then
amplified with a gain of 20 using an opamp. Finally, a filter and clamping circuitare used
to attenuate frequencies below 10Hz and flip the negative values positive forA/D
conversion. The conversion is completed using an AD7819 chip. This chip samples the
analog signal at 125kHz (controlled by a clock signal from 555 timer) and outputs to an
8-bit parallel interface. Sampling is accomplished by reading the voltage level of the
analog signal at a certain time interval (for this system, the sample period is 8µ s). This
voltage is then assigned one of 256 distinct voltage levels and given an 8-bit sequence to
describe the voltage level in digital terms.
The 8-bit sequence is then sent in parallel (8 lines sending the bits all at the same time) to
an array of transistors. The transistors switch 8 lasers off and on to transmit the digital
sequences. A “1” turns a given laser on while a “0” turns it off. The laser light pulses are
sensed by eight phototransistors that are give off a “1” when excited by laser light and a
“0” when not excited.
To reverse the process for output to the audio speaker, digital to analog conversion needs
to take place. To do this, the digital bits from the laser are fed into a latch (74HC161) that
sustains the digital values coming from the lasers until another value overwrites it. After
going through an inverter array, the 8-bit signal arrives at the D/A converter chip. This
chip takes each 8-bit digital sample and converts it to one of the 256 voltage levels used
by the A/D chip. The output analog signal is then amplified by a variable gain opamp
circuit and taken to the speaker.
Security System:-

Torch powered by 3V or above power-supply is used for generating a laser beam. A

combination of plain mirrors M1 through M6 is used to direct the laser beam around the
object that you want to protect . The laser beam is directed to finally fall on an LDR that
forms part of the receiver unit .Any interruption of the beam by a thief/ trespasser
(Hacker for data communication) will result into energisation of the alarm. The 3V
power-supply circuit is a conventional full wave rectifier-filter circuit.
Any alarm unit that operates on 230V AC can be connected at the output. The
receiver unit comprises two identical step-down transformers (X1 and X2), two 6V relays
(RL1 and RL2), an LDR, a transistor, and a few other passive components. When
switches S1 and S2 are activated, transformer X1, followed by a full-wave rectifier and
smoothing capacitor C1, drives relay RL1 through the laser switch. The laser beam
should be aimed continuously on LDR. As long as the laser beam falls on LDR, transistor
T1 remains forward biased and relay RL1 is thus in energized condition. When a person
crosses the line of laser beam, relay RL1 turns off and transformer X2 gets energized to
provide a parallel path across N/C contact and the pole of relay RL1. In this condition,
the laser beam will have no effect on LDR and the alarm will continue to operate as long
as switch S2 is ON. When the torch is switched on, the pointed laser beam is reflected
from a definite point/place on the periphery of the any object. Making use of a set of
properly oriented mirrors one can form an visible net of laser rays as shown in the block
diagram. The final ray should fall on LDR of the circuit.
Note. LDR should be kept in a long pipe to protect it from other sources of light, and its
total distance from the source may be kept limited to 500 meters.

Laser:-

A laser is a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process called
stimulated emission. The term laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation. Laser light is usually spatially coherent, which means that the
light either is emitted in a narrow, low-divergence beam, or can be converted into one
with the help of optical components such as lenses. Typically, lasers are thought of as
emitting light with a narrow wavelength spectrum ("monochromatic" light). This is not
true of all lasers, however: some emit light with a broad spectrum, while others emit light
at multiple distinct wavelengths simultaneously. The coherence of typical laser emission
is distinctive. Most other light sources emit incoherent light, which has a phase that varies
randomly with time and position.

Laser construction:-

A laser consists of a gain medium inside a highly reflective optical cavity, as well as a
means to supply energy to the gain medium. The gain medium is a material with
properties that allow it to amplify light by stimulated emission. In its simplest form, a
cavity consists of two mirrors arranged such that light bounces back and forth, each time
passing through the gain medium. Typically one of the two mirrors, the output coupler, is
partially transparent. The output laser beam is emitted through this mirror.
Light of a specific wavelength that passes through the gain medium is amplified
(increases in power); the surrounding mirrors ensure that most of the light makes many
passes through the gain medium, being amplified repeatedly. Part of the light that is
between the mirrors (that is, within the cavity) passes through the partially transparent
mirror and escapes as a beam of light. .

