Project on Quantitat

Sub : Growth

Prep
Rajashik
PMIR - A | P10043
on Quantitative Techniques for HRM
Sub : Growth of Literacy in India

Prepared by :
Rajashik Roy Choudhury
PMIR - A | P10043 | p10043@astra.xlri.ac.in
 Growth of Literacy in India
With almost two-thirds of India’s population aged 7 years of age and above now lite
significant progress in this direction. An important finding of the 2001 census count
females are now literate and male-female differential has narrowed down to 21.7 pe
1991. The other important finding of the 2001 census is that, in the country, the ab
population aged 7 + has declined for the first time by almost 32 million (21.4 million
among females). The earlier data from 1961 to 1991 indicated that the absolute nu
increasing from one decade to another. There are, however, states – Bihar, Manipu
territories of Delhi and Chandigarh - where the number of illiterates has increased f

The male-female differentials in literacy rates are examined in some details. Consid
of illiterates in the country for the first time, this project examines the nature of cha
may be noted at the outset that, prior to the 1991 census, the Indian census was ex
years in counting the literate population. The literacy rates were computed by takin
denominator. On the eve of the 1991 census it was decided that all children in the
illiterate by definition and literacy rates would be computed for population aged 7 y
to such (net) literacy rates, those computed by taking the total population in the de
literacy rates.” As it is not feasible to work out net literacy rates right from 1901 on
rates for India for the past one century, from 1901 to 2001.This project attempts to
citizens of india from 1901 to 2001 from a statistical perspective using basic statisti
testing.
India
age and above now literate, India has made very
f the 2001 census count is that more than half of the
arrowed down to 21.7 percent from 24.8 percent in
t, in the country, the absolute number of illiterates in
t 32 million (21.4 million among males and 10.5 million
ted that the absolute number of illiterates was
, states – Bihar, Manipur and Nagaland – and the union
terates has increased further during the 1990s.

in some details. Considering the decline in the number

mines the nature of changes that have taken place. It
he Indian census was excluding only children aged 0-4
were computed by taking the total population in the
that all children in the 0-6 age group will be treated as
for population aged 7 years and above. In comparison
tal population in the denominator are called “crude
ates right from 1901 onward, data gives crude literacy
This project attempts to analyze the rate of literacy of
ctive using basic statistics, estimation and hypothesis
CRUDE LITERACY RATES OF INDIA, 1901-2001*

Person# Male # Female#

1901 5.4 9.8 0.6
1911 5.9 10.6 1
1921 7.2 12.2 1.8
1931 9.5 15.6 1.8
1941 16.1 24.9 7.3
1951 16.1 25 7.9
1961 24 34.4 13
1971 29.4 39.4 18.7
1981 36.2 45.9 24.8
1991 42.8 52.7 32.2
2001 55.3 64.1 45.8

# data in percentages

* Data collected from Seminar on Progress of Literacy in India

Niepa, New Delhi (5th October, 2002) : www.educationforallinindia.com
 1-2001*

0
10
20
30
40
50
60

1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1951

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

0
5
Person

1961
1901
1971
1911
1981
1921
1991
1931
2001
Person#

1941

1951
Female
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

1961

1901
1971

1911
1981
F
1941

1951

Female
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1961

1901
1971

1911
1981

1921
1991

1931
2001

Female#
1941

1951
Male

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001
Male #
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Person
60
Person Male Female
Mean 22.54 30.42 14.08 50
Median 16.1 25 7.9
40
Mode 16.1 #VALUE! 1.8
30
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
20
Person Male Female 10
Variance 277.84 339.63 221.05
SD 16.67 18.43 14.87 0

1921

1931

1951

1961
1901

1911

1941

1971
SKEWNESS & KURTOSIS

Person Male Female

Skewness 0.8 0.54 1.12
Kurtosis -0.35 -0.84 0.5

OTHER STATISTICS

Person Male Female

Sum 247.9 334.6 154.9
Size 11 11 11
Maximum 55.3 64.1 45.8
Minimum 5.4 9.8 0.6
1941

