Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Technical Drawing Program
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING
The following terms and conditions are based on the ANSI Y14.5M - R1988
Standard and should serve as guides to good geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing techniques:
• Geometric dimensioning and tolerance clarifies the dimensioning of parts in relation
to their assumed geometry, function and relationship to other parts.
Example: The top and bottom surfaces of a part are drawn are as two horizontal
lines; given one height dimension; and assumed to be parallel. The surfaces of the
actual part may or may not be parallel but may still be usable if given a geometric
dimensional tolerance.
• The five (5) types of geometric tolerances are form, profile, orientation, location and
run out.
• The four (4) characteristics of "Form" are straightness, flatness, circularity and
cylindricity.
• The two (2) characteristics of "Profile" are profile of a line and profile of a surface.
• The three (3) characteristics of "Orientation" are angularity, perpendicularity and
parallelism.
• The three (3) characteristics of "Location" are true position, concentricity and
symmetry.
• The two (2) characteristics of "Runout" are circular and total.

"Modifiers" are used to clarify the status of the material when a tolerance is applied.
• There are four (4) types of "Modifiers": maximum material condition, least material
condition, regardless of feature size and projected tolerance zone.
• A "Feature Control Frame" is drawn as a rectangle .375" high and long enough to
include a Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerance Symbol, a total tolerance value and a
datum letter.
• "Feature Control Frames" are attached to edges and surfaces by extension lines and
to features by a leader.
• "Datums" are edges, surfaces or features that are considered accurate for locating
other features or surfaces.
• "Datums" are labeled with a rectangle .375" high by .75" long that contains a letter
preceeded by a dash (-) and followed by a dash (-).
• "Datums" are attached to edges and surfaces by extension lines and to features by a
leader.
NOTE: The American National Standard, ANSI Y14.5M, for the "Dimensioning and
Tolerancing of Engineering Drawings and Related Documentation Practices" should be
adhered to for uniformity and acceptance by other concerns. It must be remembered that
there are no absolutely hard and fast rules, nor any practice, not subject to change or
modification under special conditions or requirements of a particular industry. When there
is a variation of any rule, there must always be a reason which can be completely justified.
Technology Education Department
ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS
R - radius - distance from center to edge of circle or arc
Ø - diameter - distance from edge to edge of circle through the center
TYP - typical - when same values or sizes are used in other locations on a drawing
REF - reference - used to indicate a general measurement for checking overall size,
noncritical measurements
- centerline - to indicate the center locatioon of symetrical shapes
- depth - to indicate how deep a hole is drilled
- counter-bore - used to create over-sized hole to recess the head of a screw or bolt
- counter-sink - used to taper the top portion of a hole to accept a flathead screw
- spot-face - used to create a smooth surface at the top of a hole, usually very shallow in
depth
FAO - finished all over - all surfaces have been machined, sanded, buffed or polished
CI - cast iron - material used to make parts cast in molds in a foundry
CRS - cold rolled steel - type of steel sheet made by passing steel through rollers
AL - aluminum - soft, light weight, easily worked metal
UNC - Unified National Course - classification of screw threads
UNF - Unified National Fine - classification of screw threads
UNEF - Unified National Extra Fine - classification of screw threads
ANSI - American National Standards Institute - governmental organization that
establishes uniform procedures and practices for design, engineering and drafting
ISO - International Standards Organization - international body that establishes
uniform procedures and practices for design, engineering and drafting
SI - Systems International - metric system of measurements
BOCA - Building Officials Congress of America - governmental organization that
establishes minimum construction procedures and practices for design, engineering and
building of structures
CAD - Computer Aided Design - software used by engineers and architects to create
three dimensional models of products and structures on a computer
CADD - Computer Assisted Drafting & Design - software used by engineers and
architects to create two and three dimensional drawings of products and structures on a
computer
Types of Pictorial Views
AXONOMETRICS - ISOMETRIC - DIMETRIC - TRIMETRIC
Isometric pictorial views are the easiest to draw as the three axis for length, width and
height are equally spaced at 120° apart and can be measured at actual size. A single
isometric ellipse template is used to draw ellipses on any of the three surfaces.
Dimetric pictorial views emphasize two surfaces that use two axis at equal angles such as
110° and 110° and distort the third surface which would be at 140° or any combination in
which two of the axis are equal (105-105-150) (115-115-130) but more than 90°. Actual
size measurements can be made on the vertical axis but a reduced scale (3/4 size) must be
used on the length and width axis. One angle size ellipse template is used to draw ellipses
on the front and right-side surfaces and a second angle size ellipse template is used to
draw ellipses on the top surface.
Trimetric pictorial views emphasize one surface that uses an angle such as 100° and distort
the other surfaces at 125° and 135° or any combination in which all three are different
(105-120-135) (110-120-130) but more than 90°. Actual size measurements can be made
on the vertical axis but a reduced scale (3/4 size) must be used on the length axis and
another reduced scale (1/2 size) must be used on thewidth axis. One angle size ellipse
template is used to draw ellipses on the front surface, a second angle size ellipse template
is used to draw ellipses on the right-side surface, and a third angle size ellipse template is
used to draw ellipses on the top surface.
