A Report on Wireless based Security System using Sensors

Bapatla Engineering College

Submitted by G. Raja Sekhar along with co-author K.Ramanjeyulu

professor, Baptala Engineering College, Baptala.
Abstract:
A Wireless based Security System using sensors, this is being prone to be implemented in
various big originations or Multi National Company’s, where the use of systems and
highly sophisticated environments, where the cost of equipment lies in the range of
several costs. The use of system can be extended to more than for a day to day uses. It
can also be used for the transport services like Trains, Automobiles and House hold
purpose also.

Key Words
Photo Sensors, Bluetooth device, GPS device, and software coding.

Introduction:

These days we find many of fire accidents like most recently in Hyderabad of the burnt
off a bus and fire accident occurred in Gautami Express, and also in Rajadhani Express.
In all the above cases the fire accident was occurred in different places, in spite of having
the necessary and preventive measures the accident occurred and most of the property
was lost and in certain cases the loss of death is also more.

This deliverable consists of the Desktop Radiance computer models that were used in the
simulation studies conducted at Penn State University as part of this project. These files
are provided in the form of AutoCAD .DWG files with surface and glazing materials
attached to each of the surfaces. Six different classrooms models are provided.

The project team surveyed and evaluated daylight delivery systems that have been
applied in classrooms within the state of California. From these discussions, six different
classroom arrangements were selected to apply to the study of photo sensor system
configuration and performance. Each of these systems represents a different method of
delivering daylight to a classroom space, which is likely to impact a photo sensor control
system through the different daylight distribution provided within the space. Different
electric lighting systems are also considered. Data files for the lighting systems applied
in this study are also provided on these disks.

Diskette Contents
The accompanying computer zip file contains a .DWG file for each of the six class room
spaces, as well as alternate material files that need to be exchanged for some of the
glazing materials. These glazing files were necessary because Desktop Radiance does
not currently have a glazing library editor. In addition, .RAD files are included for each
row of luminaries , generally for two different luminaries configurations (one indirect and
one direct), along with the luminaries .RAD and .DAT files. View (.VF) and analysis grid
(.PTS) files are also provided.
In the case of classrooms 2 and 4, the diffuse skylights were analyzed separately from the
vertical window glazing. A separate .DWG file is provided for each of these analysis
configurations. The skylight glazing .RAD file provided must replace the glazing file
that is produced by these Radiance files and the space model must be re-run from the
respective .BAT file.
To run the electric lighting cases, the .RAD file(s) provided for a single luminaries type
must be added to the .RIF file sequence, and daylight must be eliminated from the run.
A list of the files and a description of each is provided in Table 1. These files should be
extracted from the .ZIP file provided to their individual classroom folders prior to use.

Daylight harvesting systems, which automatically adjust lights in response to the amount
of daylight in a space, can provide significant energy and demand savings. However,
these systems are usually expensive to install, commission, and maintain. Also, they often
do not perform as well as expected and are frequently deactivated by unhappy users.

The system uses photo sensor readings to set lights to on, off, or intermediate levels and
gives users the ability to adjust the on and off set points to meet their own preferences—a
key element in user acceptance of daylight harvesting. The SDH has been designed for
bi-level switching, but the technology can be used for multistep or continuous dimming
as well. The University has signed license agreements with Watt Stopper/Leg rand and
Axis Technologies Inc. to commercialize the SDH and other related technologies—
including photo sensors that more accurately account for light approaching the sensor
from all angles in its field of view, rather than just head-on, and an approach that uses
dual photo sensors for increased reliability.

The SDH consists of a photo sensor to measure light levels, relays to switch the states of
the electric lights, a controller that determines when to change lighting states, and an
optional occupancy sensor. Together, these elements create a system that is reliable, user-
friendly, and cost-effective.

Self-calibrating ability. The SDH control logic uses photo sensor measurements to switch
among the off, low-output, and high-output states in a bi-level electric lighting system
(Figure 2).Differences in photo sensor signals are automatically calculated every time the
lights are switched and serve to calibrate and govern the system’s response. This process
accounts for changes in furniture layout and reflectance of interior surfaces, and also
enables the system to adapt to the decreasing levels of electric light that are available as
the lamps age. A time delay is programmed so that the system doesn’t respond
unnecessarily to transient changes in the daylight environment. A time delay works well
for on/off systems because they are generally expected to work once in the early morning
and once in the late afternoon. The system has been tested in the bi-level lighting
configuration, but is also designed to be able to switch to any number of intermediate
light levels.
Occupant acceptance. Several features are aimed at increasing user acceptance of the
SDH system. First, the system will allow occupants to adjust the on and off setpoints to
match their lighting preferences. Sufficient separation between the setpoints will also
help to minimize the on/off cycling that sometimes annoys occupants under conventional
daylight harvesting systems. Second, an optional occupancy sensor is available for
switching only when the space is unoccupied so that occupants do not experience a
sudden drop in light level—it can take time for the eyes to adjust to sudden changes. In
addition, if sudden changes are a concern, conventional bi-level ballasts can be replaced
by ramping ballasts that gradually adjust lights from one level to the next.
Cost effectiveness. The initial cost of the SDH system should be low because it uses a
small number of simple components and does not require the more expensive dimming
ballasts that dimming day lighting systems use. In addition, thanks to the automatic
calibration capabilities and the ability of the user to adjust set points, the system never
needs to be calibrated or recalibrated by a technician, thus eliminating the most expensive
element in current daylight-harvesting approaches.
All of these features will enable users of the SDH to reliably reap the financial benefits of
daylight harvesting—significant energy-cost savings and reductions in peak demand
charges because peak daylight availability typically coincides with peak electricity
demand.

