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1. AMLA

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Classification
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Kingdom : Plantae Division Flowering plant Class: Magnoliopsida Order :

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Malpighiales Family : Phyllanthaceae Tribe : Phyllantheae Subtribe :
Fluegginae Genus : Phyllanthus Species: P. emblica Zoological name :

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Phyllanthus emblica

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Other Names. Indian gooseberry, Bhumi amla, Bhumyamalki, Amlaki,

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adiphala, dhatri, amalaka, amali, amalakamu, usirikai, Anola, Amlika, nellikai,

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malacca tree, nillika, nellikya, emblic are the other names used for the Amla.

Description

Amla is the medium size deciduous plant. It grows to the height of 8 -18 meter. It
has a crooked trunk and spreading branches. Its flower is yellow greenish in
colour. The fruit is spherical pale yellow with six vertical furrows. The mature
fruits are hard and do not fall for the gentle touch. amla-plantThe average weight
of the fruit is 60 -70 g. It has a gray bark and reddish wood. Its leaves are
feathery, linear oblong in shape and smell like lemon. Its wood is hard in texture.
It wraps and splits when exposed in the Sun or in the excessive heat.
Location : It is planted through the deciduous of tropical India and on the hill
slopes up to 2000 meter. It is commercially cultivated in the state of Uttar
Pradesh in India. It is also grown in Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh
also.
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Cultivation methods :Amla can grow in light as well as the heavy soils. It is
grown under the tropical conditions. The young plants are protected from the hot
winds as they dye easily. Amla is generally propagated through seeds. It requires
proper sunlight. It is irrigated during the monsoon season. It starts bearing fruits
in seven years from the day of planting.

Medicinal uses : The fruit is the richest source of Vitamin C and is a diuretic,
aperient, Laxative and hair dye. It cures insomnia and is healthy for hair. It is
used as the cardio protective, useful in hemorrhage, menprrhagia, leucorrhoea
and discharge of blood from uterus. Amla power and oil are used traditionally in
Ayurvedic applications for the treatment of scalp. Amla power improves immunity
and gives physical strength. It improves complexion and removes wrinkles. Amla
is also used to treat constipation and is used as a cooling agent to reduce the
effects of sun strokes and sun burns.

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Other uses : It is the main ingredient used in the shampoo. Amla oil is used all

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the world. Amla is used in sauces, candy, dried chips, pickle, jellies and powder.

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It is even used in the dyeing industry. It extract is popularly used in the ink. Amla

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wood is commonly used in firework.

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Cultural Importance :Amla has been regarded as the sacred tree in India. It sin

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worshiped as the Mother Earth and is believed to nurture humankind because

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the fruits are very nourishing. It stimulates spiritual purity. Kartik Mahatma and
Vrat Kaumudi order the worship of this tree. Its fruits and flowers are used in
worship.
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2. ARJUN TREE

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Classification
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Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order :

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Myrtales Family : Combretaceae Genus : Terminalia Species: T. arjuna
Zoological name : Terminalia arjuna

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Other Names
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Arjuna, Koha, Kahu, Arjan, White Marudah, White Murdh, Arjuna Myrobalan,
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Orjun, Yerra maddi, Sadada, Sadaru and many more.

Description
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Arjuna is the large size deciduous tree. The height of the Arjuna tree reaches

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upto 60 -85 feet. It is the evergreen tree with the yellow flowers and conical
leaves. It has a smooth gray bark. Fruit is 2.5 -3.5 cm long, fibrous woody,
glabrous with 5 hard wings, striated with numerous arjun-treecurved veins. It has
a buttressed trunk and a vast spreading crown from which the branches drop
downwards. Its leaves are dull green above and pale brown beneath. Arjuna
flowers between March to June and fruits between September to November.

Other Species : Terminalia chebula, T. bellrica and T. ciliata are the other
species of Arjun tree found in India.

Location : Terminalia Arjuna is common throughout India especially in the sub

Himalayan tracts and Eastern India. They are widely grown in Bandhavgarh
National Park, Pench Tiger Reserve and Kanha National Park in India. It is
mainly grown on the banks of the rivers and streams.
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Cultivation methods :Its fruit is dried in the sunlight and than stored up to 6 -12
months. Seeds are pretreated by soaking in the water for 48 hours before sowing
in beds. 8 – 9 months seedlings are better to transplant in the field.