OBLIQUES - CABINET & CAVALIER

Cabinet oblique pictorial views are commonly used for drawing furniture or cylindrical
shaped objects that do not have a lot of detail on the top or right-side surfaces. The height
and length axis are at a 90° angle and the width axis is usually at 45° to horizontal. Height
and length dimensions are actual size but the width dimension is divided in half. A circle
template is used to draw circles and arcs on the front surface and an angle-sized ellipse
template is used to draw ellipses on the right-side and top surfaces.
Cavalier oblique pictorial views are commonly used for drawing thin objects that do not
have a lot of width. The height and length axis are at a 90° angle and the width axis is
usually at 45° to horizontal. Height, width and length dimensions are actual size. A circle
template is used to draw circles and arcs on the front surface and an angle-sized ellipse
template is used to draw ellipses on the right-side and top surfaces.
PERSPECTIVES - ONE POINT - TWO POINTS - THREE POINTS

Perspective views are used when a more realistic appearance is needed. The number of
"points" refers to the "vanishing points" that are needed to make the object appear smaller
as the eye moves from the front surface or a corner toward the back of the object. These
views are more difficult to draw as measurements are made in one view and projected to
the "vanishing points".
One point perspective views are used for simple objects or for doing room interior views.
Two point perspective views are used for buildings and houses usually showing the front
and a side.
Three point perspective views are used for very tall structures.
ALPHABET OF LINES
The "Alphabet of Lines" is a list of line symbols that are used on technical drawings to
represent the shape and describe the size of an object. Each of the following lines is drawn
at different thickness or darkness for contrast as well as according to the importance of the
line. If two lines fall on top of one another (coinside), the more important line is shown.
Visible lines take presidence over hidden lines and center lines; and hidden lines take
presidence over center lines. The list below gives the name of the line; explains how the
line is used; indicates the appropriate thickness or darkness; and provides the
recommended pencil weight for drawing the line.
PRECISION DIMENSIONING
General dimensioning rules and techniques are necessary for uniformity and clarity on
Detail Drawings. Products or parts of products that must fit together or move within each
other must be dimensioned more precisely using tolerances. The following terms and
conditions are based on the ANSI B4.1 - 1967, R1987 Standard Fit Tables in Appendix B of
your textbook and should serve as guides to good precision dimensioning techniques:
• The size of a part can be expressed in three ways: nominal size, design size or actual
size.
• Nominal size is used to refer to the descriptive size of the part.
Example: A 1"Ø steel rod that is actually .995"Ø or a 2" x 4" wooden stud that is
actually 1.5" x 3.5".
• Design size is used to describe the optimum or ideal size of the part or parts before
tolerances are applied.
Example: A 2"Ø hole is to be drilled in a wheel for a 2"Ø axle with a loose fit. The
hole would actually be dimensioned as 2.000" +/-.001" and the axle would be
dimensioned as 1.995" +/-.001" for a clearance of .003" and an allowance of .007".
• Actual size is used to describe the measured size of the part or parts after they are
produced. The hole in the wheel described above could be anywhere between 1.999"
to 2.001" (maybe 1.9995") and the axle could be anywhere between 1.994" to
1.996" (maybe 1.9955").
• A tolerance is the total amount of variation in the size of a part or feature on a part.
To find the tolerance of a part or feature substract the smallest size from the largest
size.
Example: Given a dimension of 2.50 +/- .05 - the largest size would be 2.55, the
smallest size would be 2.45, and the tolerance would be .10.
• A bilateral tolerance is the amount of variation above or below the design size.
Example: 3.75 +/-.05 which means the feature or parts can be as small as 3.70 or as
large as 3.80.
• A unilateral tolerance is the amount of variation in one direction either above or
below the design size.
Example: 3.75 +.05/-.00 which means the feature or parts can be as small as 3.75 or
as large as 3.80.
• Tolerance dimensions can be express as plus or minus (+/-) values or as limits
(largest size over smallest size) values.
Example: 10.50 +/- .05 or 10.55 / 10.45.
• Different tolerances or limits can be specified for each of the three types of
dimensions:
overall length, width and height limit dimensions might have a tolerance of +/- .05
specific size limit dimensions of features might have a tolerance of +/- .025
locational limit dimensions might have a tolerance of +/- .0125
Generall tolerances can be specified on a drawing as a note using the number of decimal
places to indicate the degree of accuracy.
Example:
.xx = +/- .05
.xxx = +/- .025
.xxxx = +/- .0125
• Tolerances are determined by industry standards and are influenced by the use of the
part, the type of material the part is constructed from and how the part fits together
with other parts.
• Two parts such as a wheel and an axle that must roll freely about each other will
have an allowance (tightest fit) and a clearance (loosest fit). Example: If the axle size
is .76 / .74 and the hole size is .80 / .78, the clearance would be .80 minus .74 or .06
and the allowance would be .78 minus .76 of .02.
• Datums are edges, surfaces or features on an object that are considered accurate
starting points for referencing the location or size of other edges, surfaces or
features. Datums are represented by a rectangle (.375" h. x .75" w.) with dashes and
a letter -A- inside the rectangle. The datum symbol can be attached to an edge or
surface by using an extension line or to feature by using a leader.
The fit of two or more parts can be classified as:
Clearance Fit - when the largest shaft is always smaller than the smallest hole
Interferance Fit - when the sizes of the shaft is always larger than the sizes of the hole
Transition Fit - when largest shaft is larger than the largest hole but the lsmallest shaft may
fit in the largest hole.
