PROJECT REPORT ON

LIGHT SENSITIVE ALARM CIRCUIT

BY

HARSHAD R. MODI
DEBANJAN D. MUKHOPADHYAY

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MRS.TRUPTI.P.AGARKAR

MRS.KAUSAR.R.KOTHAWALE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF PROJECT

B.E. ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEGREE OF UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS

RAMRAO ADIK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

SECTOR—7 NERUL, NAVI MUMBAI-400 706.

INDEX:
 SERIAL NO. CONTENTS
 1 ABSTRACT
&ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 2 INTRODUCTION
 3 LITERATURE SURVYEY
 4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 5 RESULT ANALYSIS
 6 CONCLUSION

ABSTRACT:

The circuit detects a sudden shadow falling on the light - sensor and sounds the bleeper
when this happens. The circuit will not respond to gradual changes in brightness to avoid
false alarms. The bleeper sounds for only a short time to prevent the battery running flat.
Normal lighting can be used, but the circuit will work best if a beam of light is arranged
to fall on the light-sensor. Breaking this beam will then cause the bleeper to sound. The
light sensor is an LDR (light-dependant resistor), this has a low resistance in bright light
and a high resistance in dim light.
• The light-sensitivity of the circuit can be adjusted by varying the 100k preset.
• The length of bleep can be varied from 0.5 to 10 seconds using the 1M preset.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take great pleasure in submitting this project report carried in year of 2011 in
RAMRAO ADIK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, which is partial fulfillment of
the requirements of Bachelor’s course in Electronics Engineering, University of Mumbai.
We thank Mrs.Trupti Agarkar and Mrs.Kauser Kothawale for introducing us the concepts
of LIGHT SENSITIVE ALARM CIRCUIT. We also thank them for being a constant
motivating and guiding force and helping us attain the highest possible standards for our
project.
We are grateful to the Department of Electronics for providing us the technical
assistance and access to all facilities that aided us during the course of working on the
project.
We would also like to express our gratitude to all our professors and lecturers and
Principal, RAMRAO ADIK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY for supporting and
encouraging us.
INTRODUCTION:

In recent years, the use of digital equipments has increased to an exponential

rate. Few years back being living a steady and simple life man can
remember most of his daily chores and was able to do it on its own. But
nowadays,due to the advancement of technology,these chores can be done
with the help of simple circuits such as this one.
The circuit detects a sudden shadow falling on the light - sensor and sounds
the bleeper when this happens.this indicates a change in the intensity of light
in the vicinity.But however this circuit does not respond to gradual changes
in brightness so as to avoid false alarms.
So this circuit extends a reminding hand to prevent wastage of electricity. In
short, to remind one in one’s busy schedule about this small things and for
personal safety the concept of alarm creeps in. Considering the importance
of this circuit in various fields we considered the Light Sensitive alarm as
our application and came up with this project. The buzzer in the circuit will
beep to indicate the presence of water upto the level of the sensing probes.
The circuit is very handy and can be used for domestic applications.

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this circuit varies from photography to security systems to saving
of power.This is circuit is favoured due its such wide applications.The main
objective of this circuit is to prevent the alterations in brightness where it is
not required so as not to wreck the work going on in that place.Being a fairly
easy circuit,it is very helpful. Since there is an indication that too audible no
need to remember it.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Light Sensitive Alarm Circuit:

Light sensitive alarm circuits are circuits used to detect the intensity of light
in the vicinity. It is simple, low-cost light indicator circuit.It has very low
maintenance requirements.
This circuit detects a sudden change in light.the sensor detects the change
and sounds an alarm to indicate to us about this change.
This circuit uses an LDR (Light Dependant Resistor) to indicate the change
in intensity of light.The LDR has a high resistance which reduces as the light
falls on it thus the voltage across it changes and the bleeper starts beeping
indicating the change.
This circuit has a wide application in the photography
field,industries,general day to day uses etc.

It is made of few components. They are :

1. LDR(Light Dependent Resistors)
2. Resistors : 1x10k ohms,4x1M ohms,1x47k ohms,100k ohms pot.
3. Capacitors : 0.1 microfarad,10 microfarad,0.01microfarad.
4. Bleeper.
5. 9V D.C. sources.
6. Transistor BC108.
7. 555 timer ic.
The circuit operation along with the advantages, limitations, applications
and current use as well proposed future modifications and uses have been
discussed.
METHODOLOGY:
HARDWARE DESIGN:
• Circuit Diagram:

PCB LAYOUT:
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:

8. LDR(Light Dependent Resistors)

9. Resistors : 1x10k ohms,4x1M ohms,1x47k ohms,100k ohms pot.
10.Capacitors : 0.1 microfarad,10 microfarad,0.01microfarad.
11.Bleeper.
12.9V D.C. sources.
13. Transistor BC108.
14.555 timer ic.

