Digital Communication

Systems
Dr. Shurjeel Wyne
Lecture 9
CH 4 -Bandpass Modulation
& Demodulation

Last time we talked about:

 Another source of error due to filtering effect

of the system:
 Inter-symbol interference (ISI)
 The techniques to reduce ISI
 Pulse shaping to have zero ISI at the sampling
time
 Equalization to combat the filtering effect of the
channel

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Today, we are going to talk
about:
 Some bandpass modulation schemes used
in DCS for transmitting information over
channel
 M-PAM, M-PSK, M-FSK, M-QAM
 How to detect the transmitted information at
the receiver
 Coherent detection
 Non-coherent detection

Block diagram of a DCS

Source Channel Pulse Bandpass

Format encode encode modulate modulate

Digital modulation
Channel

Digital demodulation

Source Channel Demod.

Format Detect
decode decode Sample

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 Bandpass modulation
 Bandpass modulation: The process of converting data
signal to a sinusoidal waveform whose amplitude, phase,
frequency, or a combination of them, is varied in accordance
with the transmitted data.
 Bandpass signal:
2 Ei
si (t )  gT (t ) cosc t  (i  1)t  i (t )  0  t  T
T

where gT (t ) is the baseband pulse shape with energy E g .

 We assume here (unless stated otherwise):
 gT (t ) is a rectangular pulse shape with unit energy.
Gray coding is used for mapping bits to symbols.

1

M
 Es denotes average symbol energy given by Es  Ei
M i 1
5

Bandpass Modulation Schemes

 One dimensional waveforms

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 On-Off Keying
 M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation (M-PAM)

 Two dimensional waveforms

 M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM)
 Multidimensional waveforms
 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (M-FSK)

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Demodulation and detection
 Demodulation: The receiver signal is converted to
baseband, filtered and sampled.
 Detection: Sampled values are used for detection using a
decision rule such as ML detection rule.

 1 (t )
T z1

r (t )

0
z1  Decision
  z z circuits m̂
 N (t )   (ML detector)
T zN

0 zN
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Coherent and Non-coherent

detection
 Coherent detection
 requires carrier phase recovery at the receiver
and hence, circuits to estimate carrier phase
 Possible sources of carrier-phase mismatch at
the receiver:
 Propagation delay causes carrier-phase offset in
the received signal.
 The oscillators at the receiver which generate the
carrier signal, are not usually phased locked to the
transmitted carrier.

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 Coherent and non-coherent
detection…
 Circuits such as Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) are
implemented at the receiver for carrier phase
estimation (   ˆ ).
I branch
2 Ei 2
r (t )  gT (t ) cosi t  i (t )     n(t ) cosc t  ˆ 
T T
PLL
Used by
Oscillator 90 deg. correlators
2
sin c t  ˆ 
 Non-coherent detection T
Q branch

 does not require carrier phase recovery (uses

either differentially encoded modulation or
energy detectors. It has lesser complexity than
coherent detection, but at the price of a higher
error rate.

One dimensional modulation,

demodulation and detection
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation:

2 Ei
si (t )  cosc t   
T
On-off keying (M=2):
si (t )  ai 1 (t ) i  1, 
... , M “0” “1”
s2 s1
2
cosc t   
 1 (t )
 1 (t )  0 E1
T
ai  Ei

10

5
One dimensional mod.,…
 M-ary Pulse Amplitude modulation (M-PAM)

2
si (t )  ai cosc t 
T
4-PAM:
si (t )  ai 1 (t ) i  1, 
... , M
“00” “01” “11” “10”
2 s1 s2 s3 s4
 1 (t )  cosc t   1 (t )
T  3 Eg  Eg 0 Eg 3 Eg

ai  (2i  1  M ) E g

 E g 2i  1  M 
2 2
Ei  s i
( M 2  1) 1

M
Es  Eg Es  Ei
3 M i 1
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One dimensional mod.,...–cont’d

 Coherent detection of M-PAM

 1 (t )
T z1 ML detector
r (t )

0
(Compare with M-1 thresholds) m̂

12

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Two dimensional modulation,
demodulation and detection (M-PSK)
 M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)

2 Es  2i 
si (t )  cos c t  
T  M 

si (t )  ai1 1 (t )  ai 2 2 (t ) i  1, 
... , M

2 2
 1 (t )  cosc t   2 (t )   sin c t 
T T
 2i   2i 
ai1  Es cos  ai 2  Es sin  
M  M 
2
Es  Ei  s i
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Two dimensional mod,… (MPSK)

BPSK (M=2) Exceptional case: can be represented by single dimension
 2 (t )
“0” “1”
8PSK (M=8)
s1 s2
 2 (t )
 Eb Eb  1 (t ) s3 “011”
“010” “001”
s4 s2
QPSK (M=4) Es
“000”
 2 (t ) “110” s1
s 2“01”
“00”
s1 s5  1 (t )

