UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The conversion of energy is as old as the use of energy. For most of human history, use of
energy is limited to the amount of work that could be done by human beings, usually alone,
but sometimes in large groups. Later, humans learned to use animals and teams of animals to
do the tasks requiring heavy lifting and hauling.
Muscular energy is the energy which is developed from the muscular movements like
running, cycling, swimming and many other muscular movements. Creatine phosphate is
used in explosive muscular movements such as sprinting or weight training. There has been
no evidence to show that creatine phosphate is used in endurance training. Muscular
endurance and muscular strength are related because you need muscular strength in order to
have muscular strength. also, they both require muscles to be used. The main concept behind
ECO GYM is that when people exercise all the energy created by motion is wasted and it
disappears into nothingness. If we can channelize all this kinetic energy into something
meaningful we can have a floating River Gym, a kind of soft floating micro-island. It will
utilize all the energy made by gym goers and convert it into usable electric energy stored in
on-board batteries. This ground-breaking gym will not only endow us with a stimulating view
to look upon, but will also provide increased transportation as well as a unique way to purify
water while working out.
“Our concept encapsulates a new typology for the contemporary urban gym. It is intended to
challenge our innate prospective and multi-planer locomotive abilities while synchronously
altering the surroundings. When you go to a regular gym all you can enjoy is the sweaty
images of you and fellow gym goers or a TV set or some music tracks going in loops. But
here in River Gym you can observe the waves playing on the sea bed or some sea creatures
taking into account what is happening in the river capsule. Why you have to subject yourself
to same good old TV or music? While exercising, you can volunteer to transport some
passengers to their destination too. That will combine exercising with some altruism.
ECO GYM has become a solution to the task of generation and transformation of energy
from useful sources within. This method of conversion of energy from the useful human
efforts is far superior to the power generation costs which would accrue if the same was
actually transformed and tested.

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1.2 PRESENT WORK
Modern era of energy conservation was the "energy crisis" that erupted in 1973. Energy
prices in the United States rose dramatically, mainly for petroleum. Far more compelling,
there were actual shortages of petroleum, mainly in the form of annoying lines at gasoline
stations. And, there were threats of insufficient heating oil.
In fact, petroleum prices in the United States never reached the levels that had long been
routine in other countries. The big change introduced by the 1973 “energy crisis” was the
realization that energy sources might not keep pace with mankind's ability to use energy.
This was not a new concept for specialists in energy resources, but it was new as a popular
idea. Stated differently, the supply of energy was no longer viewed as something that was
always ahead of demand.
Instead, the supply of energy, although still vast, was now viewed as lagging demand.
Previously, energy efficiency had been a technical aspect of designing equipment, systems,
and buildings. Energy conservation became a single freestanding issue, independent of the
many technical areas to which efficiency applies specifically. This single-issue nature of
energy conservation became a dominant factor in information about energy conservation
from that time until the present.

1.3 FUTURE EXPECTATIONS

The challenge for the future is developing a mass storage system for the electricity. The most
efficient way is channel it into the grid operated by a local utility company. The system is
already used to integrate solar generated power with the electricity supply system. The
downside, for gym owners, is that the system requires a significant amount of capital to
install energy-generating equipment. In a tight economy, the cost of harnessing human energy
may be too high a price to pay for some. The challenge for the companies that supply the new
generation of environmentally friendly exercise equipment is to make it affordable.

1.4 PRINCIPLE
EcoGym is based on the law of conservation of energy.
The conservation of energy is usually stated as

Where T is kinetic energy and V potential energy.

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These kinetic as well as potential energies converted from muscular energy of humans are
finally converted into electrical energy by application of dynamo.

1.5 OBJECTIVE
Following are the objectives of the present work:
1. To become a solution to the task of generation and transformation of energy from useful
sources within as it is far superior to the power generation costs which would accrue if the
same was actually transformed and tested.
2. To beat the challenge for the future that is developing a mass storage system for the
electricity.
3. To make it affordable for the companies that supply new generation of environment
friendly exercise equipments.