Running or Sliding Fit - there are nine classes of running and sliding (RC) fits from RC1 (fit
together, no play, slow speeds) to RC9 (fit loosely, higher operating temperatures, higher
speeds)
Force and Shrink Fits - there are five classes of force and shrink (FN) fits from FN1 (light
drive fit and pressures, thin sections or long engagement) to FN5 (high stresses and
pressures)
Transition Locational Fit - there are six classes of transition locational (LT) fits from LT1
(small amount of interference and large amount of clearance) to LT6 (small amount of
clearance and large amount of interference)
Clearance Locational Fit - there are eleven classes of clearance locational (LC) fits from LC1
(small amounts of clearance) to LC11 (large amounts of clearance)
Interferance Locational Fit - there are three classes of interference locational (LN) fits from
LN1 (small amounts of intereference) to LN3 (large amounts of intereference)
• Least Material Condition - when the least material is available on the part (lower limit
for a shaft or higher limit for a hole)
• Maximum Material Condition - when the most material is available on the part (higher
limit for a shaft or lower limit for a hole)
• Basic Hole System - Tolerances are applied to a hole and a shaft using the nominal
size of the hole as a starting point
• Basic Shaft Systems - Tolerances are applied to the shaft and hole using the nominal
size of the shaft as a starting point
THREAD SPECIFICATIONS
Fasteners such as screws, bolts and nuts have threads that allow two objects to be
assembled and disassembled. The size of the threads are indicated on a drawing using a
leader and a note or "CALL OFF". The thread specification contains:
INCH SYSTEM
• the nominal diameter of the fastener
• the number of threads per inch - TPI
• the thread Series - UNC (Unified National Course), UNF (Unified National Fine) or
UNEF (Unified National Extra Fine)
• the class of Fit - 1 (loose), 2 (average) or 3 (tight)
• the type of thread - A (external) or B (internal)
• the length of the fastener
EXAMPLE: .5 - 13 UNC - 2 A x 3
METRIC SYSTEM
• the letter M - to denote metric system
• the diameter in millimetre
• the Pitch in millimetre - distance between crest of threads
• the thread tolerance (class of Fit)
1. (free) 5H, internal & 4g, external
2. (medium) 6H, internal & 6g, external
3. (tight) 7H, internal & 8g, external
PRINCIPAL (NORMAL) VIEWS & TERMINOLOGY

The Isometric View shown below is of a Single Object. Study the Views carefully and then
move to the bottom of this page to see a Multiview Drawing that includes Auxiliary Views.
PRESENTATION SKETCHES & DRAWINGS
A "Presentation Sketch or Drawing" is used to illustrate and communicate the designer's or
architect's solution to the client's design problem.
A "Presentation Sketch or Drawing" should include:
• A "Floor Plan" sketched or drawn at a reduced scale such as 1/4"=1'-0 or 1/8"=1'-0
showing windows, doors, appliances, bath fixtures, built-in cabinetry, stairways and
fireplaces. Rooms should be labeled by name and square footage indicated.
• A "Front Elevation" sketched or drawn at a reduced scale such as 1/4"=1'-0 or
1/8"=1'-0 showing window and door styles with trim, type of siding or masonry
materials used on walls, and type of roofing materials. The heights of floor and ceiling
from the ground should be indicated in feet & inches and the pitch of the roof should
shown with the pitch symbol.
• A title; the client's name and address; the designer's name with the company's name
and address; and a date. The views should be labeled and all text should be of
various sizes to indicate importance of information.
• Optional perspective or other pictorial views, sectional views, interior views, plot
plans, landscape plans and/or furniture plans may also be included on Presentation
Sketches or Drawings.
"Presentation Sketches or Drawings" are usually prepared on illustration board, vellum,
sketching or bond papers.
Hatching, shading and rendering techniques along with colored pencils, inks or markers
may also be used to portray a more realistic appearance.
HOLES
Holes are placed in objects for a variety of reasons.
• To see through an object.
• To make an object lighter in weight.
• To place other objects into or through an object.
• To join two or more objects with a screw or a bolt and nut.
TYPES OF HOLES
LABELING HOLES
Holes are labeled using notes and leaders. Each type of hole requires different information.
DRILLED HOLE - Ø.75 THRU, # OF HOLES
BLIND HOLE - Ø.75 X .5 DEEP, # OF HOLES
COUNTER BORED HOLE - Ø1.0 CBORE x .25 DEEP, Ø.75 THRU, # OF HOLES
COUNTER SUNK HOLE - Ø1.0 x 90° CKS, Ø.75 THRU, # OF HOLES
SPOT FACED HOLE - Ø1.25 SPF X .125 DEEP, Ø.75 THRU, # OF HOLES
THREADED HOLE - Ø.5 X 20 UNC - 2B, , # OF HOLES

GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS
Geometric constructions allow the architect, engineer, designer or drafter to apply the
principles of geometry in the creation of accurate drawings of objects using only a compass
to draw arcs and a straight-edge to draw lines.
• Bisect a line - locates the midpoint of a line and creates a perpendicular line at the
midpoint of the line.
Given Line AB, draw two arcs (red) AC & BD (AC=BD) and then draw a line (blue) at
the points of intersection E & F.
• Bisect an arc - locates the midpoint of an arc and creates a line that passes through
the center of the arc.