A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by
GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that
include

 the time the message was transmitted

 precise orbital information (the ephemeris)
 the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac).

The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message
and computes the distance to each satellite. These distances along with the satellites'
locations are used with the possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm is
used, to compute the position of the receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps
with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be
included. Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed,
calculated from position changes.

Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position since space has three dimensions
and a position near the Earth's surface can be assumed. However, even a very small clock
error multiplied by the very large speed of light — the speed at which satellite signals
propagate — results in a large positional error. Therefore receivers use four or more
satellites to solve for the receiver's location and time. The very accurately computed time
is effectively hidden by most GPS applications, which use only the location. A few
specialized GPS applications do however use the time; these include time transfer, traffic
signal timing, and synchronization of cell phone base stations.

Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If
one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three
satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers
may use additional clues or assumptions (such as reusing the last known altitude, dead
reckoning, inertial navigation, or including information from the vehicle computer) to
give a less accurate (degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible.

Position calculation introduction

To provide an introductory description of how a GPS receiver works, error effects are
deferred to a later section. Using messages received from a minimum of four visible
satellites, a GPS receiver is able to determine the times sent and then the satellite
positions corresponding to these times sent. The x, y, and z components of position, and
the time sent, are designated as where the subscript i is the satellite number and has the
value 1, 2, 3, or 4. Knowing the indicated, or uncorrected, time the message was
received (tr, uncorr), the GPS receiver can compute the uncorrected transit time of the
message as . Assuming the message traveled at the speed of light, c, the
uncorrected distance traveled or pseudorange, can be computed as .

A satellite's position and pseudorange define a sphere, centered on the satellite, with
radius equal to the pseudorange. The position of the receiver is somewhere on the surface
of this sphere. Thus with four satellites, the indicated position of the GPS receiver is at or
near the intersection of the surfaces of four spheres. In the ideal case of no errors, the
GPS receiver would be at a precise intersection of the four surfaces.

If the surfaces of two spheres intersect at more than one point, they intersect in a circle.
The article trilateration shows this mathematically. A figure, Two Sphere Surfaces
Intersecting in a Circle, is shown below. Two points where the surfaces of the spheres
intersect are clearly shown in the figure. The distance between these two points is the
diameter of the circle of intersection.
The intersection of a third spherical surface with the first two will be its intersection with
that circle; in most cases of practical interest, this means they intersect at two
points. Another figure, Surface of Sphere Intersecting a Circle (not a solid disk) at Two
Points, illustrates the intersection. The two intersections are marked with dots. Again the
article trilateration clearly shows this mathematically.

Surface of sphere intersecting a circle (not a solid disk) at two points

For automobiles and other near-earth vehicles, the correct position of the GPS receiver is
the intersection closest to the Earth's surface. For space vehicles, the intersection farthest
from Earth may be the correct one.

The correct position for the GPS receiver is also the intersection closest to the surface of
the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite.

Two sphere surfaces intersecting in a circle

Surface of sphere intersecting a circle (not a solid disk) at two points

Correcting a GPS receiver's clock

One of the most significant error sources is the GPS receiver's clock. Because of the very
large value of the speed of light, c, the estimated distances from the GPS receiver to the
satellites, the pseudoranges, are very sensitive to errors in the GPS receiver clock; for
example an error of one microsecond (0.000 001 second) corresponds to an error of
300 meters (980 ft). This suggests that an extremely accurate and expensive clock is
required for the GPS receiver to work. Because manufacturers prefer to build inexpensive
GPS receivers for mass markets, the solution for this dilemma is based on the way sphere
surfaces intersect in the GPS problem.

It is likely that the surfaces of the three spheres intersect, because the circle of
intersection of the first two spheres is normally quite large, and thus the third sphere
surface is likely to intersect this large circle. It is very unlikely that the surface of the
sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite will intersect either of the two points of
intersection of the first three, because any clock error could cause it to miss intersecting a
point. However, the distance from the valid estimate of GPS receiver position to the
surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite can be used to compute a clock
correction. Let denote the distance from the valid estimate of GPS receiver position to
the fourth satellite and let denote the pseudorange of the fourth satellite.
Let . is the distance from the computed GPS receiver position to the surface
of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite. Thus the quotient, , provides
an estimate of (time indicated by the receiver's on-board clock) - (correct time),and the
GPS receiver clock can be advanced if is positive or delayed if is negative. However,
it should be kept in mind that a less simple function of may be needed to estimate the
time error in an iterative algorithm as discussed in the Navigation equations section.

Diagram depicting satellite 4, sphere, p4, r4, and da

Structure

The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment (SS), a
control segment (CS), and a user segment (U.S.). The U.S. Air Force develops,
maintains, and operates the space and control segments. GPS satellites broadcast
signals from space, and each GPS receiver uses these signals to calculate its three-
dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the current time.

The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also
includes the payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into orbit. The
control segment is composed of a master control station, an alternate master control
station, and a host of dedicated and shared ground antennas and monitor stations. The
user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users of
the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service and tens of millions of civil, commercial, and
scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service (see GPS navigation devices).