EMBEDDED SYSTEMS- 2 MARKS

UNIT-I

1. What is microcontroller?
A single IC which contains the microprocessor with integrated
Peripherals like memory, serial ports, parallel ports, timer/counter,
interrupt controller,data acquisition interfaces like ADC, DAC is called
Microcontroller.

CPU On-chipROM On-chipRAM

Timers I/O Ports Serial Port

2. Compare microprocessor & microcontroller.

S.No MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER

1 It contains ALU, general It contains the circuitry
purpose reg, sp, pc, clock of mp and in addition, it
timing circuit, interrupt has built in ROM, RAM,
circuit I/O devices, timer and
counters.
2 It has many instructions to It has one or two
move data between memory instructions to move data
and CPU. between memory and CPU
3 Access times for memory and Less access time
i/o devices are more. required.
4 Microprocessor based system Less flexible in design
is more flexible in design point of view.
point of view.
5 Less no of pins are multi More no of pins are
functioned mutlifunctioned
3. List out the features of 8051
• Data size is 8-bit
• Address lines is 16-bit ( Memory capacity = 2 16 = 64 KB)
• Memory capacity of On-chip RAM is 128 Bytes
• Memory capacity of On-chip ROM is 4 KB
• Total program memory space is 64KB
• Total data memory space is 64KB
• On-chip Timers - 2 x 16-bit each
• 4 x 8-bit I/O Ports
• One full duplex Serial port (TxD & RxD)
• Six Interrupt sources (inclusive of two H/w interrupts – INT0, INT1)

4. Draw the internal RAM memory organization in 8051.

5. Which register holds the serial data interrupt bit T1 & R1 and draw
the format of that register of 8051.
SCON Register holds the TI & RI BIT
6. Draw the structure of a pin in port 1

7. What is the default priority of the interrupts in 8051?

Interrupt priority can be made by assigning a higher priority to any
one of the interrupts by programming a register called IP
• External interrupt INT0
• Timer 0 interrupt
• External Interrupt INT1
• Timer 1 interrupt
• Serial Communication Interrupt

8. Explain how baud rate is calculated for serial data transfer in mode 1.
General Expression for setting baud rates using TH1 register is given
below.

9. What are the modes of asynchronous serial communication in 8051.

The mode of serial communication is decided by two bits SM0 &
SM1 inSCON register. The details of the various modes are described in
the tablegiven below.
10.List the modes of timer in 8051.
The operating modes of the timer are
• Mode 0 is a 13-bit timer
• Mode 1 is a 16-bit timer
• Mode 2 is a 8-bit timer with auto reload
• Mode 3 is a two 8-bit timer

UNIT-II

1. What is the use of SBUF register in 8051?

SBUF register is used to dump the data before serial transmission and
hold data after serial reception.

2. Write a program to toggle the port1 of 8051?

HERE: SETB P1.0 ;
LCALL DELAY ;
CLR P1.0 ;
LCALL DELAY
SJMP HERE ;

3. What is the use of GATE & C/T in TMOD Register?

• GATE =0 means that the timer is controlled by TR1 (or) TR0

• GATE =0 means that the timer control will depend on INT0

(or) INT1 and also on TR1 (or) TR0 bits.
 • C/T=1 the timer functions as counter

• C/T=0 the timer functions as timer.

4. What is the difference between ACALL & LCALL?

S.NO ACALL LCALL

Absolute call is 2-byte Long call is 3-byte

1
instruction instruction
Jump to subroutine Jump to subroutine
2
within 2K anywhere in the 64K
3 11-bit address 16-bit address

5. Write a program to create a square wave of 50% duty cycle on bit 0 of

port1?
HERE: SETB P1.0 ; set to high bit 0 of port 1
LCALL DELAY ; call the delay subroutine
CLR P1.0 ; P1.0=0
LCALL DELAY
SJMP HERE ; keep doing it

6. Write a program to create a square wave of 66% duty cycle on bit 0 of

port1?