Medicinal uses : The Bark of the Arjuna tree contains calcium salts, magnesium
salts, and glucosides has been used in traditional Ayurvedic herbalism Juice of
its leaf is used to cure dysentry and earache. Arjuna helps in maintaining the
cholesterol level at the normal rate, as it contains the antioxidant properties
similar to the Vitamin E. It strengths the heart muscles and maintains the heart
functioning properly. It also improves functioning of cardiac muscle. Arjuna is
used for the treatment of coronary artery disease, heart failure, edema, angina
and hypercholesterolemia. Its bark power possesses diuretic, prostaglandin
enhancing and coronary risk factor modulating properties. It is also considered as
beneficial in the treatment of Asthma.

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Other uses : Its wood is used in boat and house building as it is very hard. Its

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wood is also used in the making of the agricultural implements and weapons too.

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It is grown in the cities and towns for the purpose of shade.

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Cultural Importance :Arjuna is one of the sacred tree of India. It has acquired

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the social and religious sanctity with the passage of time. It is said that Arjuna
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has been born of the two sons of Kubair after saint Narada cursed him. The

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leaves and flowers of this tree are offered to the Lord Vishnu and Lord Ganpati
on the several religious occasions. It has been used in Ayurvedic formation since
ancient times.
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3. BANYAN TREE
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Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order :

Urticales Family : Moraceae Genus : Ficus Zoological name : Ficus
Benghalensis.
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Other Names

Bargad, Bor, Ber, Ala and Pedda mari, Nayagrodha, Ala mara, Bar, Vad,
Vatnam, Bahupada, Peddamarri, Al are the other names used for the Banyan
tree. Indians call it a wish fulfilling tree.

Description

Banyan tree is a huge tree with very extensive branches. It is said that at one
time more than 10, 000 people can sit under its shade at one time. It is a
evergreen tree. It branches spread out and send trunk like roots to the ground in
order to support itself. It grows to a height of more than Banyan Tree21 meters
and lives for many years. The leaves are 10 -20 cm long and has many aerial
roots. The leaves are broad, oval and glossy. White milky fluid oozes out of

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leaves, if broken. It can grow in to the gaint tree covering several hectares.

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Other Species : F. aurea, F. benghalensis, F. citrifolia, F. macrophylla, F.

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microcarpa, F.pertusa, F. rubiginosa are the other related species of the Banyan
tree.

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Location : Found in almost all the parts of India, Banyan tree is the National tree

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of India. It is grown throughout the sub- Himalayan region and in the deciduous
forests. One can Banyan Tree in the Botanical Garden of Calcutta. They are

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widely grown in the Ranthambore National Park and Corbett National Park in

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India.

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Cultivation methods :Banyan tree is easily propagated by root tip cuttings or

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the eye cuttings. Cut apiece of the stem about half a inch below and above the

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leaf. Insert the stem piece and a little of the leaf stalk into the rooting medium. To

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reduce evaporation from the leaf surface, you can roll the leaf and secure with a

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rubber band. In a couple weeks roots and a new shoot will start developing. It

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can grow in any type of soil.

Medicinal uses : The Banyan tree also has several medicinal properties. Its leaf,
bark, seeds and fig are used for the variety of disorders like diarrhea, polyuria,
dental, diabetes and urine disorders. The wood of the Banyan tree is used in
making door panels, boxes and the other items. Its bark is used for making paper
and ropes. The milky latex that comes from its leaves and stems is used in many
Ayurvedic medicines.

Other uses : In India its edible leaves are used as the plates. It is planted for the
soil conservation. Wood is used for well curbs, door panels, boxes, furniture etc.
It is suitable for paper pulp. The wood of the aerial roots is stronger and is used
for the tent poles and cart yokes.

