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  !     "  #$
%  &   '  & ( ) (&   *  + $
) -  .!   ) ,
    )
 /  0 12  $ % 
   
4: 
4: (7) 5, 2  

 =)  9*   -: ;$  ' <
=)  -:  = $  /  ?) >/
$ @ C) .  /  ?) A /  @! 
9*   -:  + $ - 5$ ;D)   
E =)  # @! 
 =)  - ) $ ' * C) F   *G
=)  *   -/ 
 > + - @!
# @!  9*   -: ;$  F H 
.  - LM = A × > = I,
  ! =)

4: (L) 5, 2  

F / ,   *    - 7N ; )  ' <
 -  !- @'  = *   $ - 5$  
E 
 ;$    ' 9$ +O  $ C) F   *G
% 9&!  -  !- @' P& F 
 9&! =*
 ! -   - !)  !- P& '   $

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 ا‬
   

  ! !- P& #!   $ $ % !) I,

.  - QN = Q ×7N = I,

4: ! '  9 ,

 5 I,
  ! FC*O $ !  0F $ O
#! ! (*O $ %  I,
  ! FC*O $ @'
 × 5 = I,
  !

4:

S % > % R % L % 7 5,  ; $ $ ,   $  5$
4: T : 
$ 1) O –  $ 1) 5 O 4'


4: $ 1) 5 O 4'
% & V 0F  $ ,   $ ! ' 
F
 S I,
  ! :  P& $ 
0$ ( S % > % R % L %7 ) 5,   5, @'  9
@' F
 > I,
  ! +P& $ &! 
! 0 ) :  P& ! -  !  5,   5,
( :  ;P& 5 @ 5, ! )
- ) 5,   ,   $   $
  ∴
- LN = > × S =

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4: $ 1) O – 

5, @' F
 S = I,
  ! T  P& $
! &!  P& $ 0$ % 9 *  ) 5,  
.
 ) I,
 
. - LS = S × S = !  $
  ∴

4:

.   - )  W&' ) =/*O $ - 5$



 )  -  !- @'  =* '   W& $

S = ;)/*O
  H
!   -  !- @'  =* ' $  W&
  !- ! )O ! - 
X  W& % 
 Y/ =* ' $ Y W&
' $  = W& % - - =* ' $
. 9 - =*
7LN = 7×L×R×>×S = ) W& =/*O
  ∴
.-

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permutation  
+ (Z* ' #!* FD (&' 9 
  F  
. 9 $ 
Z + Z (&     (&   

' (&     (&   

  = 
+ $ $   [2  '    F V !
.(& IF     $ @  Y (&   
4:


 D !) (&  + $ $    = 
. 9 $  (&' / +
+ '  !) (&  9 D / (& ' Y
)
 ! ) +
  +
 !)
:  $ ! ' 

. SN> = A× M × Q = 
4: D  - $  


(7+4)NNN×(R4)×(L4)×(74)×  =

 ≥  %   !  Y


 $  ! '   F  2  =
  
  Z  ! % 
) !  W, +
. ( 7 +  4 ) F  !  $ @'  %  


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4:

- 5$  % 5+    ,O  5- 9$

 S 0F
X  
 $ ! Y )
    ,O $
<'  @ ;2'    9  . @
  $
. 




    -  0 $    )
9  LN = > × S = )
9  LN = > × S = LS= F V $& '

4:

:   , * '
  +  
   



>L = ] × A = 

77MMN= Q× 7N× 77 × 7L = 
+
(   ) × ( ) × ( + ) ×( + ) = 

( ) × (  ) × (  ) = 

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]  + $ $   '    =    
7×L×R×>× S× ] = +!* 9 D (&'
]  2 '- !] Z ^ + Z
SN>N =7×L×R×>×S×]×A = !A    $
: D  - $  

 ×  ×  ×  ×(  )(  )(  )  = !

+ $  ! '   F  9 2  = ! ' @'

 ! +  #?
) !   ! W-
'      2 ^ ;'   2 .! $ '
.  F +   $'  !   5,

4:

:  ! " # $ %&

! !(


>NRLN = 7×L×R×>×S×]×A×M = !M
ALN = 7×L×R×>×S×] = !]

