Environemtal Science Chapters 1-5 Review

With ______, a quantity increases by a fixed percentage of the whole per unit time.
a. exponential growth
b. linear growth
status: not answered ()
correct: a
your answer:
Which of the following represents indirect solar capital?
a. aluminum ore
2 b. wildlife
c. flowing water
d. soil
correct: c
your answer:
The rule of 70 is a quick way to estimate
a. gross national product (GNP) .
3 b. carrying capacity.
c. per capita income.
d. doubling time.
correct: d
your answer:
The world population reached 6 billion in
a. 1999.
4
b. 1927.
c. 1987.
d. 1804.
correct: a
your answer:
Most ______ countries are in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
5 a. developed
b. developing
correct: b
your answer:
Which of the following is not greater in developing countries than in developed countries?
a. annual population growth rate
6 b. infant mortality
c. population under age 15
d. average GNP per person

correct: d
your answer:
The world's population is growing exponentially at a rate of about ______ percent per year.
a. 0.5
7 b. 1.3
c. 25.6
d. 10.4
correct: b
your answer:
8 Since 1970, the difference between the per capita GNP of the rich and poor countries has
a. remained about the same.
b. deceased.
c. increased.
correct: c
your answer:
For any given country, which of the following variables would be the highest?
a. per capita GNP
9
b. GNP
c. GDP
correct: b
your answer:
During the next 25 years, most population growth is expected to occur in
10 a. developing countries
b. developed countries.
correct: a
your answer:
Which of the following is considered a nonrenewable resource?
a. solar energy
11 b. biological diversity
c. fresh air
d. metallic minerals
correct: d
your answer:
The tragedy of the commons refers to the overuse of
a. solar capital.
12 b. unowned or jointly owned resources.
c. synthetic chemicals.
d. governmental regulation.
correct: b
your answer:
Pollution prevention is usually more expensive than pollution cleanup.
13 a. True
b. false
correct: b
your answer:
The environmental impact of population is the ____ of population size, affluence, and impact per unit
consumption.
a. square
14 b. product
c. doubling
d. sum
correct: b
your answer:
Each person in a developed country has a greater environmental impact than five people in an
undeveloped country.
15
a. false
b. true
correct: a
your answer:
The traditional decision making system considers
a. the interaction between economic and environmental issues.
16 b. the interaction between social and environmental issues.
c. the interaction between social, economic and environmental issues.
d. social, economic, and environmental issues separately.

correct: d
your answer:
What happened to the bison population between 1870 and 1875?
a. The number of bison nearly doubled.
b. The bison population remained the same.
c. The bison population was reduced by at least 2.5 million.
d. The bison became extinct.

correct: c
your answer:
Early hunter-gatherers
a. lived in small groups.
2 b. used non-renewable resources.
c. developed stable cities.
d. had many possessions.

correct: a
your answer:
The ______ was accompanied by a shift from reliance on renewable energy sources to reliance on
nonrenewable energy sources.
a. agricultural revolution
3 b. industrial revolution
c. hunter-gatherer revolution
d. information revolution
correct: b
your answer:
4 With the shift from hunting and gathering to farming,

a. the average energy use per person decreased.
b. conflict between societies decreased.
c. death rates rose faster than birth rates.
d. people began accumulating material goods.

correct: d
your answer:
Which of the following is a benefit of advanced industrial societies?
a. increased income
5 b. increased population growth
c. increased agricultural imports.
d. increased use of renewable resources

correct: a
your answer:
How many people lived on the North American continent before European settlement?
a. 20 million-50 million
6 b. 5 million-10 million
c. 200,000-500,000
d. 1 million-2 million
correct: b
your answer:
Conquering a land of apparently unlimited resources is characteristic of the