LDR(Light Dependent Resistors):

DESCRIPTION:
Photoresistor or light dependent resistor is a component that is sensitive to light. When
light falls upon it then the resistance changes. Values of the resistance of the LDR may
change over many orders of magnitude the value of the resistance falling as the level of
light increases.

It is not uncommon for the values of resistance of an LDR or photoresistor to be several

megohms in darkness and then to fall to a few hundred ohms in bright light. With such a
wide variation in resistance, LDRs are easy to use and there are many LDR circuits
available.

LDRs are made from semiconductor materials to enable them to have their light sensitive
properties. Many materials can be used, but one popular material for these photoresistors
is cadmium sulphide (CdS).

WORKING:

It is relatively easy to understand the basics of how an LDR works without delving into
complicated explanations. It is first necessary to understand that an electrical current
consists of the movement of electrons within a material. Good conductors have a large
number of free electrons that can drift in a given direction under the action of a potential
difference. Insulators with a high resistance have very few free electrons, and therefore it
is hard to make the them move and hence a current to flow.

An LDR or photoresistor is made any semiconductor material with a high resistance. It

has a high resistance because there are very few electrons that are free and able to move -
the vast majority of the electrons are locked into the crystal lattice and unable to move.
Therefore in this state there is a high LDR resistance.
As light falls on the semiconductor, the light photons are absorbed by the semiconductor
lattice and some of their energy is transferred to the electrons. This gives some of them
sufficient energy to break free from the crystal lattice so that they can then conduct
electricity. This results in a lowering of the resistance of the semiconductor and hence the
overall LDR resistance.

The process is progressive, and as more light shines on the LDR semiconductor, so more
electrons are released to conduct electricity and the resistance falls further.

IC NE555:

DESCRIPTION:
The 555 monolithic timing circuits is a highly stable controller capable of producing
accurate time delays, or oscillation. In the time delay mode of operation, one external
resistor and capacitor precisely control the time. For a stable operation as an oscillator,
the free running frequency and the duty cycle are both accurately controlled with two
external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling
waveforms, and the output structure can source or sink up to 200 mA.

FEATURES:
1. Turn-off time less than 2 ms
2. Max. operating frequency greater than 500 kHz
3. Timing from microseconds to hours
4. Operates in both astable and monostable modes
5. High output current
6. Adjustable duty cycle
7. TTL compatible
8. Temperature stability of 0.005% per °C

APPLICATIONS: PIN CONFIGURATION

1. Precision timing
2. Pulse generation
3. Sequential timing
4. Time delay generation
5. Pulse width modulation
CONCLUSION:
• The present invention is a simple and low cost Light Sensitive Alarm apparatus,
which can be easily installed with a minimum number of connections to an
existing system.
• The system requires auxiliary buzzer since it has to make indication of the intensit
y of the light. The circuit is small so that it can be concealed in the system with
little difficulty.

APPLICATIONS:
The Light Sensitive Alarm circuit has the following applications:

ANALOG APPLICATIONS:

Camera Exposure Control

• Auto Slide Focus - dual cell
• Photocopy Machines - density of toner
• Colorimetric Test Equipment
• Densitometer
• Electronic Scales - dual cell
• Automatic Gain Control – modulated light
Source
• Automated Rear View Mirror

DIGITAL APPLICATIONS:

• Automatic Headlight Dimmer

• Night Light Control
• Oil Burner Flame Out
• Street Light Control
• Absence / Presence (beam breaker)
• Position Sensor

• The Alarm can be used as 'sun-tracker' to keep large solar panels in the sun.By
doing this we can ensure maximum usage of solar energy.
• Coal mines are a dangerous place to work in.It can used to sense the intensity of
light in dark places like coal mines etc

FUTURE SCOPE:
• This project can be used to monitor whether the solar panels are in the sun to
ensure the maximum use of the solar energy with the further advancements in this
technology.
• This circuit can be used in the further advanced security systems,photography
devices etc.