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. ; ,'   2    2  

!A × M = !M
!] × A × M = !A × M = 7 × L × R ×> ×S × ]× A× M =

4: # 
!(74) ×  = !
!(L4) × (74) = !(74)
NN $F

٣ *

! = )* "+ , -! +.   / 0
0

4:

 - ) ; . $&   )* ' / ) $ - 5$

. 9 *



!] = / 
 
- ALN = 7 ×L × R × > × S× ]

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٤ *

'   :   X 9? $&  (&   

 
I* 2 '  ) - I*  @ -  I*  
.  ) -

!( 74  ) =
 
'  ) - I*    $  5F :  $ O '
. F*:  I* @'   $ @' %  ) - I* 2

!(74) = 1
2 %%3
L
4:

 [*  ? 92     ] =* ' $ - 5$

.  I*   )* '   0  *:


- 7LN = 7 × L × R × > × S = !S =
 

٥ *

7 = !

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4:  

! 
=

!(
)

4:

××××4×× ! ! 
= = = = 
××× ! !()

L7N = S×]×A =

4:

. @:  9  $ R  )  $ M ;


:) $  Y/ $ )
  * '
[*  4'
[* X4


[*   )4'
M=  : 9$ )
 
A=  9$ )
 
]=  9$ )
 

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- RR]=]×A×M= Y/ $ )

  

[* X )4
M= : 9$ )
 
M=  9$ )
 
M=  9$ )
 
- S7L=M×M×M= Y/ $ )
  

4:

4: 5,  $ O

A%]%S%>%R%L%7
4:   * '
- ) 5,  ; $ $ 5,' R   $  5$ 4: :# '
. $  
5,  ; $ $ @ 5,' R   $  5$ 4: # 
.$   - )
 ; $ $ > 5, '  5,' R   $  5$ 4: # 
. $   - ) 5,
 ; $ $ RNN   $' 5,' R   $  5$ 4: # ! 
. $   - ) 5,

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4: :# '
$   5,' R   $   
 L7N = S×]×A = RA =
 

4: # 
 + $ $  ' R   $  5, 
.$   - ) 5,
F @ 5, @D +P& 5 T  '  IF  /
5, @D +P& 5 :  ' ! F . A ' S ' R ' 7
+P& 5 &!  $ - )  5,' !   
@D +P& 5 ?  -  5,' )   - @D
. -  5,' )   5,
$   5,' R   $     ∴
 7LN = S × ] × > =
 

4: # 
$   5,' R   $ > 5, '   5, 
 RN = S× ] × 7 =
 
. `: - > 5, +P& $ T   0

4: # ! 
$ RNN   $'  $ 5,' R   $   
/  0  $ % $   - ) 5,  + $
% ] % S % > % R 5,   5, @D - ?  P&
   5, ?  P& $ ;' ! F . A
S
7 = F
  R  Z R 5, '   5,

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 ا‬
   

@D &! T   $ P& $  % . S =

  ' ! F % -  5,' )   ,

- RN = S ×] = L]=
5,' R   $ RNN   $'     ∴
.  7SN = S × ] × S =
  ∴

4:

.  , * ' 7RLN = 7L $ O



 $ 7L + 5,  $'   !   Y  ! F

= ^  $ 7L  7RLN )-  % 7RLN 5+ 2 
7L  P 5,  77N ^ )- % 77N = 7L ÷ 7RLN
5,  ^ )- % 7N = 77 ÷ 77N = 77 F 9& 
7 = 7N ÷ 7N = ^  $ 9&  P
7N × 77 × 7L = 7RLN ∴
R =  , ' ! F %  R =  !  ∴
7RLN = R7L = 7L

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4:

: $ O
! (7 +  ) , * D ]ALN = M



:  $ I* M 5,  (b    ; ]ALN 5, 

% 7LN = A ÷ M>N " % M>N = M ÷ A]LN
> = S ÷ LN ' @' S @ -  LN = ] ÷ 7LN ^
7 = > ÷ >% >  , 
> × S × ]× A × M = ]ALN ∴
: H   !  F S =  ∴
ALN = 7× L× R× >× S×] = !] = !( 7+ S ) = !(7+ )

4:

E  , * D R(L4) × 7> = > $ O



() × () × () ×  = >

0$

١٠٦ ‫ا 
 ا‬
   

(L4)
(  ) × () × () = 
 ) × () × () ×  = () × () × () ×  ∴
(
(  ) ×  = (  ) 
L
4   =  – 
L

6* = 4 +  4 – 
:   / - 
 ( A 4 ) ( M 4 )
A =  ' M =  O ! F

4:

: $ O
( 7+)
(74) , * D ALN = ! 0$ % ]N>MN = 



! =  ×  ×  × × 4×  =  = !