BACK: SETB P1.0 ;

LCALL DELAY ;
LCALL DELAY ;
CLR P1.0 ;
LCALL DELAY
SJMP BACK ;
 7. Give Instructions to create 2’s complement.
MOV A,#DATA
CPL A
INC A

8. With XTAL=11.0592MHZ, find the TH1 value needed to have the

following Baud Rates. (a) 9600 (b) 1200
Machine cycle frequency = 11.0592MHz/12 =921.6KHz
Frequency provided by UART to timer1 to set
baud rate = 921.6KHz/32=28800Hz
(a) 28800/9600=3 where (-3)=FD is loaded into TH1
(b) 28800/1200=24 where (-24)=E8 is loaded into TH1

9. What is the use of T1 & R1 Bits in SCON register?

• TI: TRANSMIT INTERRUPT FLAG. It is raised when the last
bit of the framed data, the stop bit, is transferred, indicating that
the SBUF register is ready to transfer the next byte.
• RI: RECEIVE INTERRUPT FLAG. It is raised when the entire
frame of data, including the stop bit, is received.

10.Indicate which mode and which timer are selected for each of the
following MOV TMOD,#01 (b) MOV TMOD,#12
We convert the value from hex to binary.
(a) TMOD = 00000001, mode 1 of timer 0 is selected.
(b) TMOD = 00010010, mode 2 of timer 0, and mode 1 of timer 1 are selected.

UNIT III

1. Define embedded systems?

An embedded system is a system that has embedded software and computer
hardware, which makes it a system dedicated for an application or specific
part of an application.

Examples:
Washing machine
Time display system
 2. What are the classifications of embedded system?
The embedded system is classify as
• Small scale embedded systems
• Medium scale embedded systems
• Sophisticated scale embedded systems

3. What are the characteristics of embedded systems

CHARACTERISTICS
• Real time and multirate operations
• Complex Algorithms
• Complex graphic user interfaces
• Dedicated functions

4 What are the constraints of embedded systems

CONSTRAINTS:

An embedded system is designed keeping in view three constraints.

• Available system memory
• Available processor speed
• The need to limit power dissipation.

5.Mention the types of processor.

• General purpose processor(GPP)

• Application specific instructionset processor(ASIP)
• Single purpose processor
• GPP or ASIP cores integrated into either an ASIC or VLSI.
• Multicore processor.

6.Define ROM image.

the software is also called as ROM image because, just an image is a
unique sequence and arrangement of Pixels, embedded software is also a
unique placement and arrangement of bytes for instruction and data. The
instruction codes and data in the final phase are placed in the ROM image.
 7.Define complier

The job of a compiler is mainly to translate programs written in some

human-readable Language into an equivalent set of opcodes for a particular
processor.
An assembler is also a compiler but one that Performs a much simpler
one-to-one translation from one line of human-readable mnemonics to the
equivalent opcode.

8. Define Watch dog timer

The watchdog timer is a 16 bit counter, which, once started is
incremented every state time. If not cleared before it overflows, the
RESET pin will be pulled down for two state times, causing the system to
reinitialized

9.Define RTOS
An operating system designed specifically for use in real time.
The RTOS provides the OS functions for coding the system, provides
interprocess communication functions and controls the passing of messages
and signals to a task. Since the running of the tasks and ISRs may have real
time constraints and deadlines for finishing the tasks, an RTOS is required in
an embedded system.

10Mention the types of Memory

 UNIT-IV

1.How I/O devices are classified in I/O type?

The I/O devices can be classified into following I/O type:
• Synchronous serial input
• Synchronous serial output
• Asynchronous serial input
• Asynchronous serial output
• Parallel port one bit input
• Parallel port one bit output
• Parallel port eight or more bit input
• Parallel port eight or more bit output

2. Differentiate Synchronous & Asynchronous

communication?
S.No. Synchronous Asynchronous communication
communication

1 byte or frame of data is received byte or frame of data is received

or transmitted at constant time or transmitted at variable time
intervals intervals

2 byte or frame maintain a constant byte or frame need not maintain a

phase difference constant phase difference

3 Example :Frame sent over LAN Example :voice data over

telephone line

3. Define Serial and parallel communication.

 A serial port is port for serial communication. serial communication
means that over a given line or channel one bit can communicate and the
bit transmit at periodic intervals generated by a clock..
A parallel port is port for parallel communication. parallel
communication means that multiple bit can communicate over a set of
parallel lines at any given instance.

