Content

1 ) Project Outline
2) Tunnel Building with the TBM
3) Survey Methodology
a: Pre-construction Stage
b: Construction Stage
~ Double Zigzag Traverse
~ Tunnel Guidance System
c: Post-construction Stage
4) Conclusion
Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

1) Project Outline 2) Tunnel Building with the TBM

Shenzhen Hong Kong

7.5 Km

Lok Ma Chau Spur Line

1
Down Li
ne 1.7 Km
Lok Ma Chau 2 m
1.4 K
3
Up Lin
e 1.7 Km
1) TBM 2) Backup Gentries
4 m
1.4 K Sheung Shui
nnel
3.1 Km TBM Tu
•Total 6.2Km (1.7+1.4+1.7+1.4Km) of tunnel was laid by TBM

• Four times for tunnel break in and out

12m 95m

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

2) Tunnel Building with the TBM 2) Tunnel Building with the TBM

Ground Surface
Underground Surface

TBM ne l
(Tun g)
Ring te Linin
c r e
Con
Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

1
 2) Tunnel Building with the TBM 2) Tunnel Building with the TBM

As the TBM thrusted forward, more tunnel As the TBM thrusted forward, more tunnel
concrete lining was put at the back of the concrete lining was put at the back of the
machine. machine.

Ground Surface Ground Surface

Underground Surface ne l Underground Surface
ng (Tun ng)
R i ni
e Li ne l
c ret (Tun
TBM Co n
Ring te Linin
g)
TBM
o nc re
C
Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

2) Tunnel Building with the TBM 2) Tunnel Building with the TBM

1 The storage of precast

2
7 3 segment at the casting yard
m
6 625 m
Dia. 7 5 4

1800mm

1800mm

There are 7 segments put together to from a complete RING

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

2) Tunnel Building with the TBM 2) Tunnel Building with the TBM
ine
ead L
Overh

Completion The Final

of a ring Product
built

ay
lkw
Wa
Rail

Ra

Wal
il

The lining of the tunnel was formed by a continuation built up of the rings kwa
y
Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

2
 2) Tunnel Building with the TBM 3a) Survey Methodology - Pre-construction Stage
What is the Prime Objective of
+75mm
Surveying of a TBM Tunnel ?

To provide the dymanic -75mm

geospatial information of
the TBM in guiding the
machine to travel in the Design Position of
the Tunnel
predefined alignment
LEADING THE TUNNEL
TO BE CONSTRCTED IN
THE CORRECT POSITION.
Fixed Station
Station New Station
New Station

Construction Tolerance
+/-75mm
Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

3a) Survey Methodology - Pre-construction Stage 1) Survey Works prior to construction

7.5KM • Acceptance Criteria for field measurement
1. The spread of a repeated angle measurement should be less than 3”.
2. The spread of a repeated distance measurement should be less than
2mm+2pmm (7mm for the 2.5km as an example).

• The coordinates of the stations

were finalized and would be made
use of for construction.

Fixed Station
Known Station New Station
New Station Line of Sight

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

3b) Survey Methodology - Construction Stage 3b) Survey Methodology - Construction Stage
• Transfer of control station at surface At the tunnel level of the TBM Launching Shaft

Primary
Control Station

At Surface

TB
M
La
Sh unch
aft ing
Secondary
Control Station

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

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 3b) Survey Methodology - Construction Stage 3b) Survey Methodology - Construction Stage

• The control station was moved ahead by traverse to reach the • The traverse continued above the gentry to reach the Laser
last gentry. Station located behind the TBM.
Video Laser Control Last gentry Control
Target Station Station
Station

TBM
Erected
segments

Last gentry

Inside the Tunnel

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

3b) Survey Methodology - Construction Stage 3b) Survey Methodology - Construction Stage
Horizontal Control Station and Benchmark
Horizontal Control by Double Zigzag Traverse The same horizontal control station and
benchmark were used throughout the
+/-10m RESECTION Station project.
ng
ni - At first, the horizontal control station in
Li
el form of a bracket was installed at the
nn
+/-250m Tu lower part of tunnel.
+/-250m
- The station was then plumbed up to the