=
∴

> × S × ] × A × M × Q = ]N>MN = 
 
 = 
=∴

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 ( + )
 =  × × ( ×  ×  = 4 = ( 
) ∴

4:

# $ %&9, (  –
)   ×  =
  !" 78



! ×  = !
!(
) !(
)

 
! (
)(
) ×> = = !(
)

=
∴ >=–A
4:

4: $ O

( 4 
= = +
!( ) !(–) !(–)
E  , 

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 ا‬
   



! (  )   2

! × ( ! 4 ! 

!( )= =
!(–) +
!(–)

!()  4
! ( !( ) ( )  
!( !(–)
) = = +
!(–)

 = LNM –  S +  R – L R

 = LNM – L + LR

 = ( M –  ) ( L] +  R )
M =  , H 1   $ '  :  , ' Y

4:

4:   , * '
!RN  :& !] – !Q 4 ! M 4'
!LM

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0 9&  $ (   ^? *O   ) T 5) $
:  $

:   1  P2 5) 0  $ !M 4'

M SHIFT n! = >NRLN

>NRLN = ! M ' @'

= !] – !Q – 
! Shift n! – ! Shift n! = 

 ) : 5) ^ * $ !RN  :&

!7M 2'

:  $

MAN = RN! Shift n!

LM! Shift n!

4:

4: T :   , * '

ALN = ! ( R ) –  7 = ! ( 74  L ) 4 '
R]N = ! ( L+L ) 4 *

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7 = !7 0$ 7 = !  ' 0  ,  5! 4 '

7 = ( 7 –  L ) '  = ( 7 –  L ) ∴

=  !;<  =  ∴


,  1  F 7 =  + L =  L '

. )$  $  $ : 
ALN = ! (  R ) 4 
' * 7 5,  (b   ALN 5,   ' 
]× S× >× R× L× 7 = ALN
!] = ALN ∴

!] = ! (  R) ∴

L=∴

R]N = ! ( 7 + ) R 4 *

:  $   ;  R]N 5,  ' 

( S × > × R × L × 7 ) × R = 7LN × R

!S × R = R]N
!4 = !(  + ) ∴
>=∴ S = 7+

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4:

   ) /  ) =* ' $ - 5$

    * /  $ Y  - 9& ; . 
.  *



=
  !   =  -  / =* ' $
 - =    =* ' $ 0$ - 7LN = !S
7LN = !S =
  ! @
=* 5 : '   =* ' ! =$! Y ' $
; .    * 5+ $ =* ' $  /
LMMNN = 7LN × 7LN × L = ! S × !S × L =  - &
. -

4: $ X 
  0 9 $   9  (&     
: $&  ;!2 $    (& IF  @' $

 =  

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4:

 ; 5-
 
  - & ' <
5$  . + / : $D  [ ' S   $ 5!  ?,
. Y/ ; *  $ $ -



R
- 7LS = S =   +  
 

4: . $&  + & (& 

% ! [   + &  7 + (&    $
:  R 0$ %  [   + & :  L 0$
!* FD . $&   ) $F Y [   + &
F
  !

!()
= 
 
NNN × !R× !L × !7

R + L + 7 =  ' & 0

4:

. !* FD   $ .   $ 9  $ - 5$

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A = +$ $ .'  = 

L = ( . $   = 7

L= ( .  $   =L

L = 5 . $   = R

7 =   . $   = >

!
 = =
 
! × ! × ! × !