Given Arc AB, draw two arcs (red) AC & BD (AC=BD) and then draw a line (blue) at
the points of intersection.
• Bisect an angle - divides an angle into two equal angles and can be used to create
45° angled lines.
Given Angle ABC, draw an arc (red) at any radius from the vertex at B, then draw
two equal arcs (blue) at the points of intersection and then draw a line (green) from
the vertex at B to the intersection of the blue arcs.
Construct a perpendicular line from a point to a line -
Given Line AB and Point C, draw an arc (red) of any radius that intersects AB at two points
E & F; then draw two arcs (blue) EG & EF (EG=EF); and finally, draw a line (blue) at the
points of intersection G to point C. CG is now perpendicular to AB.
Construct a perpendicular line from a point on a line -
Given Line AB and Point C, draw an arc (red) of any radius that intersects AB at two points
D& E; then draw two arcs (blue) DF & EF (DF=EF); and finally, draw a line (blue) at the
point of intersection F to point C. CF is now perpendicular to AB.
Construct a perpendicular line from a point near the end of a line -
Given Line AB and Point C, draw an arc (red) of any radius that intersects AB at points C &
D; then draw a line (blue) from point D throught the center of the (red) arc until it
intersects the arc again at E; then draw a line (green) at the points of intersection E to
point C. CE is now perpendicular to AB.
Construct a line parallel to a line from a point -
Given Line AB and Point C, draw an arc from Point C at any radius (2.41) intersecting Line
AB at Point D. Repeat the (2.41) radius from Point D interssecting AB at Point E. At Ponit E
draw a radius from Point C (1,18) and repeat the (1.18) at Point D intersecting the (2.41)
radius at Point F. Now, draw a line from Point C to Point F.
Construct a line parallel to a line at a fixed distance -
Given Line AB and a specific distance (ex. 1.18), draw two arcs (red) at random points on
Line AB; then draw a Line CD (blue) that is tangenet to each arc.
Construct a right triangle given one measurement -
Given a distance From Point A to Point 1, draw four (4) arcs (red) equal to A1 to the right
of Point 1 along a horizontal line. Label each arc 2, 3, 4, & 5. Draw an additional arc (red)
equal to A1 to the left of Point A and label -1. From Point A ,draw an arc (blue) toward
Point B equal to A5 (5 units). From Point 3, draw an arc (blue dashed) toward Point C equal
to 3-1 (4 units). Now, draw lines from Point A and from Point 3 to the intersection of arcs B
& C or Point D.
Construct a regular pentagon given the length of one side -
Given Line AB, bisect Line AB by drawing two arcs (red) at any radius at Points A & B that
intersect at Points C & D. Next draw a vertical line (red) from Point A to E equal in length to
an arc (red) at Point A at a radius equal to the bisection of Line AB. From Point B, draw a
line (red dashed) through Point E and intersecting an arc (red) at Point F equal to an arc
(red) from Point E to Pont A. Now draw an arc (blue) using Points A & B and equal to the
distance from Point A to Point F. Point G, is the center of a circle (blue) that contains the
pentagon. To finish the pentagon, draw arcs (green) equal to the length of line AB that
intersect the circle (blue) at Points H & I. Point J is found by drawing two additional arcs
(green) at Points H & I. Connect Points BH, HJ, JI & IA inclose the pentagon (violet).
Inscribe a regular pentagon within a given circle -
Given Center Lines AB & CD, draw a circle of any radius and bisect the radial center line
from the center of the circle to the edge of the circle to find the the mid-point I using TWO
equal (red) Arcs EF& HG and a (red) perpendicular line from EH to FG. Next draw an Arc
(blue) from Point J where the vertical center line CD intersects the circle to Point K on
center line AB with a radius from Point I to Point J. Next draw an Arc (green) from Point K
on the horizontal center line AB to the circle Point L with a radius from Point J to Point K.
This radius can be marked on the opposite side of the circle Point P and then copied at
Points M & N. The distance between Points M & N should be the same as the distances
between Points J & L, L & M, J & P, P & N.
Construct a regular hexagon within a given circle -
Given two Center Lines and a Circle of any diameter, draw TWO Arcs (red) at Points A & D
that intersect the Circle at Points C & B and E & F. Now draw straight lines (blue) from A to
C, C to E, E to D, D to F, F to B and B to A to complete the hexagon.
Divide a line into a number of equal parts -
Given a Line AB of any length, begin by drawing a Line (red) from Point A at ANY angle at
ANY length. Next, using a scale or a compass mark of the desired number of equal parts
(red & violet) (8 in this example). From the last Point 8, draw a Line (blue) to Point B. Now,
using TWO triangles draw additional lines (green) parallel to Line 8B at each of the
remaining Points 7 thru 1. Line AB is now divided into 8 equal parts.
• Divide a space between two parallel lines into an odd or even number of equal spaces
-
Given TWO parallel lines AB & CD at ANY distance apart, place a scale with the zero
(0) mark on Line AB and the 5 unit mark on Line CD. Next mark points or dots at the
1, 2, 3 and 4 unit marks and draw lines (blue) parallel to AB & CD at each point or
dot.
