Ronan Redembert R.

Lomongo
HealthEcon Pre-Final Exam
Take Home Exam

Q1:
Any entity who wish to operate a Hospital in the Philippines they must follow certain rules set by the government
and must comply with Administrative Order 205-0029 otherwise known as Revised Rules and Regulations
Governing the Registration, Licensure and Operation of Hospitals and Other health Facilities in the Philippines.
Depending on what type of hospital is proposed, guidelines are supplied for strict compliance. Example, a General
Hospital- provides services for all types of deformity, disease, illness or Injury. While a Special Hospital- primarily
engaged in the provision of specific clinical care and management. It must have ancillary and support services
appropriate for a given service capability. And also must to follow the standards requirements in design, capacity,
facilities, equipments and other specifics in putting up a hospital. And they are also classified according to service
capability.

a. Level I - An emergency hospital that provides initial clinical care and management to patients requiring
immediate treatment, as well as primary care on prevalent diseases in the locality:
- Clinical services include general medicine, pediatrics and non-surgical gynecology and minor surgery
- General administrative service and may provide ancillary services (primary clinical laboratory, first level radiology,
pharmacy)
- Provides nursing care for patients who require minimal category of supervised care for 24 hours or longer

b. Level 2 - Non-departmentalized hospital that provides clinical care and management on the prevalent diseases
in the locality:
- Clinical services include general medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, surgery and anesthesia
- Appropriate administrative and ancillary services (secondary clinical laboratory, first level radiology, pharmacy)
- Nursing care provided in the Level I Hospital as well as intermediate, moderate and partial category of supervised
care for 24 hours or longer

c. Level 3 - Departmentalized hospital that provides clinical care and management on the prevalent diseases in the
locality, as well as particular forms of treatment, surgical procedure and intensive care:
- Clinical services provided in Level 2 Hospital as well as specialty clinical care
- Appropriate administrative and ancillary services (tertiary clinical laboratory, second level radiology, pharmacy)
- Nursing care provided in Level 2 Hospital as well as total and intensive killed care'

d. Level 4 - Teaching and training hospital (with at least one Accredited Residency training Program for Physicians)
that provides clinical care and management on the prevalent diseases in the locality, as well as specialized and sub-
specialized forms of treatment, surgical procedure and intensive care:
- Clinical services provided in Level 3 Hospital as well as sub-specialty clinical care
- Appropriate administrative and ancillary services (tertiary clinical laboratory, third level radiology, pharmacy)
- Nursing care provided in Level 3 Hospital as well as continuous and highly specialized critical care

Q2:
The struggle against disease has progressed considerably over the years. Health conditions in the Philippines in
1990 approximated to those in other Southeast Asian countries but lagged behind those in the West. Life
expectancy, for instance, increased from 51.2 years in 1960 to 69 years for women and 63 years for men in 1990 .
Infant mortality was 101 per 1,000 in 1950 and had dropped to 51.6 per 1,000 in 1989. In 1923 approximately 76
percent of deaths were caused by communicable diseases. By 1980 deaths from communicable diseases had
declined to about 26 percent.
In 1989 the ratio of physicians and hospitals to the total population was similar to that in a number of other
Southeast Asian countries, but considerably below that in Europe and North America. Most health care personnel
and facilities were concentrated in urban areas. There was substantial migration of physicians and nurses to the
United States in the 1970s and 1980s, but there are no reliable figures to indicate what effect this had on the
Philippines. Hospital equipment often did not function because there were insufficient technicians capable of
maintaining it, but the 1990 report of the Department of Health said that centers for the repair and maintenance
of hospital equipment expected to alleviate this problem.

In 1987 a little more than one-half of the infants and children received a complete series of immunization shots, a
major step in preventive medicine, but obviously far short of a desirable goal. The problem was especially difficult
in rural areas. The Department of Health had made efforts to provide every barangay with at least minimum
health care, but doing so was both difficult and expensive, and the more remote areas inevitably received less
attention.

Although very few Filipinos have been infected with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), concern about
the disease has caused authorities to give it considerable attention. By April 1979, only three people had died from
AIDS, two of whom were overseas Filipinos visiting the homeland and one an American civilian who had contracted
the disease outside the Philippines. Study indicated that most AIDS cases in the Philippines were transmitted by
heterosexual activity. An April 30, 1991, Department of Health report indicated that 240 Filipinos were infected
with AIDS, and is continuously increasing with significance.