4:

% ] % S % M % A % ] % S 5,     $ $ - 5$

 $ P&  5, ' Y % !* FD A
. * Z $ P& * Z 5,



: F  F   5,

+ S 5, , + > :*O F A% S% A % S
 $  5, IF  $ A 5, ,

!>

 ] = =
  !
!L × !L

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4: F  F  * Z 5,

 5, ] 5, - , + - / F ] % M% ]
F
  ! * Z $ P& +  $ M 5,

!R
-
 R = = * Z 5, 
 
!7 × !L

5, ' & - ) 5,  + $ $    ∴

. * Z $ P& * Z  $ P& 
.c 7M = R × ] =
 

4:

? Z? * S % ;* 7NNN ? Z?* XZ  $ - 5$

E Z? * IF  -) W&' ! )  ;* SNN



 + & Z?* + Z? * A  *   IF 

- &  +!Z  5 ( ;* 7NNN ) ? F - Y
Y  + & + Z? * ) F -  Z? * ' %
H  W&' )  5+!Z  5 ( ;* SNN ) +,
F Z? * XZ 
 

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!A
. - - L7 = = Z? * XZ 
 
!S × !L

4:  &  

 ++ $ ! - 9- '  &   9$ 12 

.   /

4:

:  5,  ; $ $ 5, Y/   $  5$

. >NN   $' 5,  $ ' & A % ] % S% > % R% 7%L



$ ?   0 ! >NN   $' !  $ $

;' 0 ! - ) 5,  >   $' 5, @' D '
A ' ] ' S ' > = 5,  5, ?  P& $
. !  I,
  ! !
! 0 ) ] I,
  ! T  P& $
( ?   ;!2   @ 5, ! )
S = I,
  ! &!  P& $
5,   5,' Y/   $   $ $ 
 0 - 7LN = S × ] × > =
  ! - )
. $ 5 

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A× A × > =
  H $ $O 0F $ O $
. - 7Q] =

4:

>% R% L% 7 5,   ; $ $ RNN  P'  5$

. $   S%


%
)   . $&  F   $
! +   5,   IF  $ 5 ;' Y
:  $   :  $ ?  X* ' $ 

 5,   $ ! $ O

 S =
 
:,   $ ! $ O
S
- LN = >× S = L =
   $
: 5,' R   $ ! $ O
* RNN  P' !  $ $ ;' 9  *  IF 
' * @' - L ' 7 5,  5,  ?  @  '
 P&
  ' @'   5, ?  P& 5
 0$
 > = T  P&
  % L = ?
R =
  ! &!  P&

 ,'  $ 5,' /  + $ $     ∴
- L> = R× > × L = RNN

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  S% >% R% L% 7 5,  + $ $     ∴

: F RNN  ,'  $ $
.  >Q = L>+ LN+ S = $   

4:

- 5$ . 2  :   d - ) ] 0&

;D   : / Z$
 ) *  +  $
E ;) Z$ d   :



 ] 
e  : Z$ ( $

 S 
e d Z$ ( $

 > 
e Y Z$ ( $
7LN=>×S×] F
  : / Z$ ( $ f
-
 - ) /  dF
 9F  - $  :
. ) - ) 

4:

  $    * ' %  5,' ! ) 0F $ O

:  ! ) 5,  + $ $  5,' ! '
4:T

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$ 1) 5 O 4'

   @D 5, @ $ 1) O 4
(   )   ! ,  $ ' O 4 *
. ! 5,  $ + O %



 F  $ 

  H $ 1) 5 O 4'
:  $&

A
- M>N = > × S × ] × A = > =
 
 ,' H    @D 5, @ $ 1) O – 
H    5,  F A F I$ $
>
L>N7 = A × A × A × A = A = 
 

!  + (  5 ! , 0F $ O 4 *

F +  /  5,  ' ! 0 H ?
%? + (  5  , ! ) ! 0 5,' )
! ) ! 0 )   - ,  5 0$
:H  % + (  5  ,
S (L4A)
- LN = > × S = L = (L4>) =
 

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%   $  ? ; (+: 5 ! 5, 0F $ O – 

- ) -  . : +) 5 
  H
: F
 ()
- 7LN = > × S× ] =  = () =
 

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!