7
a. Tribal Era.
b. Frontier Era.
c. Anti-environmental Era.
d. Conservation Era.
correct: b
your answer:
In the 1800's, which congressman questioned the idea of inexhaustible resources?
a. Theodore Roosevelt
8 b. George Perkins Marsh
c. John Muir
d. Henry David Thoreau

correct: b
your answer:
Who pioneered scientific forest management?
a. Gifford Pinchot
9 b. John Muir
c. George Perkins Marsh
d. Rachel Carson
correct: a
your answer:
Then environmental movement began during the
10 a. 1930's.
b. 1990's.
c. 1960's.
d. 1890's.
correct: c
your answer:
Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring
a. described the effects of pesticides in the environment.
11 b. won her a Nobel Prize.
c. was not widely read or taken seriously for many years after it was published.
d. was published in 1982.

correct: a
your answer:
1973 and 1974 are best known for what major event?
a. Persian Gulf war
12 b. The OPEC oil embargo
c. The establishment of Yosemite National Park
d. Cuyahoga River in Cleveland burned.

correct: b
your answer:
During which president's term did the environmental movement suffer significant setbacks?
a. Bill Clinton
13
b. Theodore Roosevelt
c. Ronald Reagan
d. Richard Nixon
correct: c
your answer:
What was a major goal of the wise-use movement?
a. Increasing energy efficiency.
14 b. Sustainable resource use.
c. Preserving national forests and parks.
d. Weaken or repealing environmental laws.

correct: d
your answer:
Who was a strong proponent of a "humans as part of nature" philosophy?
a. John Muir
15 b. Alice Hamilton
c. Henry David Thoreau
d. Aldo Leopold
correct: d
your answer:
What is the first step in the scientific study of a phenomenon?
a. devise a hypothesis
1 b. develop a model
c. carry out a test
d. ask questions
correct: d
your answer:
What is the function of a control group?
a. It prevents researcher bias
2 b. It assures that results of a test are due to the variable being tested
c. It allows for double-blind experiments
d. It increases sample size

correct: b
your answer:
Much of the knowledge provided by environmental science falls into the realm of frontier science.
3 a. false
b. true
correct: a
your answer:
A series of equations that describes the movement of the waters in the Earth's oceans and can be used to
predict weather patterns in coastal areas would be an example of a
4 a. graphical model.
b. mental model.
c. mathematical model.
d. conceptual model.
correct: c
your answer:
In a ______ feedback system, a change in a certain direction causes the system to change further in the
same direction.
5 a. positive
b. negative
correct: a
your answer:
Which of the following is an element that occurs as a molecule in nature?
a. water
6 b. DDT
c. nitrogen
d. sodium chloride
correct: c
your answer:
Ions are
a. radioactive compounds that emit alpha, beta, or gamma radiation.
7 b. electrically neutral fragments of a compound that has been split apart.
c. atoms that have more than the usual number of neutrons.
d. charged atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons.

correct: d
your answer:
Water is
a. an organic compound.
8 b. a covalent compound.
c. a polymer.
d. an ionic compound.
correct: b
your answer:
Which of the following is not an organic compound?
a. sulfuric acid
9 b. glucose
c. DDT
d. methane gas
correct: a
your answer:
Which of the following is a type of ionizing radiation?
a. visible light rays
10 b. radio waves
c. ultraviolet radiation
d. microwave rays
correct: c
your answer:
Still water stored behind a dam has a large amount of
a. potential energy.
11 b. kinetic energy.
c. chemical energy.
d. heat energy.
correct: a
your answer:
Which of the following is an example of a chemical reaction?
a. ice is melted to form water
12 b. a piece of coal is broken into small fragments
c. water evaporates
d. coal combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide

correct: d
your answer:
One consequence of the ______ is that everything we throw away is actually still here, in one form or
another.
a. law of conservation of matter
13 b. atomic theory of matter
c. second law of thermodynamics
d. first law of thermodynamics

correct: a
your answer:
14 The insecticide DDT is an example of a ____ pollutant.

a. nondegradable
b. slowly degradable
c. degradable
correct: b
your answer:
The harmful effects of a chemical pollutant will be determined by the pollutant's
a. chemical nature, concentration, and persistence.
15 b. origin, chemical nature, and concentration.
c. concentration, origin, and chemical nature.
d. concentration, origin, and persistence.

