Day 2

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SQL FUNCTIONS
ARE BUILT IN FUNCTIONS, THEY CAN BE CALLED FROM A USER DEFINED TBL OR SYSTEM DEFINED VIEW(DUAL)
SQL>DESC DUAL DESC IS A SQL COMMAND

SELECT * FROM DUAL;
collection of data placed on a horizontal line is a record
record or tuple or row all are same
column/atribute
table/entity
table consists of row and column
SYSDATE()
---------------
built in function can be called form any table and system defined table
SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;
02-SEP-08 (DEFSULT DATE FORMAT-->DD-MM-YY)
there must be atleast a record to call this sydate function
TYPES:
----------------
NUMBER
CHARECTER
DATE
CONVERSION
MISC
NUMBER:
--------------------
ABS()
SQRT()
MOD()
ROUND()
FLOOR()
CIEL()
--
--
--
SELECT ABS(-1),SQRT(9),MOD(3,2), ROUND(25.432) FROM DUAL;
CHARECTER FUNCTIONS
------------------------------------
LENGTH()
CONCAT()
SUBSTRING()
INSTR()
LPAD()
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RPAD()
--
--
--
SELECT LENGTH ('INDUKURI RAMA RAJU') FROM DUAL;

SELECT ENAME AS NAME,LENGTH(ENAME) FROM EMP;
SELECT CONCAT(ENAME,JOB) WORKS_AS FROM EMP;
SELECT ENAME||' WORKS AS'|| JOB FROM EMP;
SUBSTR()
------------------
SELECT ENAME,SUBSTR(ENAME,1,3) " START_1_3" FROM EMP;
INSTR()
------------------
SELECT ENAME,INSTR(ENAME,'A') " POS A" FROM EMP;
LPAD()
------------
pad something to the left side
SELECT LPAD(EMPNO,10,'ORACLE') AS EMPID FROM EMP;
similarly RPAD()
CONVERSION():
-------------------------------
TO_CAHR()
TO_DATE()
--
--
TO_CAHR(): DATE TO CAHR FORMAT

-----------------
02-SEP-08 ->SYSDATE ->DD-MM-YY
INPUT OUTPUT
-------------- ---------------------
DD 02
DDTH 02ND
YY 08
YYYY 2008
DAY TUESDAY
DY TUE
Dy Tue
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day tuesday
MON SEP
MONTH SEPTEMBER
YEAR TWO THOUSAND EIGHT
HH:MI:SS 10:50:07
HH24:MI:SS
HH:MM:SS MM WILL PICK UP MONTH
WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY TODAYS DAY:

SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DAY') "TODAY IS " FROM DUAL;
SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('1947-15-08','YYYY-DD-MM'),'DAY') "DAY OF INDEPENDENCE " FROM DUAL;
be carefull when working with the dates
DATE FUNCTIONS:
---------------------------------
ADD_MONTHS()
MONTHS_BETWEEN()
NEXT_DAY() :SYSDATE,'FRI'
LAST_DAY():SYSDATE
MISC:
--------------
NVL() NOVALUE
NVL2() NEW ONE WITH OUT LIMITATIONS OF
DECODE()
--
--
--
SEL SAL,COMM,SAL+COMM AS GROSS_SAL FROM EMP;when there is one null value sum is null so
NVL() : NVL(COLNAME,VAL)
NVL(COMM,0)
SELECT SAL,COMM,SAL+NVL(COMM,0) AS GROSS_SAL FROM EMP;
if the value is null then take the value instead and
NVL2()
--------
VALUE NEED NOT BE GIVEN
SELECT SAL,COMM,NVL2(COMM,SAL+COMM,SAL) AS GROSS FROM EMP;
if commision is not null then take next arg otherwise take next to next arg here it is sal
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DECODE()
------------------
we can put if then else statements here
SELECT JOB,SAL,
DECODE(JOB,'MANAGER',SAL+SAL*.10,
'CLERK',SAL+SAL*.05,
SAL) AS RAISE_SAL FROM EMP;
IF NO ELSE IE LAST SENTENCE IS NOT THERE THEN OTHER ENTRIES WILL NOT BE PRINTED;
ROWID
--------------
is a unique id generated for every record stored in the database
ROWNUM:
----------------
sequnce of numbers for the records
SELECT ROWNUM,ROWID FROM EMP;

CLASS ASSGINMENT:
------------------------------
WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY THE ALTERNATE RECORDS FROM EMP TABLE
WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY THE LAST 5 RECORDS FROM EMP TABLE
HINT : USE MODE AND DECODE FUNCTIONS
HINT: USE ORDER BY AND LESS THAN
SELECT * DECODE (MOD(ROWNUM,2),0,*) FROM EMP;

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✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍
SQL COMMANDS
DDL: DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE ->PERMANENT
CAN NOT BE ROLLED BACK
AUTO COMMIT FALLOWS
CREATE
ALTER this is w/r structure of the table
DROP
TRUNCATE
RENAME
DML : DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE -> CAN BE ROLLED BACK
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE these operations are on records but not on the tables like DDL. minute we execute DDL, auto commit immedialtely fallows
but f
TCL
NOTE:
select is a command which can be used for querying the database 2) with create command 3) with dml commands
DATATYPES SUPPORTED BY SQL: WRT 10G