Walkway
+/-250m
roof of tunnel.
ark
+/-250m
hm
nc - The benchmark was set above the walkway.
Be
ADVANTAGES A Double Zigzag Traverse leg consisted of two control Walkway - The bracket was removed to make way
stations at each end. for the construction work.
Redundant survey measurements to eliminate the gross error.
Each traverse leg by itself became a quadrilateral. Invert slab
- The station was transferred onto the
More availability of line of sight from one station to the other for walkway from the roof station and it would
a quick set up AofDouble
station Zigzag Traverse
fixing by methodlinked up the quadrilateral
of RESECTION. Bracket
last beyond the end of the project.
to form a rigid network.

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

3b) Survey Methodology - Construction Stage 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System

Vertical Control by Precise Leveling • Determination of the POSITION OF THE TBM

Benchmark 3 z
Benchmark 1 Benchmark 4
Benchmark 2 The Laser Station shoots the
prism target affixed to the Video
bulkhead of TBM. Target
TBM
y
+/-180m +/-180m +/-180m Laser Station

Prism x
Benchmarks were established at every 100th Ring and
they were180m apart.

The TBM Position at this

point was determined.

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

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 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System
• Determination of the ORIENTATION OF THE TBM x • Summary
1. XY Plane ist
Laser tw Video 1. The Laser Station determined the 3D position of the TBM
The Laser Station shines onto Target 2. The Video Target determined the twist in XY plane.
the Video Target to measure the y
Plan 3. The Inclinometer 1 determined the roll in XZ plane.
twist of the TBM.
4. The Inclinometer 2 determined the tilt in YZ plane.

2. XZ Plane 3. YZ Plane tilt z

roll I nc z
lino
The built in z The built in me
t er
Inclinometer 1 Inclinometer 2 Video
Target r2
measures the x 2 measures Inclinomete
1 4 y
roll of the eter the tilt of the y 2 TBM
nom laser Station
TBM. Incli TBM. 3
Profile
Section Prism I nc
lino
1 me
x
t er
1

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System
In-house Remote Support In-house Remote Support
Computer Computer Computer Computer

Data Data
processin processin
g g

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System
In-house Remote Support In-house Remote Support
Computer Computer Computer Computer

Data Data
processin processin
g g

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

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 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System
In-house Remote Support In-house Remote Support
Computer Computer Computer Computer

Data Data
processin processin
g g

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System
In-house Remote Support In-house Remote Support
Computer Computer Computer Computer

Data Data
processin processin
g g

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System

•The system was linked

to the control cabin.
• The positional
deviation of the TBM
with the Design Tunnel
Axis was displayed on
the screen.
• The pilot made numeric
use of the
information to steer
the TBM.
Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

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 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System
Thrusting Jacks Articulation Jacks

Erected Rings Shield Tail Shield Front

Graphic
TBM Axis

6mm

15mm

The Articulation Jacks allow the TBM to twist and turn flexibly
Current Design Current Cutter and advance forward in the direction of the design tunnel axis.
Projected Design Tunnel Tunnel Center Head Center
Center in 10m ahead

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System
Thrusting Jacks Articulation Jacks Thrusting Jacks Articulation Jacks

Erected Rings Shield Tail Shield Front Erected Rings Shield Tail Shield Front

TBM Axis TBM Axis

The Articulation Jacks allow the TBM to twist and turn flexibly The Articulation Jacks allow the TBM to twist and turn flexibly
and advance forward in the direction of the design tunnel axis. and advance forward in the direction of the design tunnel axis.