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 UNIT 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the work done by various researchers and inventors on different types
of suspension systems and their design for a vehicle. This review comprehensively covers
previous research done on this topic and discusses the key concepts and ideas that have been
established through these researches. Literature survey has been done from the researchers
patents and publications in various reputed journals.

2.2 REVIEWS ON ENERGY CONVERSION FROM HUMAN EFFORT

Many researches and projects have been conducted in developing the idea of energy
extraction from human effort. Some of the literature reviewed is as follows:

Adam M. Gilmore (2008) Growing demands for energy, coupled with diminishing natural
resources, has resulted in a demand for the development of renewable energy sources. The
purpose of this study is to present a number of electrical generation methods that recover
metabolic energy spent during recreational activities, and to discuss the feasibility of
applying these methods in large-scale energy recovery.
1. Pedal Generation
Pedal generators convert mechanical energy generated from the pedalling motion to electrical
energy using a generator or alternator. Common configurations for pedal generators mimic
bicycles, with the cyclist sitting in a forward or recumbent position. Cycling is considered
one of the most efficient forms of transferring ME to mechanical energy. The efficiency of
cycling is attributed mostly to the smooth rotating motion used while pedalling. A detailed
analysis of the metabolic energy cost of cycling presented suggests that cycling is
approximately 25% efficient.
2. String generation
String generators convert lifting and pulling energy to electrical energy. A cable is attached to
a free-wheel hub or spring that spins a generator shaft. When a force is applied to the cable,
the generator begins producing power as the shaft spins. Lifting is a common form of
physical activity that is used for recreational and practical purposes. Positive muscle
displacement (muscle contraction) is significantly less efficient than negative muscle

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displacement (muscle elongation) during lifting. A lifting and pushing efficiency range of
14-19%.

Tessa Henderson (2009) Oregon State University will become one of the first universities in
the United States to tap the kinetic energy generated by people involved in daily workout
routines and turn it into a form of renewable energy.\The main advantage of generating as
well as harnessing any form of energy from human man power is perhaps always been
utilized because of the fact that this form of energy is renewable that can be regenerated again
and again as far as generation of energy is concerned. Oregon State University (OSU) and a
private firm are teamed up to harness the energy of students' gym workouts to create power
for charging laptops, iPods or even a small energy efficient house. \OSU has retrofitted 22
elliptical exercise machines and is already collecting the power produced by students and
feeding it back into the power grid. They finally concluded that when the students are
pedalling for power on these elliptical machines, a real-time display screen shows momentary
power production, production to date, production peaks. The electricity generated by
stationary bikes flows into a bank of batteries, which, in turn, powers devices.

Adam Boesel(2009) The concept is based upon the people-powered approach toward energy
generation. There exist many systems which harnesses the collective power of exercisers as
they pedal and turn hand cranks. Unlike with spin bikes, the added hand cranks are designed
to provide rigorous upper-body workouts — as well as yield additional electricity. Dynamo is
been made into use for such a type of system which will finally make use of the electric
power generated from human muscular power. However it has been seen that only 50% of
energy can be harvested and harnessed from the mentioned system, but it is required to get an
efficiency of the system as much as at least 75– 85% so as to compensate it for the expenses.
Small motor to capture the pedal power from a trio of spin bikes and generate electricity for
the gym’s television and stereo system. But even at top speed, the electricity generated by all
of the health club’s exercise equipment may be enough to offset little more than the power
consumed by a single treadmill.\As per a research there’s a significant impact of people
thinking about ‘people power’ to just frame their ideas when it comes to thinking about
electricity and electricity needs.The main aim of it is that Electricity is saved in every
possible way and to find more and more ways to do it efficiently, effectively and affordably
which in turn will somehow contribute to electric bills of the gym.