Cultural importance : Banyan tree is respected and is considered as sacred by

the people in India. In the sacred Hindu Book 'Bhagwad Gita' Lord Krishna has
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sung praises on the Banyan tree. People in India grow Banyan tree closer to the
Peepal tree. As Banyan tree is considered as the male plant closely related to
the Peepal tree. It symbolize Trimurti with Vishnu as the barl, Shiva as the
branches and Brahma as the roots. Indians considered Banyan tree as 'Kalpa
Vriksha' the tree that fulfill all your wishes.The mighty Banyan Tree is considered
as immortal and has always been the focal point for the village communities in
India. It is probably the biggest and friendliest of all trees. Banyan tree is the tree
of knowledge and tree of life.

4. PEEPAL TREE

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Classification
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Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order :

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Name : Ficus religiosa

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Other Names

Bo tree, Bodhi tree, Sacred tree, Beepul tree, Pipers, Pimpal, Jari,
Arani,Ashvattha, Ragi, Bodhidruma, Shuchidruma, Pipalla, Ashvattha and the
Buddha tree are the other names used for the Banyan tree.

Description

Peepal is a large, fast growing deciduous tree. It has a heart shaped leaves. It is
a medium size tree and has a large crown with the wonderful wide spreading
branches. It shed its leaves in the month of March and April. The fruits of the
Peepal are hidden with the figs. The figs are ripen in peepal-treethe month of
May. The figs which contain the flowers grow in pairs just below the leaves and
look like the berries. Its bark is light gray and peels in patches. Its fruit is purple in
colour. It is one of the longest living trees.
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Other Species : Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam, Artocarpus incissus L.,
Artocarpus nobilis Thw. Are some of the other species of the Peepal tree.

Location : Peepal tree is grown throughout India. It is mainly grown in State of

Haryana, Bihar, Kerala and Madhya Pradesh. It is also found in the Ranthambore
National Park in India.

Cultivation : Peepal tree is easily propagated through the seeds or through the
cuttings. It can grow in any type of soil. Young peepal needs proper nourishment.
It requires full sunlight and proper watering.

Medicinal uses : This tree of life has also got the medicinal value. The juice of
its leaves extracted by holding them near the fire can be used as the ear drop. Its
power bark has been used to heal the wounds for years. The bark of the tree is
useful in inflammations and glandular swelling of the neck. Its root bark is useful

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for stomatitis, clean ulcers, and promotes granulations. Its roots are also good for

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gout. The roots are even chewed to prevent gum diseases. Its fruit is laxative

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which promotes digestion and checks vomiting. Its ripe fruits are good for the foul

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taste, thirst and heart diseases. The powered fruit is taken for Asthma. Its seeds

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have proved useful in urinary troubles. The leaves are used to treat constipation.

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Other uses : People in India collect the Peepal leaves, clean them, dry them and

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than paint them with the gold acrylic in order to preserve them for years. From
the bark of the Peepal tree reddish dye is extracted. Its leaves are used to feed

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the camels and the elephants. When the leaves are dried they are used for the

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decoration purpose.

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Cultural importance : Peepal tree has the great importance in India especially

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among the Buddhist who regard Peepal tree as the personification of Buddha.

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Lord Buddha attained enlightenment mediating under the Peepal tree. It is

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regarded as the sacred tree and the people uses its leaves for the religious

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purposes. According to the Buddha – 'He who worships the Peepal tree will

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receive the same reward as if he worshiped me in person'. The Peepal tree has
its own symbolic meaning of Enlightenment and peace. People tie threads of
white, red and yellow silk around it to pray for progeny and rewarding
parenthood. Hindus in India holds the great spiritual regard for the Peepal Tree,
they regard it as the tree beneath which Vishnu was born.
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5. EUCALYPTUS

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Classification
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Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order :

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Myrtales Family : Myrtaceae Genus : Eucalyptus Zoological name : Eucalyptus
globulus, Eucalyptus polybrachtea.

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Other Names
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Tailapatra, Sugandhapatra, Tailaprana, and Nilgiri Taila are the other names
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used for the Eucalyptus.

Description
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Eucalyptus is a tall evergreen tree. It attains the height of more than 300 feet.