1951

1961
Person

1971

1981

1991 Person#

2001

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1951
Male

1961

1971

1981

1991
Male #

2001
1971

1981

1991

Male #
2001

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1951
Female

1961

1971

1981

1991
Female#

2001
The Estimate of the intervals for mean of Person, Male and Female in t

The population is assumed to tend towards normalcy as N is 100

Person

Sample Size (n) = 11

Sample Mean (x-bar) = 22.54
Sample Stdev. (s) = 16.67

100*(1-a) Confidence Interval

99% 22.54 ± 15.93 =
95% 22.54 ± 11.2 =
90% 22.54 ± 9.11 =
85% 22.54 ± 7.84 =

Male

Sample Size (n) = 11

Sample Mean (x-bar) = 30.42
Sample Stdev. (s) = 18.43

(1-a) Confidence Interval

99% 30.42 ± 17.61 =
95% 30.42 ± 12.38 =
90% 30.42 ± 10.07 =
85% 30.42 ± 8.66 =

Female

Sample Size (n) = 11

Sample Mean (x-bar) = 14.08
Sample Stdev. (s) = 14.87

(1-a) Confidence Interval

99% 14.08 ± 14.21 =
95% 14.08 ± 9.99 =
90% 14.08 ± 8.12 =
85% 14.08 ± 6.99 =
Male and Female in the rate of literacy in India between the years 1951 and 2

[ 6.61 , 38.46 ]
[ 11.34 , 33.73 ]
[ 13.43 , 31.65 ]
[ 14.7 , 30.37 ]

[ 12.81 , 48.03 ]
[ 18.04 , 42.8 ]
[ 20.35 , 40.49 ]
[ 21.75 , 39.08 ]

[ -0.13 , 28.29 ]
[ 4.09 , 24.07 ]
[ 5.96 , 22.21 ]
[ 7.09 , 21.07 ]
the years 1951 and 2001 (50 years) at various confidence levels
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
An independent study of literacy rate levels in districts of India from 1975 to 2005 (30 years) by da
The following is a test of their Hypothesis on the basis of the samples collected.

Person
H0 : m is equal to 18 - Null Hypothesis : the population mean is 18
H1: m is not equal to 18 - Altenate Hypothesis : the population mean is not 18

n = 11

Degree of Freedom = 10

Estimated population standard deviation = s = 16.67

Estimated standard error of mean = estimated population standard deviation/ squarero

t = (sample mean - hypothesised mean) / estimated standard error of mean

As per the two tailed test of hypothesis at the 0.005 significance level the standardised sample m
The standardised mean does not lie inside the above mentioned limits. Thus, in the light of the abo

Male
H0 : m is equal to 18 - Null Hypothesis : the population mean is 18
H1: m is not equal to 18 - Altenate Hypothesis : the population mean is not 18

n = 11

Degree of Freedom = 10

Estimated population standard deviation = s = 18.43

Estimated standard error of mean = estimated population standard deviation/ squarero

t = (sample mean - hypothesised mean) / estimated standard error of mean

As per the two tailed test of hypothesis at the 0.005 significance level the standardised sample m
The standardised mean lies inside the above mentioned limits. Thus, in the light of the above evide

Female
H0 : m is equal to 18 - Null Hypothesis : the population mean is 18
H1: m is not equal to 18 - Altenate Hypothesis : the population mean is not 18

n = 11
Degree of Freedom = 10

Estimated population standard deviation = s = 14.87

Estimated standard error of mean = estimated population standard deviation/ squarero

t = (sample mean - hypothesised mean) / estimated standard error of mean

As per the two tailed test of hypothesis at the 0.005 significance level the standardised sample m
The standardised mean lies inside the above mentioned limits. As there is no evidence to prove th
75 to 2005 (30 years) by data provided by Indian Government.