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Mathew Christ (2008) Could hamsters help solve the world's energy crisis? Probably not,
but a hamster wearing a power-generating jacket is doing its own small part to provide a new
and renewable source of electricity. This concept is based on the generation of electrical
current from mechanical work done by a hamster."Using nanotechnology, there are ways to
convert even irregular biomechanical energy into electricity" said Zhong Lin Wang, a
Regent's professor in the Georgia Tech School of Materials Science and Engineering."This
technology can convert any mechanical disturbance into electrical energy."The running and
scratching of the hamster – and the tapping of the finger – flexed the substrate in which the
nanowires were encapsulated, producing tiny amounts of alternating electrical current.
Integrating four nanogenerators on the hamster's jacket generated up to up to 0.5 nanoamps in
the devices produce alternating current, synchronizing the four generators on the hamster's
back was vital to maximizing current production. The main aim of this concept is generation
of nanoelectricity from the mechanical effort generated by hamsters.

Saabira Chaudhuri(2009) There is a very famous workout gym in Portland, Oregon which
is famous as the nation’s first gym that utilizes -generated energy from clients as they work
out. The gym is been named as The Green Microgym, and is based on a complete eco-
friendly technology which is very beneficial for conservation of electricity. We hope that in
the future the gym will run entirely on the energy generated by clients. While the science
behind generating energy from spinning wheels – commonly used in much of the exercise
which would generate electricityThe work was being appreciated by the Texas-based
company, Henry, which not only analysis their concept but is also working on currently
developing a device called the Human Dynamo, which Boesel's Micro gym hopes to
use.\Their work is basically based upon a Dynamo which connects with a number of exercise
bikes with a battery that stores the energy generated as people exercise. Appliances like
lamps or televisions can then be plugged into the box in order to utilize this power produced
by the human effort.The main aim and purpose of this gym is to generate sufficient amount of
energy from the workouts of people to such an extent which in turn will be useful in
compensating for energy expenses in day today life like television laptops power
requirements in the gym for tube lights, fans for ventilation etc.

JOHN C. SAWHILL and RICHARD COTTON (1999) Energy conservation or the

utilization of energy from pre existing and never ending sources will lead to a healthy as well
as a better future. Surveys have concluded that Policies were developed to curb the growth of

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energy demand, increase the domestic oil supply and substitute alter- native energy. In the
recent past PCRA has done mass media campaigns in television, radio & print media. An
impact assessment survey by a third party revealed that due to these mega campaigns by
PCRA, overall awareness level have gone up leading to saving of fossil fuels worth crores of
rupees besides reducing pollution. Bureau is an Indian governmental organization created in
2002 responsible for promoting energy efficiency. Technology needs to be able to change
behavioural patterns, it can do this by allowing energy users, business and residential, to see
graphically the impact their energy use can have in their workplace or homes. Advance real-
time energy metering is able to help "people" save energy by their actions. To what extent did
they impede or accelerate the efficient use of energy? What actions could policymakers have
taken to help these institutions function more effectively? So it has been concluded that the
energy conservation in present scenario is an important issue. Use of at the most renewable
energy will conserve energy to a great extent.

2.3 CONCLUSION FROM LITERATURE REVIEW

Traditionally muscular energy conversion ideas have been a compromise between the criteria
of efficient energy conversion and the final output form. After going through this project we
came to a conclusion that the production of electricity from gym is a very vast concept and
requires a proper formulation which should be carried out, so this technology can be taken to
another level which makes it more feasible and accessible. As it has been a stepping stone
towards this field so it should be forwarded to research n dev. department (R&D) for its
proper utilisation.

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 UNIT 3
MODEL DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Requirements

a. Wooden board

• A wooden board is a durable board used to place material on for any process. In our
project the board will be the base of the designed physical model that would be prepared.

• Size

• Thickness - 1/2” Wooden Board

• Dimensions - 2X2 (Feet)

b. Side supporting boards (stands)

• Side supporting boards are being employed into the project equipments which will be the
side stands or support to the standing structure of machine.