-------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER : 38
CHAR: 4000
VARCHAR/VARCHAR2 4000
DATE 9B
LONG 2000
LONG RAW 2000
TIMESTAMP DATE+TIME DD-MON-YY HH:MI:SS
---
--
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LARGE OBJECT DATA TYPES LOB

------------------------------------------------
BLOB BINARY LOB :4GB ->MOVIES AND PICTURES
CLOB CHARECTER LARGE OBJECTS :4GB HUGE CHARECTED DATA
NCLOB: NATIONAL CHARECTER LARGE OBJECT: FORIEGN LANGUAGE
BFILE: BINARY EXTERNAL LARGE OBJECT: SYSTEM DEPENDENT
ALTER SESSION SET NLS_LANGUAGE ='FRENCH';'
CREATE:
CREATE TABLE <TNAME>
COL1 <DATATYPE(SIZE)>,
COL2 <DATATYPE(SIZE)>,
---,
---,
COLN <DATATYPE(SIZE))
CREATE TABLE EMPLOY

(
EMPNO NUMBER(4),
ENAME CHAR(10),
SALARY NUMBER(10),
DOJ DATE,
PROGRAM VARCHAR2(20),
REMARKS VARCHAR2(20)
);
TABLE NAMES CAN NOT BE DUPLICATED
INSERT
---------------
INSERT INTO <TNAME> VALUES

except numbers everything should be put in quotes
INSERT INTO EMPLOY VALUES (1001,'ANIL',9999,'ORACLE','TRAINING');

INSERT INTO <TNAME> (COL1,COL5) VALUES (COL1VAL,COL2VAL);
INSERT INTO EMPLOY(EMPNO,REMARKS) VALUES(1004,'YET TO JOIN);
this is used to insert into required columns and remaining are set to null
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THIRD METHOD ALSO CALLED AS & METHOD
INSERT INTO <TNAME> VALUES (&COLNAME,'&COL2NAME'---); it asks for the column names
INSERT INTO EMPLOY VALUES
(&EMPNO,'&ENAME',&SALARY,'&DOJ','&PROGRAM',&A);
UPDATE<TNAME> SET COLNAME=<NEW_VAL>; FOR ALL RECORDS
UPDATE <TNAME> SET COLNAME =<NEWVAL>
CLASS ASSIGNMENT
-----------------------------------
WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY THE N NUMBER OF RECORDS AT RANDOM FROM EMP WHEREN IS INPUT FROM USER
DELETE:
----------------
DELETE [FROM] ,<TNAME> -> APPLICABLE ON ALL RECODS
DELETE[FROM] <TNAME> WHERE COLNAME =<UNIQUE_VAL>; one row is deleted
TCL
-------------
COMMIT : MAKES DML PERMANENT
UPTO PREV COMMIT
UPTO PREV DDL
UPTO NORMAL DISCONNECT SQL>DISCONNECT/SQL>EXIT
ROLLBACK: UPTO PREV COMMIT
UPTO PREV DDL
UPTO UBNORMAL DISC->POWER FAILURE CLOSE SQL * PLUS
SAVEPOINT: basically a bench mark so that it roll back to the specified bench mark or save point specified
the moment commit is specified all the save points are removed. when committed or drop table is done save points are removed
DCL
===========
GRANT
REVOKE
USER1 USER2 USER3

---------- GRANT ----------------- GRANT
-------------> USER1.T1-----------> USER1.T1
ALL(I,U,D,S)
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USER1
-------------
T1 ---->5 RECORDS GRANT ALL ON EMP TO [USER] WITH
USER2> SELECT * FROM USER1.T1; ->5 RECORDS GRANT OPTION
USER3 > SELECT * FROM USER1.T1 -> 5 RECORDS grants rights of table emp to the new user
----------------------------------------------------------
USER2> DELETE USER1.T1 WHERE EMPNO IN(1001,1002);

2 records deleted
user2 sees 3 records
othr transactions by the users are made to wait untill user2 is eithr commits or rolls back
REVOKE:
--------------------
USER 1 CAN REVOKE FROM USER 2
USER1 <------------------ USER2
<-------------------USER3
USER 3 AUTOMATICALLY LOOSES THE LINK WHERE AS
USER3 CAN REVOKE IT FROM USER 2
BUT WHAT IS NOT POSSIBLE IS USER3 CAN NOT DIRECTLY REVOKE USER1
REVOKE ALL ON <TNAME> FROM <USERNAME>

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Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

Day 2

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SQL>DESC DUAL DESC IS A SQL COMMAND

SELECT ABS(-1),SQRT(9),MOD(3,2), ROUND(25.432) FROM DUAL;

SELECT LENGTH ('INDUKURI RAMA RAJU') FROM DUAL;

TO_CAHR(): DATE TO CAHR FORMAT

WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY TODAYS DAY:

SELECT ROWNUM,ROWID FROM EMP;

SELECT * DECODE (MOD(ROWNUM,2),0,*) FROM EMP;

DATATYPES SUPPORTED BY SQL: WRT 10G

LARGE OBJECT DATA TYPES LOB

ALTER SESSION SET NLS_LANGUAGE ='FRENCH';'

CREATE TABLE EMPLOY

INSERT INTO <TNAME> VALUES

INSERT INTO EMPLOY VALUES (1001,'ANIL',9999,'ORACLE','TRAINING');

USER1 USER2 USER3

USER2> DELETE USER1.T1 WHERE EMPNO IN(1001,1002);

REVOKE ALL ON <TNAME> FROM <USERNAME>

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