Construct a circle through three points -
Given THREE random points A, B, & C, select a radius greater than the half of the distance
between Points A & B and draw TWO equal intersecting Arcs (red). Draw TWO additional
equal Arcs (red) between Points B & C. Next draw TWO straight lines (blue) through the
intersections of the arcs. Finally, draw a Circle (green) with the center at the intersection of
the TWO (blue) lines and the radius equal to the distance to A, B or C. ALL Points should be
on the (green) circle.
Find the center of a circle -
Given a Circle of any diameter, draw TWO straight line (red) that intersect the
circumference of the circle at Points A, B & C. Next bisect line AB (red) using TWO Arcs
(blue) and a strainght line DE (green). THEN bisect line BC (red) using TWO Arcs (blue) and
a strainght line GF (green). The Point H of intersection of the TWO (green) lines is the
center of the circle.
• Create an ogee curve - connects two parallel lines with a curve that changes direction
Given two parallel lines AB and CD, draw a line (red) connecting the end of Line Ab at
point B and the end of Line CD at point C. Next bisect Line BC (red) using two equal
arcs (red) EF and GH. Then draw a straight line (blue) through the intersections of
the arcs to find the midpoint of Line BC. Now, bisect each half of Line BC using Arcs
KL & IJ as well as Arcs MN & OP and draw additional Lines (blue) at the points of
intersection. Next, draw perpendicular lines (green) at Points B & C. The points of
intersection between the (Green) Lines and the 2nd & 3rd (Blue) lines are the center
points for the Arcs (violet) that begin at Points B & c and meet at the midpoint of Line
BC.
Create arc tangent to two straight line -
Create arc tangent to two arcs -

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING
The following terms and conditions are based on the ANSI Y14.5M - R1988 Standard and
should serve as guides to good geometric dimensioning and tolerancing techniques:
• Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing clarifies the dimensioning of parts in relation

to their assumed geometry, function and relationship to other parts.
Example: The top and bottom surfaces of a part are drawn are as two horizontal
lines; given one height dimension; and assumed to be parallel. The surfaces of the
actual part may or may not be parallel but may still be usable if given a geometric
dimensional tolerance.
• The five (5) types of geometric tolerances are form, profile, orientation, location and
runout.
• The four (4) characteristics of "Form" are straightness, flatness, circularity and
cylindricity.
• The two (2) characteristics of "Profile" are profile of a line and profile of a surface.
• The three (3) characteristivcs of "Orientation" are angularity, perpendicularity and
parallelism.
• The three (3) characteristics of "Location" are true position, concentricity and
symmetry.
• The two (2) characteristics of "Runout" are circular and total.
• "Modifiers" are used to clarify the of status of the material when a tolerance is
applied.
• There are four (4) types of "Modifiers": maximum material condition, least material
condition, regardless of feature size and projected tolerance zone.
• A "Feature Control Frame" is drawn as a rectangle .375" high and long enough to
include a Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing Symbol, a total tolerance value and
a datum letter.
• "Feature Control Frames" are are attached to edges and surfaces by extension lines
and to features by a leader.
• "Datums" are edges, surfaces or features that are considered accurate for locating
other features or surfaces.
• "Datums" are labeled with a rectangle .375" high by .75" long that contains a letter
preceeded by a dash (-) and followed by a dash (-).
• "Datums" are attached to edges and surfaces by extension lines and to features by a
leader.
STUDY GUIDE - TOOLS

• A basic set of drawing tools includes a t-square, a 45° triangle, a 30 /60° triangle, a
protractor, a combination scale, a large bow compass, a small bow compass and a
dividers. The t-square is used for drawing horizontal lines only. The 45° and 30 /60°
triangles are placed on the t-square to draw vertical and angled lines. The two
triangles can be combined to draw angles at 15° intervals. The protractor is used to
measure or layout angles at .5° intervals. The combination scale is different than the
normal ruler. A ruler can only measure in full size units like inches; whereas the scale
can be used to layout measurements at full size or at reduced sizes. The scale should
not be used to draw lines. The compasses are used for drawing arcs and circles, small
bow compass for circles under 3" in diameter and large bow compass for circles over
3" in diameter. Compass leads are sharpened to a bevel point using a sandpaper pad
or compass file. The dividers is used to transfer a measurement from one location to
another without remeasuring.
• Drafting scales can be classified into four types: mechanical, architectural, civil and
combination. Mechanical scales, such as 1/4"=1" (quarter size) or 1/2"=1" (half size),
are used for machine parts, tools, toys, etc. Architectural scale, such as 1/4"=1'-0"
(1/48 size) or 1/8"=1'-0" (1/96 size) are used for houses and buildings. Civil scales,
such as 1"=10' or 1"=50', are used for highways, dams and housing developments.
The combination scale is triangular in shape and includes mechanical, architectural,
civil and sometimes metric scales. See Realistic Views of Combination Scale.
• Mechanical scales equate inches to inches (1/2"=1" and 1/4"=1") and can be
expressed in fractional or decimal units.
• Architectural scales equate inches to feet (1/4"=1'-0" or 1/8"=1'-0") and are
expressed in feet and fractional inch units.
• Civil engineers scales equate inches to feet, yards or miles (1"=50.0' or 1"=50 yds.)
and are expressed in decimal inches, feet, yard or mile units.
• Metric scales equate meters to parts of a meter (1:100 or 1:50) and are expressed in
millimeters.
• A track drafting machine replaces four of the basic drafting tools: t-square, triangles,
protractor and scales. This tool allowed the drafter, designer, architect and engineer
to work with fewer tools and create larger more precise drawings.