Fig. 1 Side supporting boards (stands)

c. Pulley

• Also called a sheave or a drum, is a mechanism composed of a wheel on

an axle or shaft that may have a groove between two flanges around
its circumference A rope, cable, belt, or chain usually runs over the wheel and inside the
groove, if present. It is one of the six simple machines. Two or more pulleys together are
called a block and tackle.

• The block and tackle arrangement is used in construction of the ECO-GYM machines so
as to change the direction of an applied force, transmit rotational motion, or realize a
mechanical advantage in either a linear or rotational system of motion.

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• Pulleys employed in project: 4 pulleys of two different sizes.

Fig. 2 Pulley system

d. Dynamo (Specifications)

In order to make a dynamo we used following components

• Bobbin

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• Copper wire

• Round magnet

In this arrangement the copper wire with specification 36 Sq.Gauge has been coiled around
the bobbin (3000 turns) and then a round magnet is made to rotate in the bobbin which cuts
the magnetic field.

e. LED 1.5v

A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in
many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. LEDs emitted low-intensity red
light, but modern versions are available across
the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. LED’s have been
used in the project as to show the conversion of muscular energy into electrical energy.

Fig. 3 LED’s

f. Weights

Weights are used for the following reasons

• To give stability to the constructed model

• To keep the string or cable tight as it would not reverse back to the starting point then.

• More the weight more will be the electric flux production according to the running
capacity of dynamo & motor.

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Weights used-:

• One block of 500gm weight

• Two blocks of 200gm weight

g. Printer wheels.

• Quantity : 2 small printer wheels

h. View meter

• Quantity: 2

Fig. 4 View meter

i. Tyres

• Quantity: 2

• Dimensions: 12"

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 Fig.5 Tyre

j. Rim of tyre
• Dimensions: 12” rim of a tyre.

k. Two bearings of 629 specifications.

• bearings 6000

l. Axles

• 3 axles 7”
• 6 washers for axle
• Steel balls for axle

m. An open type Dynamo.

n. Hook (1ton capacity)

o. Hooks Quantity 2 (6")

p. Mild steel stands Quantity 4 (for L shape)

q. Motor
It deals with Direct Current permanent magnet motors operated at a constant voltage.
Motor characteristics vary considerably from type to type, and their performance

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 characteristics can be altered by the way electrical power is supplied. can be quite
different than those covered here.

Fig. 6 Stepper power motor

Motor Characteristics
Specification: - hc685sg

Description
Voltage & Current 1.5-32 V DC
RPM 300
Reversibility Reversible
Length of Motor (including spindle) mm

In order to effectively design with D.C. motors, it is necessary to understand their

characteristic curves. For every motor, there is a specific Torque/Speed curve and Power
curve.

Curves

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 Fig. 7 Variation of torque with motor speed

The graph above shows a torque/speed curve of a typical D.C. motor. Note that torque is
inversely proportional to the speed of the output shaft. In other words, there is a tradeoff
between how much torque a motor delivers, and how fast the output shaft spins. Motor
characteristics are frequently given as two points on this graph:

• The stall torque, , represents the point on the graph at which the torque is a
maximum, but the shaft is not rotating.
• The no load speed, , is the maximum output speed of the motor (when no torque
is applied to the output shaft).

Fig. 8, 9 Variation of torque with motor speed

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 4.

Fig. 10 Variation of torque with motor speed

Due to the linear inverse relationship between torque and speed, the maximum power occurs
at the point where =½ , and =½ .

3.2 Procedure for the construction of models

Rotating disc mechanism

Pulley mechanism
String mechanism
Peizo-electricity generation
(Dimensions of machines to be constructed have already been mentioned in Equipments)

3.2.1 Required components and steps in rotating wheel mechanism (Conversion

of muscular energy into the electrical output):-

• Wooden board

• Mild steel (for stands)

• Grinding machine

• Drilling machine

• Axles

• Ball bearings

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• Tyres or plastic wheels

• Stepper motor

Fig. 11 Design of rotating disc arrangement

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 Fig. 12 Mechanical model to demonstrate rotating wheel mechanism

Steps
• Wooden board of dimensions 2x2 ft and ¾ inches thickness is taken which will be the
base of our machine.