“111” “100”
Es
s6 s8
 1 (t ) “101” s7
s3 “11” “10”
s4
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Two dimensional mod,…(MPSK)

 Coherent detection of MPSK

 1 (t )
T z1

z12 ˆ
0
r (t ) m̂
arctan Compute Choose
 2 (t ) z 21 | i  ˆ | smallest
T
0
z2

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Two dimensional mod,… (M-QAM)

 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Mod. (M-QAM)
2 Ei
si (t )  cosc t  i 
T
si (t )  ai1 1 (t )  ai 2 2 (t ) i  1, ..., M
2 2
 1 (t )  cos  c t   2 (t )  sin  c t 
T T
2( M  1)
where ai1 and ai 2 are PAM symbols and E s 
3

16

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Two dimensional mod,… (M-QAM)
16-QAM
 2 (t )
“0000” “0001” “0011” “0010”
s1 s2 3
s3 s4

“1000” “1001” “1011” “1010”

s5 s6 s7 s8
1
-3 -1 1 3
 1 (t )
s9 s10 -1
s11 s12
“1100” “1101” “1111” “1110”

s13 s14 -3
s
15 16s
“0100” “0101” “0111” “0110”

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Two dimensional mod,… (M-QAM)

 Coherent detection of M-QAM

 1 (t )
T z1 ML detector
0
(Compare with M  1 thresholds)

r (t ) Parallel-to-serial m̂
converter
 2 (t )
T z2 ML detector
0
(Compare with M  1 thresholds)

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Multi-dimentional modulation,
demodulation & detection
 M-ary Frequency Shift keying (M-FSK)

2 Es 2 Es
si (t )  cosi t   cosc t  (i  1)t 
T T
 1 Hz (frequency spacing required to guarantee orthogonal
f  
2 2T FSK waveforms with coherent detection at receiver)
 3 (t )
M
si (t )   aij j (t ) i  1,,
...,, M s3
j 1 Es

2  E i j
 i (t )  cosi t  aij   s s2
T 0 i j  2 (t )
Es
2
Es  Ei  s i s1
Es
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 1 (t )

Multi-dimensional mod,…(M-FSK)

 1 (t )
T z1

r (t )

0
 z1  ML detector:
   z z Choose
the largest element m̂
 M (t )   in the observed vector
T zM

0 zM

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 Non-coherent detection
 Non-coherent detection:
 No need for a reference in-phase with the
received carrier
 Less complexity as compared to coherent
detection at the price of higher error rate.

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Types of non-coherent detection

 Differentially coherent detection
 Differential PSK (DPSK)
 The information bits and previous symbol, determine
the phase of the current symbol.

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 Non-coherent detection …
 Differential coherent detection
 Differential encoding of the message
 The symbol phase changes if the current bit is
different from the previous bit.
2E
si (t )  cos0t   i (t ) , 0  t  T , i  1,...,M
T
 k (nT )   k ((n  1)T )  i (nT )

i
Symbol index: k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Data bits: mk 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Diff. encoded bits 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 s2 0 s1  1 (t )
Symbol phase:  k  0 0 
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Non-coherent detection …
 Coherent detection for diff encoded mod.
 assumes slow variation in carrier-phase mismatch during
two symbol intervals.
 correlates the received signal with basis functions

 uses the phase difference between the current received

vector and previously estimated symbol
2E
r (t )  cos0t   i (t )     n(t ), 0  t  T
T
 i (nT )      j ((n  1)T )      i (nT )   j ((n  1)T )  i (nT )
 2 (t )
(a2 , b2 )
i (a1 , b1 )

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 1 (t )

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Non-coherent detection …
 Optimum differentially coherent detector
 1 (t )
T
r (t )
0
Decision m̂
Delay
T
 Sub-optimum differentially coherent detector
T
r (t )
 0
Decision m̂
Delay
T

 Performance degradation about 3 dB by using sub-

optimum detector
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Non-coherent detection …

 Energy detection
 Non-coherent detection for orthogonal signals (e.g.
M-FSK)

 Carrier-phase offset causes partial correlation between I

and Q braches for each candidate signal.

 The received energy corresponding to each candidate

signal is used for detection.

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13
Non-coherent detection …
 Non-coherent detection of BFSK
2 / T cos(  1 t )

T z 11
 2
 0 2 2
z11  z12
2 / T sin(  1 t )
T z 12
r (t )
 0
 2 + z (T )
Decision stage:
m̂
2 / T cos(  2 t ) if z (T )  0, mˆ  1
T z 21 - if z (T )  0, mˆ  0
 2
 0

2 2
2 / T sin(  2 t ) z 21  z 22
T z 22
 0
 2

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