• A Computer Aided Design (CAD) System has two major parts: hardware and
software. The hardware consists of a central processing unit (CPU), a monitor, a
keyboard, a digitizer (mouse), a CD drive, a floppy disk drive, an internal hard drive
and a printer or plotter. See handout for description of hardware components. The
software consists of the programs (MicroStation and ArchiCAD) used to draw or
design objects. Computer Aided Drawing software is two dimensional (2D) and is
used for creating detail drawings. Computer Aided Design software is three
dimensional (3D) and is used to create a solid model of an object that can be rotated,
colored and shaded for a realistic view. MicroStation can be used for both 2D and 3D
views. ArchiCAD is a 3D product that can generate 2D drawings. See CAD handouts
for menus and command explanations. For additional information:
http://www.caddprimer.com
• Drawing media can be classified into six types: bond, index, tracing, polyester film,
copy and presentation. Bond papers in white and light colors are used for sketching
and lettering sheets; for computer print outs using printers and plotters; and multiple
copies using xerographic "Engineering" copiers. Index papers in "manila" and light
colors are used for pencil drawings, dividor sheets and cover pages. Tracing paper or
"vellum" is used to copy an original drawing by hand using pencil or ink. Vellum
actually contains cloth fibers. Polyester film or "mylar" is used for original drawings
using ink or a plastic lead pencil. Reproduction "copy" paper or "diazo" paper is used
to make multiple copies of vellum or mylar drawings using a "Diazo Whiteprint"
copier. The "diazo" process uses light and ammonia fumes to create a copy. Sepia
paper is used to make intermediate transparent copies that can be drawn on and
copied again using the "diazo" process. Presentation paper or illustration board is
used to make pictorial drawings by hand that will be colored and shaded for display
purposes.
Drafting media is available in two groups of five sizes and designated by the letters A, B, C,
D and E.
Engineering drawing sheets:
"A" size - 8.5" x 11"
"B" size - 11" x 17"
"C" size - 17" x 22"
"D" size - 22" x 34"
"E" size - 34" x 44".
Architectural drawing sheets:
"A" size - 9" x 12"
"B" size - 12" x 18"
"C" size - 18" x 24"
"D" size - 24" x 36"
"E" size - 36" x 48"
• Wooden drafting pencils and 2mm or .5 mm leads are graded according to their
softness or hardness. "6B" is very soft. "9H" is very hard. The hardness of the lead
provides contrasting lines based on their importance. The most commonly used
pencils are "H", "2H", "4H" and "6H". A lead holder is needed for 2mm or a fineline
lead holder for .5 mm leads. A small lead pointer is needed to sharpen 2 mm leads.
The "H" lead should be used to draw (THICK)"visible" and "cutting-plane" lines. The
"2H" lead should be used to draw (MEDIUM) "hidden" lines and "leaders". The "4H"
lead should be used to draw (THIN) "center", "dimension", "extension" and
"phantom" lines. The "6H" lead should be used to draw "guide lines" and
"construction" lines. See "Alphabet of Lines" for examples of lines.
• Technical inking pens are available in five sizes (.25, .35, .5, .75 & 1.0 mm) and are
used to create inked drawings on vellum or mylar.
• A Lettering Guide is used to create uniformly spaced guidelines for freehand lettering.
• An Erasing Shield is used to protect portions of a drawing when erasures of small
portions are necessary.
• A T-square is used to align a piece of paper to a drawing surface; to draw horizontal
lines; and to support triangles for drawing vertical and angled lines.
• A 45 degree Triangle and a 30-60 degree Triangle are used with a t-square to draw
lines vertical and angled (30, 45 or 60 degree) lines. The two trinagles can be
combined to draw lines at intervals of 15 degrees.
• An Adjustable Triangle is used with a t-square to draw angled lines at 1 degree
intervals.
• Drafting Templates are used to draw standard shapes from circles to hexagons to
ellipses to architectural symbols.
AUXILIARY VIEWS & TERMINOLOGY

The Isometric Views shown below are of a Single Object from Four Directions. Study the
Views carefully and then move to the bottom of this page to see a Multiview Drawing that
includes Auxiliary Views.
SURFACES
NORMAL SURFACES are either vertical or horizontal planes that are parallel to the the six
principal planes of projection or normal views.
INCLINED SURFACES are sloping upward or downward at some angle to the horizontal
plane of projection or top view.
ANGLED SURFACES are vertical surfaces that are at some angle to the front, back or side
views.
OBLIQUE SURFACES are at some angle to ALL sides of the object.

SKETCHING TECHNIQUES
The ability to create fast, understandable views of objects with only a pencil and a piece of
paper is extremely important to being successful as an engineer, designer, architect,
builder, manufacturer or craftsman. All objects are composed of lines: horizontal lines,
vertical lines, angular lines, circular lines, arcs and ellipses. The procedures shown below
describe the movement of your hand for the sketching of lines, circles and ellipses. Very
light construction lines should be used when doing arcs, circles and ellipses. Practicing
these techniques will help you develop skill in the creation of lines, arcs, circles, ellipses,
and views of objects.
DIMENSIONING RULES & COMMON PRACTICES
The following rules and common practices are based on ANSI Y14.5M - 1988 and should
serve as guides to good dimensioning techniques:
1. The first dimension line is spaced a minimum of 3/8" or 10 mm from the view and
1/4" or 6 mm for additional dimensions.