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Leaves of the tree on juvenile shoots are opposite, sessile, cordate-ovate and
covered with a bluish white bloom. The adult leaves are alternate, lanceolate and
are 6-12 inches long and 1-2 inches broad. It eucalyptus-treeflowers are cream in
colour. The appearance of its bark varies with the age of the tree. Its bark
consists of long fibers and can be can be pulled off in long pieces. Stems of the
seedlings and coppice shoots are quadrangular. Flowers are in cymose panicles.
The fruit is a capsule.

Other Species : Eucalyptus abdita, Eucalyptus acies, Eucalyptus apiculata,

Eucalyptus albopurpurea, Eucalyptus alligatrix, Eucalyptus ammophila,
Eucalyptus amplifolia, Eucalyptus andrewsii are the other related species of
Eucalyptus. There are 700 species of Eucalyptus.

Location : It is widely grown in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat, Haryana,

Mysore, Kerala and in the Nilgiri Hill. It grows well in deep, fertile, well drained
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loamy soil with adequate moisture. It is also found in Nagarhole National Park
and Bandipur National Park in India.

Cultivation methods :Eucalyptus grown in well drained sandy soil. It is

propagated through seeds, soft wood cuttings and semi hard wood cuttings. At
the time planting it must be taken into account that ts roots are not broken. It
needs water before and after planting. It requires full sunlight.

Medicinal uses : Eucalyptus is known for its use either as an essential oil or leaf
tea for its ability to relieve congestion and ease breathing in colds. It oil is also
used as the pain reliever foe sore and overextended muscles. The essential oil of
Eucalyptus contains cineole, a potent antiseptic that helps in killing the bacteria
and fungi. It helps in increasing cardiac action. It is taken in all types of fever. It
helps in purifying the blood. It lowers the blood sugar. It brings relief to the
patients of Asthma and bronchitis. It is the excellent topical remedy for aching

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joints and rheumatism. It helps in improving the blood circulation.

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Other uses : Eucalyptus is used as the pulpwood in the manufacture of the

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paper as well as raw material. It is used as the poles for the construction of huts

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and houses. It is used in making plywood, doors and windows.

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6. MAHOGANY

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Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order :

Sapindales Family : Meliaceae Genus : Swietenia Species : S. mahagoni
Scientific Name : Swietenia mahagoni
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Other Names

Mahogany, West Indian Mahogany, Spanish mahogany, Madeira redwood,

acajou, caoba, caoba de Santo, cheria mahogany, Cuban mahogany, American
mahogany, True mahogany, small leaf mahogany, Dominican mahogany are
some of the other names of Indian Mahogany.

Description

Indian Mahogany grow up to the height of 30 -40 feet. It is fast upright growing
tree with abroad rounded symmetrical crown. It is 20 -30 feet in spread. The fruit
is a large greenish brown capsule, splitting into 5 parts relwasing flat, long
winged, light brown seeds. Its wood is red brown indian-mahogany-treein colour.
Both the male and the female flowers are produced on the same plant. The bark
is smooth dark brown in colour. The leaves are pinnate which are 12 -25 cm
long, with four to eight leaflets.

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Swietenia mahagoni, Swietenia macrophylla are the other related species of the
Indian Mahogany.

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Location : India Mahogany is found in almost all the parts of India. It can also be

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found in Thattekkad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaziranga National Park and Corbett

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Cultivation methods :Indian Mahogany is mostly propagated through seeds. It

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requires partial shade or full Sun for its growth. It needs water periodically. It
looses its leaves at the end of the winter. The new leaves start growing after two

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three weeks. The new leaves are reddish purple in colour, which turn yellow

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green afterwards.

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Medicinal uses : The bark extracts are used as an astringent for wounds. It is

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used to cure malaria, anemia diarrhea, fever, dysentery and depurative. The
leaves contain several limonoids; seven phragmalin limonoids of
swietephragmins A-G as well two other different types of 2-hydroxy-3-O-
tigloylswietenolide and deacetylsecomahoganin.