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System
Thrusting Jacks Articulation Jacks Thrusting Jacks Articulation Jacks

Erected Rings Shield Tail Shield Front Erected Rings Shield Tail Shield Front

TBM Axis TBM Axis

The Articulation Jacks allow the TBM to twist and turn flexibly The Articulation Jacks allow the TBM to twist and turn flexibly
and advance forward in the direction of the design tunnel axis. and advance forward in the direction of the design tunnel axis.

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

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 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System 3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System
Thrusting Jacks Articulation Jacks Thrusting Jacks Articulation Jacks

Erected Rings Shield Tail Shield Front Erected Rings Shield Tail Shield Front

TBM Axis TBM Axis

The Articulation Jacks allow the TBM to twist and turn flexibly The Articulation Jacks allow the TBM to twist and turn flexibly
and advance forward in the direction of the design tunnel axis. and advance forward in the direction of the design tunnel axis.

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

3b) Survey Methodology – Tunnel Guidance System 3c) Survey Methodology – Post- construction Stage
1. Articulation Jack An 8 points Wriggle Survey is carried out on
Elongation

Shield Tail Shield Front the as built profile of the tunnel lining
Erected Rings
1) For construction tolerance check
2) For dimension tolerance check of the diameter
TBM Axis
(+/- 75mm)
1

8 2

3. Tail skin clearance

( Clearance between the 7 3
segment and the tail skin) 2. Thrusting Jacks
Elongation (+/- 50mm)

6 4
The elongation of all jacks and the shield tail clearance are measured by
sensors and sent to the computer to derive the position of ring just erected.
5

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

3c) Survey Methodology – Post- construction Stage 4) Conclusion

Survey Misclosure After Tunnel Breakthrough
Clearance between tunnel
Breakthrough
lining and Structure Gauge Location Chainage Alignment Accuarcy Level
Date
Down Track (1.7Km) 15mm in 7mm in 1 in 10mm too
27-Feb-04
Li nne ilt

Shung Shui to Kwu Tung shortage shortage north 103,000 high

Tu -bu
n in l

Down Track (1.4Km) 5mm in 27mm in 1 in 3mm too

As

Structure Gauge Envelope

g

21-Jun-04 Kwu Tung to Chau Tau excess excess north 51,000 low
Train 23-Dec-04
Up Track (1.7Km) 25mm in 30mm in 1 in 5mm too
Shung Shui to Kwu Tung shortage shortage north 44,000 low
Up Track (1.4Km) 9mm in 10mm in 1 in 6mm too
08-Apr-05 Kwu Tung to Chau Tau shortage shortage north 104,000 low

The Wriggle Survey Data

was assessed by the * The Survey Misclosure after the tunnel
Railway System Group for breakthrough for four TBM tunnel was satisfactory
checking of the Structure
Gauge Clearance.

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction

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 4) Conclusion Ring Built Out of Tolerance (+/-75mm)
Length of tunnel Length of tunnel constructed outside the
constructed within the Allowable Construction Tolerance (+/-75mm)
Location
Allowable Construction
Tolerance (+/-75mm) Factor A Factor B Factor C
Down Track (1.7Km) 1681m (97.5%) 16m 16m 11m
Shung Shui to Kwu Tung
Down Track (1.4Km)
1472m (99.7%) ~ ~ 4m
Kwu Tung to Chau Tau
Up Track (1.7Km)
1617m (93.8%) 57m ~ 50m
Shung Shui to Kwu Tung
Up Track (1.4Km)
1470m (99.9%) ~ ~ 2m
Kwu Tung to Chau Tau

Factor A : Inability to keep the TBM on course

We considered that the entire tunnel was built
They didinnot
theinfringe
right place and
in the soft orthe Structure
mixed groundGauge
condition
achieving the prime objective for the engineering
Envelope andsurvey
had in tunnelling.
been given relaxation.
Factor B : Malfunction of the inclinometer.
Factor C : Poor workmanship in ring building.

Engineering Survey System in TBM Tunnel Construction