2. Extension lines are started about 1/16" or 1 mm from the object and extend beyond
the last dimension line about 1/8" or 2 mm.
3. If the "Aligned System" of dimensioning is used, all horizontal dimensions are read
from the bottom edge of the paper and all vertical dimensions are read from the
right-hand edge of the paper. This system is commonly used on architectural and civil
engineering drawings.
4. If the "Unidirectional System" of dimensioning is used, all dimensions are read from
the bottom edge of the paper. This system is used extensively on mechanical and
related engineering drawings.
5. When all of the dimension values are expressed in inches, the inch symbol (") is
omitted. For decimal values of less than 1 inch, omit the zero in front of the decimal
point: eg. .25 or .875.
6. When making architectural and structural drawings, use feet and inches: 6'-0 or 10'-
6.
7. When making civil engineering drawing, use feet only: 1.75' or 250.59'.
8. When the Metric system is used for a drawing, the values are expressed in
millimeters and the (mm) is omitted. For values less than 1 mm, place a zero in front
of the decimal point.
9. When making a sheet metal drawing, use decimal inches: 1.25 or 25.75.
10. When making a furniture drawing, use fractional or decimal inches: 1 1/4 or 1.25.
11. When making a machine or product drawing; use decimal inches or millimeters:
1.25 or 31.
12. When making an electronic circuit layout, use the coordinate method of
dimensioning from one corner of the circuit board.
13. The same dimension is not repeated on multiview drawings.
14. Dimensions not required for manufacturing a part should be omitted.
15. Overall dimensions are placed outside the smaller dimensions. With the overall
dimension given, one of the smaller distances is not dimensioned unless it is needed
for reference; and then it should be indicated by placing ( ) brackets around the
value.
16. On circular end parts the center-to-center dimension is given instead of an overall
dimension.
17. When it is necessary to place a dimension within a sectioned area, leave a blank
space for the number.
18. Dimensions are given from center lines, finished surfaces or datums where
necessary.
19. Never use a center line or a line of the view as a dimension line.
20. Never have a dimension line as a continuation of a line of a view.
21. Never have a dimension line where it is crossed by a line or another dimension
line.
22. Always give the diameter of a hole, not the radius. A Ø symbol is used before the
value and add a leader.
23. Always give the diameter of a cylindrical shape as a normal dimension and include
the Ø symbol with the value.
24. Always give the radius of an arc using a leader. An "R" should be placed after the
value.
25. Arcs of equal size such as "Fillets and Rounds" can be given in a note: eg. ALL
FILLETS & ROUNDS = .125R.
26. Dimensions are generally not placed inside the view outlines.
27. Extension lines are placed so they do not cross dimension lines.
28. Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines.
29. Take time to plan the location of dimension lines. Avoid crowding by providing
adequate space (1.5" or 400 mm minimum) between views for the dimensins.
30. Place dimensions between views when ever possible.
31. Place dimensions on the view that shows the most detailed contour of a part or
feature.
32. Dimension and extension lines should be thin, but dark and should contrast
noticeably with visible lines of the drawing.
33. Show dimensions between points, lines or surfaces which have a necessary and
specific relationship to each other.
34. State each dimension clearly so the intent can be interpreted in only one way.
35. The number of dimensions must be sufficent complete for size, form and location
of features so that no scaling of the drawing, calculating nor assuming of distances is
necessary.
36. The dimension value is placed at a break in the dimension line on engineering
drawings.
37. Architectural dimension lines are solid with the value placed above the dimension
line.
38. Arrowheads should be drawn using the open style and must be dark to indicate the
beginning and end of a distance.
39. Slashes at a 45 angle or in some cases dots are used as arrowheads on
architectural drawings.
40. Overall length and width on a floor plan are repeated on opposite sides of the
building as a convinence for the builder.
41. Leaders are drawn at an angle between 15 and 75 degrees from horizontal or
vertical center lines and should point to the center of an arc or circle.
VectorWorks “SHS” Dimension Screen
How to create “Custome Dimension”

xxFile - Preference - Document Preferences
xxxxDimensions
xxxxxxCustom
xxxxxxxxNew - “Give a name”
xxxxxxxxxxEdit

Window and Door Symbols
for
Floor Plan Sketches
The symbols shown below represent the common types of windows and doors used on floor
plan sketches.
See DESCRIPTIONS below drawing for alternate sizes.
Sizes will vary from company to company.
WINDOWS
Double hung windows consist of two frames per unit that slide up and down. Single unit
widths: 22" to 46" with heights: 36" to 76". Combination unit widths: 44" to 138"
depending on the number of frames and size of the frames.
Casement windows consist of one to six frames per unit attached horizontally that swing
outward using a crank. The center frames on 3, 4, 5 and 6 frame combination units can be
fixed in place. Single frame widths: 17" to 36" with heights: 24" to 72". Combination unit
widths: 34" to 144" depending on the number of frames and size of the frames.
Sliding windows consist of two frames per unit that slide back and forth horizontally. Single
unit widths: 36" to 60" with heights: 22" to 60".
Awning windows consist of one to four frames per unit stacked vertically that swing
outward from the top of the frame. Awning windows can be placed below picture windows.