correct: a
your answer:
In ______, two isotopes are forced to combine releasing energy.
16 a. nuclear fusion
b. nuclear fission
correct: a
your answer:
A nuclear power plant carries out controlled
17 a. nuclear fission.
b. nuclear fusion.
correct: a
your answer:
18 As a car is driven, about 90 percent of the energy in the gasoline fuel is degraded to low-quality heat
energy and escapes into space. Only about 10 percent of the energy can actually be used to power the
car. This is an illustration of the
a. atomic theory of matter.
b. first law of thermodynamics.
c. law of conservation of matter.
d. second law of thermodynamics.

correct: d
your answer:
The best long-term solution to the constraints imposed by the laws of conservation of matter and energy is
a
a. high-throughput society.
19
b. matter-recycling society.
c. low-throughput society.
correct: c
your answer:
Most of today's advanced industrialized countries are
a. matter-recycling societies.
20
b. low-throughput societies.
c. high-throughput societies.
correct: c
your answer:
Which of the following levels of organization is the most inclusive?
a. ecosystem
1 b. community
c. population
d. biosphere

correct: d
your answer:
A(n) ______ includes both living and non-living components.
a. ecosystem
2 b. community
c. species
d. population

correct: a
your answer:
The innermost part of the Earth is the
3 a. mantle.
b. troposphere.
c. core.
d. lithosphere.

correct: c
your answer:
The ecosphere or biosphere
a. is the portion in which living organisms exist.
4 b. includes some of the mantle.
c. includes none of the hydrosphere.
d. includes all of the lithosphere.

correct: a
your answer:
The sun is a like a gigantic ______ reactor, running on hydrogen fuel.
a. chemical
5
b. nuclear fusion
c. nuclear fission

correct: b
your answer:
Most of the solar energy that reaches the troposphere is
a. captured by green plants.

6
b. degraded into heat energy.
c. reflected back into space.

correct: b
your answer:
The presence in the atmosphere of natural greenhouse gases is vital to continued life on earth.
7 a. false
b. true

correct: b
your answer:
The chemicals dissolved in the water of a lake are a(n) ______ component of the lake
ecosystem.
8 a. biotic
b. abiotic

correct: b
your answer:
9 According to the ______, there are maximum and minimum limits for physical conditions and
concentrations of substances beyond which no members of a particular species can survive.
a. law of tolerance
b. first law of thermodynamics
c. the limiting factor principle
d. law of conservation of mass

correct: a
your answer:
High levels of a metal in the soil may prevent a plant from growing in an environment to which
it is otherwise optimally adapted. This illustrates
a. law of tolerance.
10 b. law of conservation of mass.
c. the limiting factor principle.
d. first law of thermodynamics.

correct: c
your answer:
Phytoplankton in a freshwater ecosystem are
11 a. producers.
b. secondary consumers.
c. tertiary consumers.
d. primary consumers.

correct: a
your answer:
Which of the following is not a heterotroph?
a. a primary consumer
12 b. a secondary consumer
c. a producer
d. a decomposer

correct: c
your answer:
A tertiary consumer
a. occupies the first trophic level in a food chain.
13 b. is capable of chemosynthesis.
c. feeds only on carnivores.
d. is capable of photosynthesis.

correct: c
your answer:
A decomposer is a type of
a. herbivore.
14 b. autotroph.
c. producer.
d. detritivore.

correct: d
your answer:
In most cells, energy is released when oxygen is used to convert organic nutrients into carbon
dioxide and water. This process is called
a. chemosynthesis.
15 b. aerobic respiration.
c. fermentation.
d. chemosynthesis.

correct: b
your answer:
All organisms at a given trophic level

16
a. are the same number of transfer steps away from an energy input into the ecosystem.
b. are members of the same species.
c. interact only with other organisms at that same level.
d. are consumed by the organisms at the next lowest level.

correct: a
your answer:
The percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another is called
a. biotic potential.
17 b. primary productivity.
c. ecological efficiency.
d. carrying capacity.