4.Mention any five ways by witch the synchronous signal with the
clocking information transmit from a master to slave device.
The five ways transmit the synchronous signal with the clocking
information from a master to slave device.

• Frequency modulation
• Mid Frequency modulation
• Manchester coding
• Quadrature amplitude modulation
• Bi-phase coding

5.What is HDLC?

High-Level Data Link Control, also know as HDLC, is a bit oriented,

switched and non-switched protocol. It is a data link control protocol, and
falls within layer 2, the Data Link Layer, of the Open Systems
Interface(OSI) model.

HDLC is a bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol eveloped by

the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

6.Describe the frame format of HDLC.

HDLC Frame Structure

HDLC uses the term "frame" to indicate an entity of data (or a protocol data
unit) transmitted from one station to another. Figure 3 below is a graphical
representation of a HDLC frame with an information field.

Figure shows an HDLC frame with an information field.

 Field Name Size(in bits)
Flag Field( F ) 8 bits
Address Field( A ) 8 bits
Control Field( C ) 8 or 16 bits
Information Field( I ) Variable; Not used in some frames
Frame Check Sequence( FCS ) 16 or 32 bits
Closing Flag Field( F ) 8 bits

7. What is UART?
A Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter receives serial data and
stores it as parallel data, usually one byte. It also takes parallel data
and transmits it as serial data.
UART is used for long distance communication,

8.What are the handshaking signals?

The handshaking signals used by the IO ports are
• Strobe request
• Port ready
• Buffer full
• Acknowledge

9.Define CAN
Controller area network was designed for automotive electronics. The
CAN bus uses bit-serial transmission. CAN runs at rates of 1MB/s
over a twisted pair or optical line.
CAN bus has its own electrical drivers and receivers that connect the
node to the bus in wired-AND fashion.

10 Define I2C
• I2C is a bus commonly used to link microcontrollers into systems.
• It uses two lines to i) serial data line and (ii) serial clock line.
• I2C bus is designed as a multimaster bus.
 UNIT - V

1. Define multirate?

The embedded computing systems have several real-time activities

going on at the same time. They may simultaneously control some
operations that run at slow rates and others than run at high rate which
is known as multirate.

2. Explain multitasking system.

The way of running several programs simultaneously on a processor

creates a multitasking system. the task interact with each other in the
way assign to them.

3. What are the major levels of abstraction in the design process?

The major levels of abstraction in the design process are
Requirements
Specification
Architecture
Components
System integration

4. Mention the characteristics of embedded computing applications

 • Real time and Multirate operations
• Complex Algorithms
• Complex graphic user interfaces
• Dedicated functions

5. What is the difference between CISC & RISC CPU?

S.No CISC CPU RISC CPU

1 Large, complex and slower simpler and faster instructions

instructions.
2 easier to design and cheaper to Complex to design
produce
3 RISC architecture is not widely At least 75% of the processor use
used CISC architecture

4 RISC puts a greater burden on In CISC, software developers no

the software. Software need to write more lines for the
developers need to write more same tasks
lines for the same tasks.

6. How do we meet deadlines in embedded system?

 The ways to meet deadlines are
• to speed up the hardware so that the programs run faster
• To increase the CPU clock rate.

7. When is an RTOS needed in embedded system?

The RTOS provides the OS functions for coding the system, provides inter
process communication functions and controls the passing of messages and
signals to a task. Since the running of the tasks and ISRs may have real time
constraints and deadlines for finishing the tasks, an RTOS is required in an
embedded system.

8. Differentiate real time operating system & typical operating system?

S.No operating system real time operating system

1 time operating systems is the real-time operating systems is the

need for "non- deterministic " need for " deterministic " timing
timing behavior behavior

2 Operation system is process Time based scheduling.. A

based scheduling. No need of process scheduling be completed
time specific... in specific time
3 OS is designed for general RTOS is design speical for
 purpose system embedded system

9. What is embedded computing system?

Embedded computing system can be any device that includes a
programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general-purpose
computer.
Example:
• microprocessor
• microcontroller