Like many other countries, the Philippines has a problem with illicit drugs. Malnutrition has been a perennial
concern of the Philippine government and health care professionals. Today problem in nutrition has shown some
positive improvement.

The Philippines has a dual health care system consisting of modern (Western) and traditional medicine. One type
of traditional healer that attracted the attention of foreigners as well as Filipinos was the so-called psychic surgeon,
who professed to be able to operate without using a scalpel or drawing blood. Some practitioners attracted a
considerable clientele and established lucrative practices. Travel agents in the United States credited these
"surgeons" with generating travel to the Philippines.

Although medical treatment had improved and services had expanded, pervasive poverty and lack of access to
family planning detracted from the general health of the Philippine people. The Philippines had a social security
system including Medicare with wide coverage of the regularly employed urban workers. It offered a partial shield
against disaster, but was limited both by the generally low level of incomes, which reduced benefits, and by the
exclusion of most workers in agriculture.

The Philippines is the world's 12th most populous country, with a population of over 90 million as of 2008.As of
2007, 8% of Filipinos are living abroad as migrant laborers. Roughly half of the country's population resides on the
island of Luzon. Manila, the capital, is the eleventh most populous metropolitan area in the world. The literacy rate
was 92.6% in 2003, and about equal for males and females. Life expectancy is 71.23 years, with 73.6 years for
females and 69.8 years for males. Population growth rate in 1995-2000 is 3.21% but then dramatically fell to 1.59%
for 2005-2010.

During the 1990s, the Philippines made significant progress in fighting poverty. According to the Family Income and
Expenditure Survey of 1997, poverty incidence fell from 49.3% of total population in 1985 to 40.6% in 1994 and
36.8% in 1997.
 Death rate births (2008 est.)
5.15 deaths/1,000 population
(2008 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)
Birth rate
26.42 births/1,000 population HIV/AIDS - People living with
(2008 est.) HIV/AIDS
Median age
9,000 (2003 est.)
* total: 22.3 years
Infant mortality rate
* male: 21.8 years
* total: 21.2 deaths/1,000 live HIV/AIDS - deaths
* female: 22.8 years (2008 est.)
births fewer than 500 (2003 est.)
* female: 23.86 deaths/1,000
live births Education expenditures
Population growth rate * male: 18.42 deaths/1,000 live 2.5% of GDP (2005)
1.991% (2008 est.)

Source(s):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic…
http://www.apmforum.com/columns/orientse…
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of…
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines

Q3:
The National Health Insurance Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 7875) is legislation enacted in the Republic of the
Philippines on Feb. 14, 1995. The act was created to design and provide an interconnected, all encompassing
approach to health care reform in the interest of providing a “national health insurance program for all Filipinos
and establishing the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation” to oversee the program.

The act also created the National Health Insurance Fund, consisting of contributions from program members,
balances from the existing health care programs, new national and local government funds created by the act,
donations and grants-in-aid. The act states that people who couldn't pay the contributions “shall be subsidized
partially by the local government unit where the member resides.”

The benefit package each resident is entitled to under the act includes inpatient hospital care, outpatient care,
emergency and transfer services and “some other health care services that the corporation shall determine to be
appropriate and cost-effective.” Provisions described in the act include health care “development which shall
endeavor to make essential goods, health and other services available to all the people at affordable cost. Priority
for the needs of the underprivileged, sick, elderly, disabled, women and children shall be recognized. Likewise, it
shall be the policy of the State to provide free medical care to paupers.”

In short, the Philippine Health Corporation is a premier government corporation that ensures sustainable,
affordable and progressive social health insurance which endeavors to influence the delivery of an accessible
quality health care for all Filipinos. With its Mission set to provide and stand as a financial intermediary, which
continuously evolve a sustainable National Health Insurance Program that shall:

 Lead towards universal coverage

 Ensure better benefits for its members at affordable premiums
 Establish close coordination with its clients through a strong partnership with all stakeholders, and
 Provide effective internal information and management systems to influence the delivery of quality health
care services.