correct: c
your answer:
An energy flow pyramid
a. shows little variation between trophic levels.
18 b. is one way of depicting the trophic structure of an ecosystem.
c. is based on the weight of all the members at each trophic level.
d. always has the smallest tier at the producer level.

correct: b
your answer:
At every trophic level
a. most incoming energy is transferred into organic wastes.
19 b. most incoming energy is transferred to the next highest level.
c. most incoming energy is used in metabolism.
d. most incoming energy is transferred to the next lowest level.

correct: c
your answer:
The rate at which primary producers of an ecosystem capture and store a given amount of
energy as biomass is that ecosystem's
a. primary productivity.
20 b. ecological efficiency.
c. biotic potential.
d. carrying capacity.

correct: a
your answer:
Which of the following has the greatest annual average net primary productivity per unit of
21
area?
a. temperate forests.
b. estuaries.
c. open ocean.
d. agricultural lands.

correct: b
your answer:
Bacteria play a major role in the
a. sulfur cycle.
22 b. nitrogen cycle.
c. hydrologic cycle.
d. carbon cycle.

correct: b
your answer:
The conversion of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia is called
a. nitrification.
23
b. denitrification.
c. assimilation.
d. nitrogen fixation.

correct: d
your answer:
What is systems analysis?
a. modeling ecosystem function.
24 b. observations of food webs.
c. generating maps with GIS.
d. applied field research.

correct: a
your answer:
Which of the following is an ecosystem service?
a. climate control
25 b. a litter pickup crew
c. a sewage treatment plant
d. a coal-fired power plant

correct: a
your answer:

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Environemtal Science Chapters 1-5 Review

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With ______, a quantity increases by a fixed percentage of the whole per unit time.

Which of the following represents indirect solar capital?

The rule of 70 is a quick way to estimate

a. gross national product (GNP) .

c. per capita income.

The world population reached 6 billion in

Most ______ countries are in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

a. annual population growth rate

c. population under age 15

d. average GNP per person

a. per capita GNP

During the next 25 years, most population growth is expected to occur in

Which of the following is considered a nonrenewable resource?

The tragedy of the commons refers to the overuse of

12 b. unowned or jointly owned resources.

Pollution prevention is usually more expensive than pollution cleanup.

The traditional decision making system considers

a. the interaction between economic and environmental issues.

16 b. the interaction between social and environmental issues.

c. the interaction between social, economic and environmental issues.

d. social, economic, and environmental issues separately.

a. The number of bison nearly doubled.

b. The bison population remained the same.

c. The bison population was reduced by at least 2.5 million.

d. The bison became extinct.

a. lived in small groups.

2 b. used non-renewable resources.

c. developed stable cities.

d. had many possessions.

4 With the shift from hunting and gathering to farming,

b. conflict between societies decreased.

c. death rates rose faster than birth rates.

d. people began accumulating material goods.

Which of the following is a benefit of advanced industrial societies?

5 b. increased population growth

c. increased agricultural imports.

d. increased use of renewable resources

Conquering a land of apparently unlimited resources is characteristic of the

In the 1800's, which congressman questioned the idea of inexhaustible resources?

8 b. George Perkins Marsh

d. Henry David Thoreau

Who pioneered scientific forest management?

c. George Perkins Marsh

Then environmental movement began during the

Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring

a. described the effects of pesticides in the environment.

11 b. won her a Nobel Prize.

d. was published in 1982.

a. Persian Gulf war

12 b. The OPEC oil embargo

c. The establishment of Yosemite National Park

d. Cuyahoga River in Cleveland burned.

What was a major goal of the wise-use movement?

a. Increasing energy efficiency.

14 b. Sustainable resource use.

c. Preserving national forests and parks.

d. Weaken or repealing environmental laws.

Who was a strong proponent of a "humans as part of nature" philosophy?

c. Henry David Thoreau

c. carry out a test

What is the function of a control group?

a. It prevents researcher bias

c. It allows for double-blind experiments