Chapter One – Matter:

• Chemistry – study of composition, structure, and properties of matter

and the changes it undergoes
• Branches of Chemistry:
- Organic = carbon containing compounds
- Inorganic = not organic therefore no carbon
- Physical = properties and changed of matter and relation to
energy
- Analytical = components and composition of materials
- Biochemistry = substances and processes of living things
- Theoretical = use of math and computers to understand
principles of observed chemical behavior and to design and
predict the properties of new components
• Chemical = any substance with a defined composition
• Applied research solves problems with determination (improve)
• Basic research is how and why
• Technological development improves the quality of life
• Volume = amount of 3-demetional space an object occupies
• Mass = measure of amount of matter
• Matter = anything that has mass and takes up space
• Atom = smallest unit of an element that still has its properties
• Element = pure substance with only one kind of atom
• Compound = made up of 2 or more atoms with a chemical bond
• Molecule = smallest unit of and element or compound with properties
• Property = characteristic that defines groups and classifies unknown
substances
• Several properties are needed to identify substances precisely
• Extensive properties = depend on amount of matter present (volume,
mass, energy, shape, size)
• Intensive properties = don’t depend on amount of matter present
(melting/boiling point, density, conductivity)
• Physical property = observed or measured without changing identity
(melting/boiling)
• Physical change = change substance, not identity (cutting)
• Change of state = physical change of one state to another
(melting/boiling)
• Solid = defined shape and volume (tightly packed particles because
strong attractive forces)
• Liquid = defined volume/ indefinite shape (particles close but move
past each other)
• Gas = no defined shape or volume (rapid particles with great distance)
• Plasma = high-temperate physical state where atoms lose electrons
• Chemical property = ability to undergo change and transform into
different substance (charcoal burns, mixes with air, and becomes
carbon)
• Chemical change/ reaction = one or more substances converted into
different substance
• Reactants = substances that react (charcoal/air)
• Products = substances formed (carbon)
• Chemical change (decomposition) properties differ but matter and
mass is the same
• Energy is always involved (heat/light) but is not destroyed or created
• Classified as pure (element) or mixture (more than one substance)
• Can also be classified by uniformity and properties
• Mixture = two or more kinds of matter that each retain identity and
property; can usually be separated and property is the properties of
the components; composition is done by percentage of mass
• Homogeneous = mixture uniform in composition (same proportion) /
solution
• Heterogeneous = not uniform throughout (heavy particles sink to
bottom)
• Mixtures can be separated by:
-Filtration = filter paper to separate solids form others
-Distillation = physically separate a mixture
-Electrolysis = use electricity to separate
-Chromatography = separates by differences in solubility in a
solvent
• Pure substances have a fixed composition but differs from a mixture
by:
1) Same characteristics in every sample
2) Same composition
• Pure substances are either compounds or elements
• Compounds can be broken down with a chemical change (ex. Water)
• Groups/Families = vertical columns on the periodic table (18 groups)
• Groups contain similar chemical properties
• Periods = Horizontal rows on the periodic table
• Physical and chemical properties change regularly across a period
• Closer elements = more similar
• Metal = element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity
• Malleability = can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets
• Ductile =