The process of supplying the energy required for the amplification is called pumping. The
energy is typically supplied as an electrical current or as light at a different wavelength.
Such light may be provided by a flash lamp or perhaps another laser. Most practical
lasers contain additional elements that affect properties such as the wavelength of the
emitted light and the shape of the beam.

Laser physics:-

A helium-neon laser demonstration . The glowing ray in the middle is an electric

discharge producing light in much the same way as a neon light. It is the gain medium
through which the laser passes, not the laser beam itself, which is visible there. The laser
beam crosses the air and marks a red point on the screen to the right.
Spectrum of a helium neon laser showing the very high spectral purity intrinsic to nearly
all lasers. Compare with the relatively broad spectral emittance of a light emitting diode.
See also: Laser science

The gain medium of a laser is a material of controlled purity, size, concentration, and
shape, which amplifies the beam by the process of stimulated emission. It can be of any
state: gas, liquid, solid or plasma. The gain medium absorbs pump energy, which raises
some electrons into higher-energy ("excited") quantum states. Particles can interact with
light both by absorbing photons or by emitting photons. Emission can be spontaneous or
stimulated. In the latter case, the photon is emitted in the same direction as the light that
is passing by. When the number of particles in one excited state exceeds the number of
particles in some lower-energy state, population inversion is achieved and the amount of
stimulated emission due to light that passes through is larger than the amount of
absorption. Hence, the light is amplified. By itself, this makes an optical amplifier. When
an optical amplifier is placed inside a resonant optical cavity, one obtains a laser.

The light generated by stimulated emission is very similar to the input signal in terms of
wavelength, phase, and polarization. This gives laser light its characteristic coherence,
and allows it to maintain the uniform polarization and often monochromaticity
established by the optical cavity design.

The optical cavity, a type of cavity resonator, contains a coherent beam of light between
reflective surfaces so that the light passes through the gain medium more than once
before it is emitted from the output aperture or lost to diffraction or absorption. As light
circulates through the cavity, passing through the gain medium, if the gain (amplification)
in the medium is stronger than the resonator losses, the power of the circulating light can
rise exponentially. But each stimulated emission event returns a particle from its excited
state to the ground state, reducing the capacity of the gain medium for further
amplification. When this effect becomes strong, the gain is said to be saturated. The
balance of pump power against gain saturation and cavity losses produces an equilibrium
value of the laser power inside the cavity; this equilibrium determines the operating point
of the laser. If the chosen pump power is too small, the gain is not sufficient to overcome
the resonator losses, and the laser will emit only very small light powers. The minimum
pump power needed to begin laser action is called the lasing threshold. The gain medium
will amplify any photons passing through it, regardless of direction; but only the photons
aligned with the cavity manage to pass more than once through the medium and so have
significant amplification.

The beam in the cavity and the output beam of the laser, if they occur in free space rather
than waveguides (as in an optical fiber laser), are, at best, low order Gaussian beams.
However this is rarely the case with powerful lasers. If the beam is not a low-order
Gaussian shape, the transverse modes of the beam can be described as a superposition of
Hermite-Gaussian or Laguerre-Gaussian beams (for stable-cavity lasers). Unstable laser
resonators on the other hand, have been shown to produce fractal shaped beams.[5] The
beam may be highly collimated, that is being parallel without diverging. However, a
perfectly collimated beam cannot be created, due to diffraction. The beam remains
collimated over a distance which varies with the square of the beam diameter, and
eventually diverges at an angle which varies inversely with the beam diameter. Thus, a
beam generated by a small laboratory laser such as a helium-neon laser spreads to about
1.6 kilometers (1 mile) diameter if shone from the Earth to the Moon. By comparison, the
output of a typical semiconductor laser, due to its small diameter, diverges almost as soon
as it leaves the aperture, at an angle of anything up to 50°. However, such a divergent
beam can be transformed into a collimated beam by means of a lens. In contrast, the light
from non-laser light sources cannot be collimated by optics as well.