• Mild steel flat piece of following dimension has been taken:-

i. Width: 8”
ii. Thickness: 4”
iii. Length: 18”
• Grinding - Grinding process is carried out on the selected flat mild steel part so as to
make it of ‘L’ shape.

• Bending - 90 Degree Bending is done in such a way that the length distribution would be
in ratio of 15”: 3”

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• Two axles of 7” length and required diameter are being welded. Axle of appropriate
diameter and length is taken to which ball bearings of rating 6000 is been fitted at its
base.

• Welding of the L shaped structure made and outer surface of the bearing holder is done so
as to give it strength and stiffness while in operation.

• After getting this arrangement tyres of 12” diameter are fitted on to the bearings in such a
way that it can rotate over the bearings very easily.

• The ball bearings should easily and freely rotate so as to give the rotating motion between
axle and the wheel.

• Stepper motor of the specifications given in equipments is taken and its rotor is been
connected to the rotating wheel.

• When the axles rotate it gives rotating torque to the wheels which in turn rotates the rotor
of stepper motor.

• Motion inside the motor cuts the magnetic flux by which electricity production is
detected.

• This electricity production is detected by an LED which is connected to the positive and
negative terminals of stepper motor.

• The L shaped stands get fixed to the wooden board by fixing methods.

• The motors are being arranged in a parallel arrangement so as to ensure that output of all
the wheels is collected in same storage.

Conclusion
Hence we’ve concluded that from one stepper motor 3 LED can be lighten up. One LED
takes 1.5V to run which means total of 4.5V from one stepper motor can be generated easily
by human muscular power which would otherwise gets wasted.

Problem

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One of the problems faced by the team members was during welding of the bearing case to
axle rods, after which the lubricating material inside the bearings got melted and didn’t work
efficiently.

3.2.2 Pulley mechanism of conversion of muscular energy into the electrical

energy:-
Pulleys as we know are wheel on an axle or shaft that may have a groove between
two flanges around its circumference.
The principle behind use of pulley system in our machines is that when work is done on the
machines which employ pulleys in them , the pulley wheel can be integrated with the rotor of
stepper motor by which electricity generation can be detected on Led’s and later can be
applied commercially as well.

Fig. 13 Mechanical models to demonstrate I. Pulley mechanism (left) II. String mechanism (right)

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3.2.3 String mechanism of conversion of muscular energy into the electrical
energy:-

String mechanism of muscular energy conversion into electrical energy finds its bases in the
fact that whenever a coiled string of uniform elasticity fixed at one end at free at another is
stretched from the free end , a force called as restoring force comes into play which tries to
bring the string back to its original position. This phenomenon of getting it back to the
original position because of the restoring force is used in one of the machines of ECOGYM
for the conversion. This arrangement can easily be applied in machines like LAT PULL
DOWN, SEATED ROW & other machines employing cable as their main component.
Working of this arrangement can be explained as when the string is stretched in opposite
direction, it causes tightening of the string as one of the ends of string is fixed at the centre of
coil. Restoring force then comes into play which tries to get it back to normal position. End
of this flexible string is integrated with the rotor of stepper motor by suitable means.
Movement of string generates electricity to considerable extent as discussed earlier.

3.2.4 Peizo-electricity generation of electricity.

The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure. It is derived from
the Greek piezo orpiezein, which means to squeeze or press, and electric or electron, which
stands for amber, an ancient source of electric charge. Piezoelectricity is the direct result of
the piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectricity is found in useful applications such as the production
and detection of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation, and
ultrafine focusing of optical assemblies. Similarly in the concept of ECOGYM
Piezoelectricity can easily be generated that too on a considerably good amount because of
the presence of heavy weights that people use for their weight training. This is the only
concept which can be applied not only in gyms but everywhere for generation of electricity
known as Piezoelectricity. Working of the mechanical model can be explained with help of a
diagram (Fig.)