Other uses : Its wood is used in making furniture, fixtures, musical instruments,
inlay, boat, caskets and many more. Its wood is a very popular material for drum
making.
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7. INDIAN ROSEWOOD

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Classification

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Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order :

: D. sissoo Scientific Name : Dalbergia sissoo

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Fabales Family : Fabaceae Subfamily : Faboideae Genus : Dalbergia Species

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Other Names

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Aguru (Sanskrit), Bombay Rosewood (English), dalbergia (Arabic), nakku katti

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(Tamil Nadu), ostindisches Rosenholz, pradu-khaek, pradu-khaek, shinshapa

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(Sanskrit), shisham (Hindi), shishu (Bengali), shisu (Bengali), sisam (Hindi),

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sisham (Nepali), sissai (Hindi), sissau (Nepali), sisso (English), sisso (Tamil),

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sissoo (English), sissoo (Arabic), sissoo (Hindi), sissu (Hindi), sisu (Bengali), sisu

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(Spanish), sisuitti (Tamil), skuva, sonoswaseso (Javanese), tali, yette (Tamil) are
some of the other names used for the Indian Rosewood.

Description

Indian Rosewwod is a erect deciduous tree. It grows to the height of 25 meter

and 2-3 meter in diameter. It has leathery leaves which are up to 15 cm long. The
flowers are whitish pink in colour. Its crown is oval in shape. The fruit is brown
and pod like in shape. The fruit is dry and hard. The sapwood is white to pale
brown in colour and the heartwood is golden to dark brown in colour.

Other Species : Dalbergia nigra, Dalbergia latifolia are the other known species
of the Indian Rosewood.

Location : Indian Rosewood mainly grows on the banks of the river below 900
meter elevation. It is widely found in the Indian Stat of Haryana. It can also be
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found in the Periyar National Park, Bandipur National Park and Sariska Tiger
Reserve in India.

Cultivation methods : Indian Rosewood is mostly propagated through the root

suckers and seeds. It requires fertile well drained soil. Seeds are soaked in water
for 48 hours before sowing. Seeds are germinated in three weeks. Young
Rosewood needs full sunlight. It requires dry to wet soil. Young plants are well
watered until established. Flowers occur from October to February

Medicinal uses : Indian Rosewood holds many medicinal properties. Rosewood

oil stimulates new cell growth, regenerate tissues, and heps minimize lines and
wrinkles. It helps balance both dry and oily skin. It can prove useful against acne.

Other uses : It is the important fuel wood and is also used for shade and shelter.
Its wood is used for the making furniture, doors, windows, ship floors, plywood,

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skis, musical instruments, carvings etc. Because of durability Rosewood is often

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used in the martial art weaponary, particulary as the shaft of spears and in the

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gun staves. Its oil is used in Perfumes.

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Cultural importance : Many people grow Rosewood because they believe
harvesting the wood denudes the rain forests.
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8. NEEM
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Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order :

Sapindales Family : Meliaceae Genus : Azadirachta Species : A. indica
Scientific Name : Azadirachta indica
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Other Names. It is popularly known as the miracle tree. It is known as
Nimba in India. The Sanskrit name of Neem is Arishtha meaning the reliever of
the sickness. Margosa tree.

Description

It is a tall evergreen tree with the small bright green leaves. It is up to 100 feet
tall. It blossoms in spring with the small white flowers. It has a straight trunk. Its
bark is hard rough and scaly, fissured even in small trees. The colour of the bark
is brown grayish. The leaves are alternate and consists of several leaflets with
serrated edges. Its flowers are small and white in colour. The loive like edible fruit
is oval, round and thin skinned.

Other Species : A. juss, A. azedarac are the other related species of Neem tree.
A. juss, A. azedarac are the other related species of Neem tree. A. juss, A.
azedarac are the other related species of Neem tree.

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Location : Neem tree is found throughout India. It is a popular village tree.

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Although it is also widely grown in Ranthambore National Park, Bandhavgarh

Wildlife Sanctuary and Guindy National Park.

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national Park, Mrugavani Naional Park, Bannerghata National Park, Sariska

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Cultivation : Neem tree can easily be grown in the dry, stony, shallow and
clayey soils. It needs very little water and plenty of sunlight. It grows slowly

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during the first year of planting. It can be propagated through the seeds and

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cuttings. Young neem tree can not tolerate excessive cold.