Although the laser phenomenon was discovered with the help of quantum physics, it is
not essentially more quantum mechanical than other light sources. The operation of a free
electron laser can be explained without reference to quantum mechanics.

Spectral output of several types of lasers:-

Sensor:- A Photo detector is used for detection of the intensity modulated data.
A sensor is a device which measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal
which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.

For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion
and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. A thermocouple
converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a voltmeter. For
accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated against known standards.
Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons and lamps
which dim or brighten by touching the base. There are also innumerable applications for
sensors of which most people are never aware. Applications include automobiles,
machines, aerospace, medicine, industry, and robotics.
A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the measured
quantity changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1cm when the
temperature changes by 1°, the sensitivity is 1cm/1°. Sensors that measure very small
changes must have very high sensitivities.
Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured on a
microscopic scale as micro sensors using MEMS technology. In most cases, a micro
sensor reaches a significantly higher speed and sensitivity compared with macroscopic
approaches.

LDR:- It refers to light dependent resister. The resistence of LDR is increased in dark.
It is used as a sensor of light.

PC Interfacing:-
RS-232

In telecommunication RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is a standard for serial

binary data signals connecting between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE
(Data Circuit-terminating equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports. A
similar ITU-T standard is V.24.

Standard details:

In RS-232, data is sent as a time-series of bits. Both synchronous and asynchronous

transmissions are supported by the standard. In addition to the data circuits, the standard
defines a number of control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE and
DCE. Each data or control circuit only operates in one direction that is, signaling from a
DTE to the attached DCE or the reverse. Since transmit data and receive data are separate
circuits, the interface can operate in a full duplex manner, supporting concurrent data
flow in both directions. The standard does not define character framing within the data
stream, or character encoding.

RS232 Data Interface

RS-232 is simple, universal, well understood and supported but it has some serious
shortcomings as a data interface. The standards to 256kbps or less and line lengths of
15M (50 ft) or less but today we see high speed ports on our home PC running very high
speeds and with high quality cable maxim distance has increased greatly. The rule of
thumb for the length a data cable depends on speed of the data, quality of the cable.

Signals:-

Commonly-used signals are:

 I. Transmitted Data (TxD)
Data sent from DTE to DCE.

II. Received Data (RxD)

Data sent from DCE to DTE.

III. Request To Send (RTS)

Asserted (set to 0) by DTE to prepare DCE to receive data. This may require action on
the part of the DCE, e.g. transmitting a carrier or reversing the direction

IV. Clear To Send (CTS)

Asserted by DCE to acknowledge RTS and allow DTE to transmit.
Data Terminal Ready (DTR) Asserted by DTE to indicate that it is ready to be connected.
If the DCE is a modem, this may "wake up" the modem, bringing it out of a power saving
mode. This behaviour is seen quite often in modern PSTN and GSM modems. When this
signal is de-asserted, the modem may return to its standby mode, immediately hanging up
any calls in progress.

V. Data Set Ready (DSR)

Asserted by DCE to indicate an active connection. If DCE is not a modem (e.g. a null
modem cable or other equipment), this signal should be permanently asserted (set to 0),
possibly by a jumper to another signal.

VI. Data Carrier Detect (DCD)

Asserted by DCE when a connection has been established with remote equipment.

VII. Ring Indicator (RI)

Asserted by DCE when it detects a ring signal from the telephone line. The standard
defines RTS/CTS as the signaling protocol for flow control for data transmitted from
DTE to DCE. The standard has no provision for flow control in the other direction.
Various implementations of compatible ports may reassign other pins for flow control.

RTS/CTS handshaking
The standard RS-232 use of the RTS and CTS lines is asymmetrical. The DTE asserts
RTS to indicate desire to transmit to the DCE. The DCE asserts CTS in response to grant
permission. This allows for half-duplex modems that disable their transmitters when not
required, and must transmit synchronization preamble to the receiver when they are re-
enabled. There is no way for the DTE to indicate that it is unable to accept data from the
DCE.
A non-standard symmetrical alternative is widely used: CTS indicates permission from
the DCE for theDTE to transmit, and RTS indicates permission from the DTE for the
DCE to transmit. The "request to transmit" is implicit and continuous. Thus, with this
alternative usage, one can think of RTS asserted (logic 0) meaning "ready to receive
characters" from the DTE, rather than a "request to transmit" to the
DCE.

