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DELIVERY OF
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
FOR DECISION-MAKING
Those are instruments and methods for
the measurement, collection and
management of Earth’s spatial data in
surveying science and geomatics
error = X - T
Where X = observed value
T = true value
error = gross + systematic + random
Survey observations
…… a way or process of determining the value of an unknown quantity
Errors
….are the differences between observed or measured or derived values and
standard or true values of the quantity of interest
Error effects
- repeated observations of same quantity, same condition give different values
- small difference between repeated observations indicates small error and the
observation is precise
- precision and accuracy are two different things. Explain.
Accurate or Precise shots?
Detection the presence of random errors
- comparison between observations and certain conditions that fit to the
geometry of the measurements
- Examples:
> total elevation difference in a closed loop is zero
> total internal angles of a triangle is 180 deg
> total angles around the horizon at a point is 360 deg
> total latitude and departure of a closed traverse is zero