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Medicinal uses : The indigenous people of Nilgiris consume the dried and

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powered tubulers of the terrestrial orchids as an energizing tonic. Neem also

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holds medicinal value. Each part of neem is used in the medicines. It has been

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used in Ayurvedic medicines for more than 4000 years. Neem oil extracted from

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its seeds is used in medicines, pest control and cosmetics etc. Its leaves are

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used in the treat Chickenpox.. According to the Hindus, it is believed that the
Goddess of the chickenpox, Sithala lives in the Neem tree. Neem tea is usually
taken to reduce the headache and fever. Its flowers are used to cure intestinal
problems. Neem bark acts as an analgesic and can cure high fever as of malaria.
Even the skin diseases can be cured from the Neem leaves. Indians even
believe that the Neem can even purify diseases.

Other uses : People in India use its twigs to brush their teeth. Neem is
considered as the useful tree in rehabilitating the waste land areas. Neem seed
pulp is useful for methane gas production. It is also useful as carbohydrate which
is rich base for other industrial fermentations. Neem bark contains tannins which
are used in tanning and dyeing. In south India its wood is used to make the
furniture. The bark of the yields the fiber that is woven into ropes. Neem cake is
widely used in India as fertilizer for sugarcane, vegetable and other cash crops.
Many countries have been consistently growing the Neem tree against the global
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warming. The worldwide Neem Foundation has helped in making the people
aware about the importance of neem and its uses globally.

Cultural Importance : One can find Neem in almost all the parts of India. It is
said that planting Neem tree in the house is a ensured passage to heaven. Its
leaves are stung on the main entrance to remain away from the evil spirits.
Brides take bath in the water filled with the Neem leaves. Newly born babies are
laid upon the Neem leaves to provide them with the protective aura. Neem gives
out more oxygen than other trees. The neem tree is also connected with the Sun,
in the story of Neembark 'The Sun in the Neem tree'. Neem is the wonder tree
and finds mention in the number of ancient texts.

9. INDIAN TULIP TREE

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Classification

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Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order :
Malvales Family : Malvaceae Genus : Thespesia Species : T. populnea
Scientific Name : Thespesia populnea

Other Names

Portia tree, Pacific Rosewood, Suriya (Sinhala), Poovarasu, Plaksa, Sea side
Mahoe are the other names used for the Indian Tulip tree. It is also known as the
Scarlet Bell tree, Flame of the forest and Fountain tree.

Description

Indian Tulip Tree attains the height of 40 feet or more. It is a very large tree. It
has heart shaped leaves and the cup shaped flowers. It is a fast growing,
evergreen tree. It is very bushy when it is young but thins out with the age. Each
flower is white – yellow in colour and has indian-tulip-treemaroon eye that ages
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to purple. The flowers bloom year round and lasts for three days. The major
branches of the tree grow straight, with the thick corrugated bark. They are Its
barks are stringy and light grey in colour. Its fruit is the round capsule which is
about one inch across. Its seeds are grayish brown in colour.

Other Species : Hibiscus tilliaceus, H. pernambucensis , H. elatus are the other

related species of the Indian Tulip Tree.

Location : Indian Tulip tree is found in the lower dry forests to the wet forests.
Deep, rich, well-drained soils of forest coves and lower mountain slopes. It is
widely grown in the Eravikulam National Park in India..

Cultivation methods : Indian Tulip trees are easily propagated through the
seeds. It requires a deep rich soil for its cultivation. It must be taken care that the
inner part of the seed is not destroyed. The seeds are germinated within 14 28

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days. Tulip plant can also be propagated with the cuttings. It is also grown in the

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pots. It sheds its leaves in the month of February. New leaves appear in the

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month of April and March.

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Medicinal uses : The bitter inner bark of the Indian Tulip tree is used as diuretic

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and stimulant. Its raw green bark is also chewed as an aphrodisaic. Its tea is
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used in the treatment of indigestion, dysentery, rheumatism, coughs and fevers.

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In India its bark was used to treat the skin diseases, and haemorrhoids. Its
leaves are applied to the inflamed and swollen joints. It is also used in the

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treatment of ringworm. Its roots are used as the tonic.