  

L % 7 5,  ; $ $ 5,' X    $  5$ (4

. $   S 5, '  +  5$ . S% > % R %
5,  ; $ $ 5,' =   $ @  5$ (]
]% S% >% R % L% 7
 ,  /  Y/ Z? * Y/ $ @O 1 (A
$  $ Y F  Y/  )
XZ  $ - 5$  9Z?* W $ 
)

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M 5F Y/   - )  $  Z? *

.>%A%
L
R , * D L> = ! $ O (M
M
! (7+ ) , * D ]ALN = $ O (Q

: $ O (7N

, * D AL = !(+)
!()
  
L + 7 + 

4: $ O (77


# $ %&9,  = !
( = 

74  7+ 
 :  =>? ( 

L !(+)
QN + 7Q +  =
!((+)

:* ' A% ]% S% >% R% L% 7 5,  $ O (7R
5,  ; $ $ 5,' >   $  5$ 4'
. $   - )
  - ) 5,  ; $ $ 5,' ]   5$ 4
. $
$ R 5, '  5,' )   $  5$ 4
. $   - ) 5,  ; $

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  - ) 5,  ; $ $ @  5$ 4Y

.$
$ 5,' ! '   $ RNN   $'  5$ 4"
.$   - ) 5,  ; $

Q% A % ] % >% R% L% 7 : 5,  ; $ $  5$ (

4: T :  0
. 5,' /  .D ! $ O 4'
. $   5, X*  .D ! $ O 4
  * Z 5,' )   $ ! $ O 4
. $
A 5, IV  5,' >  .D ! $ O 4Y
 P'  5,' ! '  .D ! $ O 4"
. SNNN
/ / 9 D (&    ' !  $ O (7S
 . / / 9 D ( 74)  ' ) @ )
.  IF   , F
74) (74) 
(74)( ×
+  =  :  =>? (
%  !) / %  > =* ' $ - 5$ (
' =* ' & .    L %  $ )
& 5 
  F  .  * )* $
. *
 + $ $ RNNN % 7NNN  9    * ' (7M
. ]% S% >% R% L% 7 %  5,

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$ - 5$ . / L> ,  R , )+ M $& d ! (7Q

E  d =+   $ 
  $
R ; $  ,    9F-  ) W& ' (LN
- ,  !)  9F-  ) 

- 5$  ,     !)  ) 
E  !)     9F-  ) ;$
- 5$ . / L> ,  R , )+ M $& d ! (L7
E  d =+   $ 
  $ $
(L45)
 % 5 , * D % >L = % 7S = + 5 $ O (LL
M
S
: # $ %& (
M
>

   ; $ $  5,' >  # $ # 5$ (L>

: Y (Q %M %A %S %R %L %N)  *
T d S 5, 4 ]NNN   $' ! – '
&! d L 5, ANNN   $' ! 4"
? d R 5, SNNN  P' ! 4
: $ O (LS

E =  , H 7LN = ! ( 7 –  )

E <!  +2! *  $ S  $ - 5$ (L]


@  , dF  7L = R $ O (LA

L

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! ( 7+ )
(7+)= : '  ' ((
!

!(7+4)
(7+4)(4 )= : '  ' (LQ
!(744)

5$ % ): = $ Y/ - $ - ) 0F $ O (RN

E  $ .  $ IF  $ -

  .  ?    X )
!
  F  (R7

4: : :

? )   : 9   $  – '

.+ @  : 9   $  – 

!
 '  *   , Y/  $  5$ (RL

, SL F ( & $ )  $

4: : :  0

9    : 4 9 : X : – '

: $ O (RR

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 7
E  , * ' S

= 
S

:    ' (R>

7N7 !7 7 7
= + + 
!7N !7N !Q !M

7
(  ×4 × ×  ) = !(× /
R

! ( S+ )

 +  +  = !(R+)
 :&

(W4= ) (W+=)
7LN => % SN>=R : $ O (RS

=
W ‫أو‬

7 %  :  :   ' Y/  5,  $ $ - 5$ (٣٦

& 0F $ O 0$ % $   ] % S % > % R % L %

.  '  5, $ $

$  >NNN % LNNN  X-     * ' (

Q% A % ] % S % R % L % 7 %  5,  + $

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  5) 5,' /   $   $ $ - 5$ (RM

Q % L%S%A%]%R
$ 1) O ( 7 )
$ 1) 5 O ( L )

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Combinations
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4:

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) ' ( F % ) ' ( %  ) ' ( * % ) ' ( F % ' ) ' (  % ' )
( F %  ) ' ( F % * ) ' (  % *

 7N =
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77
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4:

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. Dw "R ~ )Oc €B Šw

\^ —^u S$w "b  $"R ~ "u$ "(• v Š# "˜ Vx
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 = ?O0 $"u  "u ™# ~ v "R Š# + S$w "R Š# Vj
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 + W
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X# ?O
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. Šw ._  .Z Š# Xw ,) XˆT "(
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# G W +V# G W + # )OcG )OcW = (G + # )
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# G W +ss + sssssssssssssss +
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V:

V
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V
# G W + # )OcG)OcW = ( G + # )
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# G W + sssss + V 
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# + Š = ( # + Š )

# + Š# + Š = (# + Š )
g
# + Š#g + gŠ = g( # + Š)
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: 0 $ d /

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+ # ×VŠ W + # × VŠ W+‘# × sVŠ sW = (# + Š)
( )← # × sŠ W ....+ # × VŠ W + ..... + g# × gVŠ gW

V:() S^^^v

k
( l + Š ) ?O "T$#



k
gW + (l) Š Wk + (l) gŠ Wk + s(l) Š sWk =
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j + gl ŠJ×k + l Šk × g ×k + l gŠ ×k + kŠ =
 × kl
k
lj+ gl Šg+ lŠk + lgŠJ + kŠ =

:() S^^^v

C x( l – Š) ?O "T$#



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x
(lV)s(Š)xWx+k(lV)(Š) kWx+ g(lV)
xl V klŠx + glkŠsV ljŠs+ l JŠx V sŠ =

4: (R) 

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s
(s,s +) = s(,s)
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(s,s)W + (s,s)W + (s,s) sW =
g s
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$"u + (s,sssssJ)s + (s,sssk) kx + (s,s)s +  =
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,a
,Jajs =

: ( # + Š) ?O ~  "R ‡# ()*

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: {T 3bc Šw ‹,) "u  

( # + Š ) ?O ~ 9
& v.,
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ŠW =š
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Š V# VW = š
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 # u
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( # + Š ) ?O ~  "R-
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( p!>’- v ) ( p!>’- S$w) W = + ∴

4:(>)

J
: "T$# % (l +Š) ?O ~
5-m "R
 (ii) Šm "R (i)


x
(l) g(Š) xWJ = +x
š
= j
š
(i)

x
lgŠ kkJ = x
l gŠ J × j × e × J = j
š
∴
××g

j
(l)(Š ) jWJ = e
š


j
l Šk × J =

š
 = e
 ∴

4:(S)


a g Š
( V ) ?O0 ~
Š g

: "T$#

١٤٨ ‫ا 
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+š (G ) 5-) "R (#)



g V 
( ŠgV) j( Š ) gWa= kš (#)

gV
Š × g(gV) × Š × j(  ) gWa =

a
Š g g × jVg × JkV =

Q
=R4R × M> 4 =

a LM4 a Jk4
Š = Š =
Q e
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L ) Wa = + š ( G)
( ( =
=
R

L47M
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R4 × × Wa =

=
4Q
R

g –J
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( # + Š) ?O ~ ŸP$w "R ‡B ()*

: ( .u) ŸP$w "R {!)!

™), ?O0 $"u " ∴ T$q  d2 AB (#)

+
= p! "u$ ŸP$# "u "T ∴


 T$q ?O0 $"u " ∴ p),  d2  AB (G)

7+
R+ %% : .Z! HP$# "u "T ∴
L
L
V:(j)S^^^v

s
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L+7N L+
j =L = L = ŸP$w "R {!)!

x
l xŠ xWs = j
š

x
l xŠ  x  = ŸP "R ∴

4:(A)

a 
(l V Š) ?O ~ 1HP$w "R "T$#


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x 7=+Q = 7+ = S$w ŸP$w "R {!)!

L L
k
( l 74 ) x( Š ) kWa = xš
L
k
l 7 × xŠ g × j =
7]
k
l xŠ × j =
k
l xŠ x = S$w ŸP$w "R ∴

R+Q R+
j= = = v ŸP$w "R {!)!
L L
x
(l 74 ) k( Š) xWa = jš
L
x
l 74 × kŠ k  × k W a =
RL
x
lV k
× Šj × j =
g

x
l kŠ jgV = v ŸP$w "R ∴

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(# + Š ) ?O ~ p $ ?Š  
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V:"R QA ?O ~ ?Š


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?O0 L "T!