Signal rate selection

The DTE or DCE can specify use of a "high" or "low" signaling rate. The rates as well as
which device will select the rate must be configured in both the DTE and DCE. The
prearranged device selects the high rate by setting pin 23 to ON.

Loopback testing

Many DCE devices have a loop back capability used for testing. When enabled, signals
are echoed back to the sender rather than being sent on to the receiver. If supported, the
DTE can signal the local DCE (the one it is connected to) to enter loop back mode by
setting pin 18 to ON, or the remote DCE (the one the local DCE is connected to) to enter
loop back mode by setting pin 21 to ON. The latter tests the communications link as well
as both DCE's. When the DCE is in test mode it signals the DTE by setting Pin 25 to
ON.A commonly used version of loop back testing doesn't involve any special capability
of either end. A hardware loop back is simply a wire connecting complementary pins
together in the same connector. See
Loopback.
Loopback testing is often performed with a specialized DTE called a Bit Error Rate
Tester (BERT).

Timing signals
Some synchronous devices provide a clock signal to synchronize data transmission,
especially at higher data rates. Two timing signals are provided by the DCE on pins 15
and 17. Pin 15 is the transmitter
Clock, or send timing (ST); the DTE puts the next bit on the data line (pin 2) when this
clock transitions OFF to ON (so it is stable during the ON to OFF transition when the
DCE registers the bit). Pin 17
is the receiver clock, or receive timing (RT); the DTE reads the next bit from the data line
(pin 3) when this clock transitions from ON to OFF.

Alternatively, the DTE can provide a clock signal, called transmitter timing (TT), on pin
24 for transmitted data. Again, data is changed when the clock transitions from OFF to
ON and read during the
ON to OFF transition. TT can be used to overcome the issue where ST must traverse a
cable of unknown length and delay, clock a bit out of the DTE after another unknown
delay, and return it to theDCE over the same unknown cable delay. Since the relation
between the transmitted bit and TT can be fixed in the DTE design, and since both
signals traverse the same cable length, using TT eliminates the issue. TT may be
generated by looping ST back with an appropriate phase change to align it with the
transmitted data. ST loop back to TT lets the DTE use the DCE as the frequency
reference, and correct the clock to data timing.

RS232 physical properties

The RS232 standard describes a communication method capable of communicating in

different environments. This has had its impact on the maximum allowable voltages etc.
on the pins. In the original definition, the technical possibilities of that time were taken
into account. The maximum baud rate defined for example is 20 kbps. With current
devices like the 16550A UART, maximum speeds of
1.5 Mbps are allowed.

IC Used :-
For the security system comparator IC is required. we can use one of the given below
LM 358 (Low Power Dual Operational Amplifiers) OR (IC555)

General Description of LM358

The LM158 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency
compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a
single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is
also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of
the power supply voltage.
Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional
op amp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply
systems.
For example, the LM158 series can be directly operated off of the standard +5V power
supply voltage which is used in digital systems and will easily provide the required
interface electronics without requiring the additional ±15V power supplies.

Unique Characteristics
• In the linear mode the input common-mode voltage range includes ground and the
output voltage can also swing to ground, even though operated from only a single
power supply voltage.
• The unity gain cross frequency is temperature compensated.
• The input bias current is also temperature compensated.