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Other uses : The fruits, flowers and young leaves are edible. The tough fibrous
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bark is made into rope in several areas. The bark is also used to caulk boat.

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Even the cork is made from the inner bark. The yellow dye is obtained from its

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fruits and flowers and the red one from the bark. Its parts are also used in the

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making of gum, oil and tannin. Its timber is also used to make the papers. Its

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wood is used to make bowls, paddles and other carved objects.

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 16
10. SAL TREE

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Classification
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Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order :

8 3
Malvales Family : Dipterocarpaceae Genus : Shorea Species : S. robusta
Scientific Name : Shorea robusta

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Other Names
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Shala, Sarai, Sargi, Salwa, Sakhu, Sakher, Shal, Kandar and Sakwa are the
a
other names used for the Sal tree.

Description
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p
Sal is a large sub deciduous tree. It is up to 30 meter high. Sal tree is seldom

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completely leafless. It has large leathery leaves and yellowish flowers. They have
tough texture. Young trees have a linear crown, which becomes rounder and
flatter with aging. The sapwood is whitish in colour, thick and is less durable. The
heartwood becomes dark brown to black in colour on exposure. The wood pores
are filled with resin.

Location : Sal tree are found in Assam, Nepal, Bengal and on the bank of the
Yamuna river. In Haryana Sal can be found in the Morni Hills and the Kalesar
forests. Sal tree grows in North East and Central India up to 1700 meter
elevation. It is widely grown in the foothills of the Himalayas. Sal trees are also
found in the Bandhavgarh National Park, Corbett National Park and Dudhwa
national Park in India.

Cultivation methods : Sal tree requires well drained, moist and sandy loam soil.
It can grow in type type of temperature. It is mostly propagated through cuttings.
In dry conditions it sheds it leaves from February to March. New leaves appear in
 17
the month of April and May. The flowers mature into fruit in summers and the
seeds ripen in June -July.

Medicinal uses : The resin is used in the indigenous system of medicine as an

astringent and detergent and is given in diarrhea and dysentery. It is also used
as an ingredient of ointments for skin diseases and in the ear troubles. It is also
used in the foot care cream. The fruits of the Sal tree are used in the treatment of
excessive salivation, epilepsy, and chlorosis. The powered seeds have
insecticides properties. The powered seeds are even used to treat dental
problems. It cleanses the skin of oily secretion and is used as the cleanser for
washing hair.

Other uses : The leaves of the Sal tree are used by the tribal people for
preparing rice cakes and for smoking. The leaves are used to make platters,
bowls, small baskets and many more. Distilled leaves produce an oil which is

o m
used in perfumery. It is also used in flavouing chewing gums and tobacco. Its

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dried and fallen leaves are used as fertilizers. It is used for caulking ships and

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a
boats. The oil that comes out from its seed is edible and is known as Sal butter. It

m
is often used in cooking and for the burning in the oil lamps. The seeds of the Sal

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tree are used for fat extraction. Its oil is even used for adulterating ghee. Tribal
people give marriage invitation in the form of folded Sal leaves, with the little bit
of turmeric and rice inside it.
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Cultural Importance : Sal tree is worshiped among the Buddhist and Hindus in

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India. It is mentioned in many scriptures that the Buddha was born and died

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under the Sal tree. A branch of the tree bend down to support his mother Maya

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and as soon as he held on the tree, the baby appeared. Sal tree has special
significance in the festivals and marriages of Adivasi. A pole of the Sal tree is

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considered very important and unless the bridegroom sits on the altar made of

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tree of Sal, the marriage has no meaning. It also holds great value in the lives of

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the indigenous populance of Chotanagpur plateau. It is the main attraction of the

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festival of Sarhul, which means Sal Blossoms Festival. The whole festival

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revolves round the Sal tree.
 18

11. TEAK

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Classification
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Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order :
Lamiales Family : Verbenaceae Genus : Tectona Scientific Name : Tectona
Grandis
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Other Names
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Saka, Burma teak, Rangoon teak, moulmein teak, gia thi, jati sak, kyun, mai sak,

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rosawa and tekka are the other names used for the Teak tree.