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Š


4:(M)

J
Š

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( p!>’- v) V( p!>’- S$w) W = +š
 V
( Š ) Vx(Š) Wx = +š
V
Š ×  × – gs
Š Wx =
g V gs
Š () Wx  "R
 = +š

 "R ~ (Š) Š#

١٥٢ ‫ا 
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J = g V gs
k = ∴ V = gV

š J
x @ Š  
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J J k x š
Š j ×gjx = Š () kW = x

4:(Q)


( l V Š! ) ?O ~ jl xŠ
 "T$#




(lV) V( Š! ) W = +š

l × () (V) × VŠ × V() W =

l VŠ V() × W × (V) =
j =  ∴ x V  j = 
 × jW × ( V) = l xŠ

 j j

ak =  × e × J × a × s ×  =
××g×k×x

4:(7N)

k
Š
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(V)  Vj(Š) Wj = +
š

L47L 4] ]  j
=× (L) 
(74) = 7+ ∴

k = V (#)

k = ∴
 j k
=  ×kW × (V) = kŠ
 ∴
js = j × g×k×x × j
 ×× g ×k

4 : (= +7 ) 0 $ W 

Š W +ssss + Š W + Š W + sŠ sW = ( Š+)
 = Š 56-
= W + ..... + W + W + sW


V = Š 56-
)Oc = ....... + kW + gW V W + W V sW

xW + gW + W  = ...... + kW + W + sW
....+

١٥٤ ‫ا 
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4:(77)

j
jW + ...... + gWj + Wj + Wj + sWj : ._ "T$#


j
jk =  =  =

4:(7L)

Š ™_ {mu (Š + ) ?O ~ }v "R
   AB
.  ._ "T$# v "R
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Š W = +š
 š
W = g

 š
eW = J

š š
J
 = g


eW = W
a = e +  = 

:
 . ( Š –  ) ?O

W + .....V Š W + Š W V sŠ sW = ( Š V)

+ gŠ (V)(V) V Š (V) + Š  – =
!R !
sssss

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=' @D   0 $

?O0 ._ ƒ„$ % (Š+ ) ?O0  9 "]P E

| L ƒA$ Š# X‘- "R QA ?O ._ ‡ L ( ŠV )
V: ! =$)F

(Š –  )
F
 $# (Š + )
F
 ! # -١
£ 3bc +_ $# {P $# )m  ._ ! # -٢
Š # X# 3b\ "u 
_# Š S ¤ .( ! # -٣
>

4:(7R)

. )F _# mn G)_w ,s ._ "T$# "R QA ?O "]P-



N)O- ƒA $ ¦-m ?O0 ._ ‡ + (Š+ ) ?O "]P-
s,x =  ._ % s,s= Š ._ #
= s,x( s,s+)
(Vs,x)(Vs,x)s,x
+ (s,s)× (Vs,x)N,x + s,s × s,x + 
!R ! g
(s,s)
§¨ E "T M©c m + s,sssx – s,ssx+ =
,sskJJ = ,ssksJex =

4:(7>)

. )F _# mn G)_w ١٢٦] g "T$# "R QA ?O "]P-

١٥٦ ‫ا 
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.( 56- ƒA$ ?O0 € Sc E (Š+ ) ?O "]P-

-(0 x "(0 }u (x+ ) = (Š+ ) "( I@
 j
x +_) @$ }: „T § Š .(
 

 ( + )× =  (g + )


    
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 +
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C x(Šk+l) ?O "T$# "R QA )/2 "]m ()

C k( V Šg) ?O "T$# "R QA )/2 "]m ()

e
(g – Š ) ?O ~ 5-m "R$  "R "T$# (g)

C ( + Š) ?O ~ Š  ¢[ "R "T$# (x)
Š
e
C ( V Š) ?O ~   
.F0 "R "T$# (j)
g
Š Š
s
C ( V gŠ ) ?O ~ xŠ  
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Š
C j( V  Šg ) ?O ~ ŸP$w "R "T$# (J)

e 
C ( Šg +  ) ?O ~ 5-) "R "T$# (s)

C (  +) ?O ~ 
 "T$# ()
Š kŠ

C 1)F 1ª0 -T… -)( k( s,aa ) ._ {# ()

v$ Šm "R 1- m d2 AB (Š + g ) ?O ~ (g)

C k = Š "  ._ ., j :a


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