Features
• Internally frequency compensated for unity gain
• Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB
• Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated)
• Wide power supply range:— Single supply: 3V to 32V — or dual supplies: ±1.5V
to ±16V
• Very low supply current drain (500 μA)—essentially independent of supply
voltage
• Low input offset voltage: 2 mV
• Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
• Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage
• Large output voltage swing: 0V to V+− 1.5V

Connection Diagrams
Advantages :-

• Two internally compensated op amps in a single package

• Eliminates need for dual supplies
• Allows directly sensing near GND and VOUT also goes to GND
• Compatible with all forms of logic
• Power drain suitable for battery operation
• Pin-out same as LM1558/LM1458 dual operational amplifier

Circuit Diagram for Data Communication :-

For Audio Transmission:-

Simple Transmitter:-

Simple Reciever:-

For Digital Data:-

Transmitter Block Diagram:-

POWER
SWITCHING
PC AMPLIFIRE SUPPL
DEVICE
Y

LASER

possible circuits for receiving:-

Before trying the HBFR-2521 fiberoptical receiverr module I tried to use Simple infra-
red detector as the detector /that circuit was also sensitive to visible light). That circuit
did not give any useful results because it was too slow. I thought that using simple this
type prototransistor circuit were not usable in this application.

Good results up to 9600 bps using the following receiving circuit:

+5v
|
| collector
| /
---> |/ phototransistor
light |
---> |\
| V emitter
|_________________________ 0 and +5 out
|
/
\ 1.5k
/
\
|
gnd

The circuit it gives out 0 and 5 volts which is not compatible with RS232. The circuit
must be followed with MC1488 (or some other) rs232 driver to convert this to RS232. I
have not tried this circuit, but the idea seems to be worth to try.

Security System Circuit Diagram:-

Here we will use a dark detector circuit.if the laser beam falls continuously on the LDR
so the buzzer will in OFF position. When the LASER beam is interrupted the buzzer
reached in ON position.

we can use IC555 (timer IC) as a comparator.

Programming Language Used:-

Visual Basic
History
Microsoft released Visual Basic in 1987. It was the first visual development tool from
Microsoft, and it was to compete with C, C++, Pascal and other well-known
programming languages. From the start, Visual Basic wasn't a hit. It wasn't until release
2.0 in 1991 that people really discovered the potential of the language, and with release
3.0 it had become the fastest-growing programming language on the market.

What Is Visual Basic?

Programmers have undergone a major change in many years of programming various
machines. For example what could be created in minutes with Visual Basic could take
days in other languages such: as "C" or "Pascal". Visual Basic provides many interesting
sets of tools to aid you in building exciting applications. Visual Basic provides these tools
to make your life far easier because all the real hard code is already written for you.
With controls like these you can create many applications which use certain parts of
windows.

Visual Basic
Paradigm :- Event-driven
Developer :- Microsoft
Latest release :- VB6/ 1998
Typing discipline :- Static, strong
Influenced by :- Quick BASIC
Influenced :- Visual Basic.NET
OS :- Microsoft Windows

Visual Basic (VB) is a third-generation event driven programming language and

associated development environment from Microsoft for its COM programming model.
Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development
(RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using
DAO,RDO or ADO and creation of Active X controls and objects. Scripting languages
such as VBA and VB Script are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform
differently.
A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with
Visual Basic itself.
Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires
external function declarations.
In business programming, Visual Basic has one of the largest user bases. In a survey
conducted in 2005, 62 percent of developers reported using some form of Visual Basic. It
currently competes with C++, C# and Java for dominance in the business world. Java
Script is another competitor to Visual Basic.
The final release was version 6 in 1998. Microsoft extended support will end in 2008 and
the designated successor is Visual Basic .NET.

Areas of Application:
The term "Personal Programming" refers to the idea that, wherever you work,
whatever you do, you can expand your computer's usefulness by writing applications to
use in your own job. Personal Programming is what Visual Basic is all about. Using
Visual Basic's tools, you quickly translate an abstract idea into a program design you can
actually see on the screen. VB encourages you to experiment, revise, correct, and
network your design until the new project meets your requirements. However , most of
all, it inspires your imagination and creativity.
Visual Basic is ideal for developing applications that run in the new Windows 95
operating system. VB presents a 3-step approach for creating programs:

1. Design the appearance of your application.

2. Assign property settings to the objects of your program.

3. Write the code to direct specific tasks at runtime.

Visual Basic can used in a number of different areas, for example:

• Education
• Research
• Medicine
• Business
• Commerce
• Marketing and Sales
• Accounting
• Consulting
• Law

References
• www.wikipedia.org
• www.google.com
• www.infomit.com
• www.engineeringproject.4u.com