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Description : Teak is tall evergreen tree. It has yellowish blonde to reddish

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brown wood. It attains the height of about 30 meter. The fruit is a drupe. It has
bluish to white flowers. It produces the large leaf similar to the tobacco leaf. The
bark is whitish gray in colour. It is generally grown straight teak-treewith the
uneven texture, medium lusture and the oily feel. The upper surface of the tree is
rough to touch and the inner surface has hairs. The fruit is enclosed by the
bladder like calyx, which is light brown, ribbed and papery.

Other species : Tectona grandia, Tectona hamiltoniana, and Tectona

philippinensis are the other related species of the Teak tree.

Location : Teak is well grown in all the parts of India. It is also found in the Gir
National Park, Satpura National Park, Pench Tiger Reserve in India.

Cultivation methods : The new plants can also be propagated from cuttings. It
is usually planted when the four to six weeks old. Plough the land thoroughly and
level it. The best season to plant the teak is monsoon, most probably after the
 19
first shower. Carry out weeding operations regularly. Teal requires loamy soil rich
in humus and having the right content of moisture with good drainage. It grows
well in hilly and dry areas. It requires a dry tropical climate for its growth. It
flowers in february and March.

Medicinal uses : Teak also holds the medicinal value. The bark is bitter tonic
and is considered useful in fever. It is also useful in headache and stomach
problems. Digestion may be enhanced by the teak wood or bark.

Other uses : It is used in the furniture making, boat decks and for indoor flooring.
It is widely used to make the doors and house windows. It is resistant to the
attack of termites. Its wood contains scented oil which is the repellent to insects.
The leaves yield the dye which is used to colour the clothes and edible. Teak is
probably the best protected commercial species in the world.

12. KIKKAR TREE

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m a
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Classification

Kingdom : Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order :

Fabales Family : Fabaceae Subfamily : Mimosoideae Genus : Acacia Species
: A. karroo Scientific Name : Acacia karoo

Other Names

Cape Gum, Cassie, Piquants Blancs, Cassie Piquants Blancs, Cockspur Thorn,
Deo-Babool, Doorn Boom, Kaludai, Karroo Thorn, Kikar, Mormati, Pahari Kikar,
Pahari Kikar and Udai Vel are the other names used for the Kikar.
 20
Description

Kikar is the small thorny tree. It grows to the height of 7 – 12 meter. It has yellow
round head flowers which are nectar less. The bark is red -brown to blackish and
rough. The leaves are light green and fern like up to 120 mm long and 50 mm
wide. Flowers are 10- 15 mm in diameter, which grow in cluster between 4 -6 and
are sweetly scented.

Other Species : Acacia campbellii, Acacia dekindtiana , Acacia eburnea sensu

auct, Acacia horrida sensu auct, Acacia inconflagrabilis, Acacia karoo, Acacia
minutifolia, Acacia natalitia, Acacia pseudowightii, Acacia roxburghii, Mimosa
eburnea are the other realted species of Kikar.

Location : It is widely found in the State of Haryana in India. It can also be found
in the Ranthambore National Park of India.

c o m
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Cultivation methods : It is mainly grown in the cold temperature. It can be

i
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grown in any type of soil. It requires water for seed germination.

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Medicinal and Other uses : The bark and seeds are the source of tannin. The

@
various parts of Kikar are useful in Diarrhoea. The leaves and the bark are useful
3
8
in arresting secretion or bleeding. The pods help remove catarrhal matter and

r1 9
phlegm from the bronchial tubes. The gum allays any irritation of the skin and
soothes the inflamed membranes of the pharynx, alimentary canal and genito-

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urinary organs. Fresh pods of babul tree are effective in sexual disorders like

ith
spermatorrhoea, frequent night discharges, loss of viscidity of the semen and
premature
a d ejaculation.

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Cultural Importance : It is widely used for fire work and timber. It is introduced

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and cultivated for erosion and fuel wood. Flowers are used for ornamental

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purposes, leaves serves as fodder for goats, also used in fencing and hedges. It

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is honey bee species. Its wood is used for the paper production. Its is also

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sometimes used as the gum.
7:40 pm, May 29, 2009