Single frame widths: 24" to 72" with heights: 17" to 40". Combination unit widths: 24" to
144" depending on the number of frames and size of the frames.
Hopper windows consist of one frame per unit that swings inward from the bottom of the
frame. Hopper windows can be placed below picture windows. Single frame widths: 24" to
72" with heights: 17" to 40".
Picture windows consist of one frame that is fixed in place and does not open. Double hung
or casement windows can be combined with picture windows. Widths: 36" to 72" Heights:
36" to 72"
Bay windows (NOT SHOWN) project outward from the exterior wall of a house and consist
of a picture window with two double hung or casement windows per unit at 30° or 45° to
the wall. Widths: 64" to 112" Heights: 38" to 74" Projection: 14" to 19".
Bow windows (NOT SHOWN) project outward on a curve from the exterior wall of a house
and contain all casement units . Widths: 74" to 164" Heights: 38" to 74" Projection: 6" to
27".
DOORS
Exterior doors are 36", 42", or 48" in width, 80", 84" or 96" in height, and 1 3/4" or 2" in
thickness. Sidelites from 10" to 14" in width can be added to one or both sides of an
exterior door to provide light and a view when exterior doors contain no windows.
Interior doors are 30", 32", 34", or 36" in width, 80" or 84" in height, and 1 1/4" or 1 1/2"
in thickness. NOTE: 28" wide doors may be used in powder rooms.
Pocket doors are 30", 32", 34", or 36" in width, 80" in height, and 1 3/8" in thickness. A
pocket door must have an amount of open wall space equal to the width to slide into the
thickness of the wall on a track mounted above the door.
Double or "French" doors (NOT SHOWN) are 18", 24", 30" or 36" in width, 80 " or 96" in
height, and 1 3/8" (interior) or 1 3/4" (exterior) in thickness. Two doors form a unit that is
hinged at the sides with knobs or handles in the center. Double doors may swing into a
room but outward if used on a closet. French doors typically swing toward the outside of a
structure.
Sliding Patio doors are 30", 36", or 48" in width, 80" or 83", or 96" in height and 1 3/4" in
thickness. Two or four doors form a unit for overall widths of 60", 72", 96", 117", 141", or
189".
Hinged Patio doors (NOT SHOWN) are 30", 32", or 36" in width, 80" or 83", or 96" in height
and 1 3/4" in thickness. Two or three doors form a unit for overall widths of 60", 64", 72",
96" or 108".
Bifold closet doors are 12", 18" or 24" in width, 80" in height, and 1 1/4" or 1 3/8" in
thickness. Two doors form a unit that is hinged at the center and slide open on a track at
the top of the door frame. Single units (2 doors) fit openings 24", 36" and 48" wide. Double
units (4 doors) fit openings 48", 72", and 96".
Sliding closet doors are 30" or 36" in width, 80" in height, and 1 1/4" or 1 3/8" in
thickness. Two doors form a unit that slide in front of each other on a track at the top of
the door frame. Sliding units (2 doors) fit openings 60" and 72" wide.
Double closet doors are 18", 24", 30" or 36" in width, 80 " or 96" in height, and 1 3/8" in
thickness. Two doors form a unit that is hinged at the sides with knobs or handles in the
center. Double closet doors must swing into a room.
Garage doors (NOT SHOWN) are 96", 108" or 192" in width, 84" or 96" in height, and 1
1/4" or 1 3/8" in thickness. Overhead garage doors consist of four or five panels hinged
along the length that follow tracks as raised vertically from the floor.
FASTENERS
Exterior Thread Terms
Note: Typical thread angle is 60 degrees.
Interior Thread Terms
Introduction to Technical Drawing
DESIGN PROCESS
The "Design Process" is a systematic procedure used in industry to change ideas into
useable products for consumers or other manufacturers. This procedure is used by
designers, engineers, architects, technicians, drafters, detailers and illustrators to prepare a
set of plans and specifications that guide machinists, welders, sheet metal workers, casting
and molding operators, electronic technicians, painters and many other skilled workers in
the completion of their work. The number of phases and/or steps in the process will vary
from company to company or textbook to textbook but should include the following:
1. Identify, analyze and research the problem to obtain a complete description of the
project;
2. Think of possible solutions to the problem and make freehand, multiview and/or
pictorial sketches of all ideas for solving the problem;
3. Discuss all ideas with other designers, engineers, supervisors and managers;
4. Revise and combine ideas after discussions into a "final" solution sketch:
5. Prepare a design layout drawing to scale from the final solution sketch;
6. Prepare scale detail and assembly drawings of all parts and sub-assemblies;
7. Prepare complete specifications and a materials list of all parts:
8. Make individual parts, inspect parts for accuracy, and assemble the parts to make a
working prototype or scale model;
9. Check assembly of parts and test the operation of the prototype for accuracy,
reliability, and safety.
10. Revise detail and assembly drawings if necessary and prepare technical
illustrations for manuals and brochures.
The "Design Process" as described above is incorporated in all of the Technical Drawing
courses in the Technical Drawing Program at Stevenson High School; provides the basic
course outline for the Introduction to Technical Drawing or Technical Drawing for Designers
and Drafters; and is used to solve a variety of problems from simple to complex products.
Return to Information Sheet 3
Entire contents Copyright ©1998. All rights reserved. [Updated: 2/11/99]

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Technical Drawing Program