ulation mean is 18
population mean is not 18

dard deviation/ squareroot of n = 4.62

rror of mean = 18.64

el the standardised sample mean should be with the acceptance i.e between +3.581 and -3.581.
Thus, in the light of the above evidence, the null hypothesis is REJECTED.

ulation mean is 18
population mean is not 18

dard deviation/ squareroot of n = 5.11

rror of mean = 2.43

el the standardised sample mean should be with the acceptance i.e between +3.581 and -3.581.
the light of the above evidence, the null hypothesis is ACCEPTED.

ulation mean is 18
population mean is not 18
dard deviation/ squareroot of n = 4.12

rror of mean = -0.95

el the standardised sample mean should be with the acceptance i.e between +3.581 and -3.581.
e is no evidence to prove the null hypothesis, it is ACCEPTED.
581 and -3.581.

581 and -3.581.

581 and -3.581.
 ANALYSIS
Person

The Mean is more than the Median and the skewness value is positive. This proves that the sample is
The negetive kurtosis value shows that the sample distribution is flatter than a normal distribution. H
The standard deviation of 16.67 shows that data is more or less closely clustered around the sample m
A two tailed test of hypothesis using t-distribution on the study of literacy rate level in districts of Indi

Male

The Mean is greater than the Median and the skewness value is positive. This proves that the data is
The negetive kurtosis value shows that the sample distribution is flatter than a normal distribution. H
The standard deviation of 18.43 shows that data is more or less closely clustered around the sample m
A two tailed test of hypothesis using t-distribution on the study of literacy rate level in districts of Indi

Female

The Mean is greater than the Median and the skewness value is positive. This proves that the data is
The positive kurtosis value shows that the sample distribution is peaker than a normal distribution. H
The standard deviation of 14.87 shows that data is more or less closely clustered around the sample m
A two tailed test of hypothesis using t-distribution on the study did not yield any evidence threw up ev

INFERENCES
It has been observed that the percentage of the number of person being literate is incresing over the
male literates being greater compared to females though. It is a very good news for our country thoug
Central Government to bring up the literacy of our country over & above 90% during the present deca
efforts particularly in raising the level of girls' education. The National Population Policy has emphasiz

Although the male-female disparities at the macro level have reduced, the literacy situation of female
importance of getting literate for self-sufficiency. The employment generation policies are there in Ind
The last 30 years have seen a rapid growth in the literacy rate both in male & female which is a positi
 This proves that the sample is right skewed.
er than a normal distribution. Hence, it is platykurtic.
clustered around the sample mean. As such the data is not bunched.
cy rate level in districts of India threw up evidence on the basis of which the hypothesis that

e. This proves that the data is right skewed.

er than a normal distribution. Hence, it is platykurtic.
clustered around the sample mean. As such the data is not bunched.
cy rate level in districts of India threw up evidence on the basis of which the hypothesis that

e. This proves that the data is right skewed.

er than a normal distribution. Hence, it is leptokurtic.
clustered around the sample mean. As such the data is not bunched.
yield any evidence threw up evidence on the basis of which the hypothesis that µ=18 was

g literate is incresing over the years. It is also notable that both the male & female are into this trend of increas
ood news for our country though a lot of effort needs to be given. The years taken here are all census years. It
e 90% during the present decade. Female literates also need to be shooted up. For population control, it is nec
Population Policy has emphasized this aspect in very clear terms.

the literacy situation of females still has to be given priority. The clear increasing trend of literacy shows that p
eration policies are there in India which could only be capitalized if both male & female literacy rate goes highe
male & female which is a positive sign for our country.
pothesis that µ=18 was rejected.

pothesis that µ=18 was accepted.

t µ=18 was accepted.

ale are into this trend of increasing literacy. The number of

n here are all census years. It requires proper planning from
For population control, it is necessary to intensify our

g trend of literacy shows that persons realized the

emale literacy rate goes higher compared to previous years.