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 Fig. 14 Generation of peizoelectricity with application of pressure on both sides

Weights (1Kg, 2.5Kgs, 5 Kgs, 7.5 Kgs, 10 Kgs, 12.5 Kgs, 15 Kgs, 20 Kgs) when lifted with
help of cable wire during exercise , comes back to the point where it has started being lifted
up, strikes there and the cycle is repeated for on an average 12-15 times. This striking of the
base weight to the base plate creates an ample of pressure which would be enough for the
production of piezoelectricity.

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 UNIT 4

BACKGROUND THEORY
4.1 ENERGY CONVERSION
The term energy describes the capacity to produce changes within a system, without regard to
limitations in transformation imposed by entropy. Changes in total energy of systems can
only be accomplished by adding or subtracting energy from them, as energy is a quantity
which is conserved, according to the first law of thermodynamics. According to special
relativity, changes in the energy of systems will also coincide with changes in the system's
mass, and the total amount of mass of a system is a measure of its energy.Energy in a system
may be transformed so that it resides in a different state. Energy in many states may be used
to do many varieties of physical work. Energy may be used in natural processes or machines,
or else to provide some service to society (such as heat, light, or motion). For example, an
internal combustion engine converts the potential chemical energy in gasoline and oxygen
into heat, which is then transformed into the propulsive energy (kinetic energy that moves a
vehicle.) A solar cell converts solar radiation into electrical energy that can then be used to
light a bulb or power a computer.

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 Fig.15 Energy conversion

4.2 MUSCULAR ENERGY

Muscular energy is the energy which is developed from the muscular movements like
running, cycling, swimming and many other muscular movements.
Creatine phosphate is used in explosive muscular movements such as sprinting or weight
training. There has been no evidence to show that creatine phosphate is used in endurance
training.Muscular endurance and muscular strength are related because you need muscular
strength in order to have muscular strength. Also, they both require muscles to be used.

23
 Fig. 16 Physical exercise is a stressor and the strains of physical exercise have a energy-releasing effect on the
organic structure

4.3 MECHANICAL ENERGY

Mechanical energy is the energy that is possessed by an object due to its motion or due to its
position. Mechanical energy can be either kinetic energy (energy of motion) or potential
energy (stored energy of position). Objects have mechanical energy if they are in motion
and/or if they are at some position relative to a zero potential energy position (for example, a
brick held at a vertical position above the ground or zero height position). A moving car
possesses mechanical energy due to its motion (kinetic energy). A moving baseball possesses
mechanical energy due to both its high speed (kinetic energy) and its vertical position above
the ground (gravitational potential energy). A World Civilization book at rest on the top shelf
of a locker possesses mechanical energy due to its vertical position above the ground
(gravitational potential energy). A barbell lifted high above a weightlifter's head possesses
mechanical energy due to its vertical position above the ground (gravitational potential
energy). A drawn bow possesses mechanical energy due to its stretched position (elastic
potential energy).

a. Mechanical Energy as the Ability to Do Work

An object that possesses mechanical energy is able to do work. In fact, mechanical energy is
often defined as the ability to do work. Any object that possesses mechanical energy -
whether it is in the form of potential energy or kinetic energy - is able to do work. That is, its

24
mechanical energy enables that object to apply a force to another object in order to cause it to
be displaced.
Numerous examples can be given of how an object with mechanical energy can harness that
energy in order to apply a force to cause another object to be displaced. A classic example
involves the massive wrecking ball of a demolition machine. The wrecking ball is a massive
object that is swung backwards to a high position and allowed to swing forward into building
structure or other object in order to demolish it. Upon hitting the structure, the wrecking ball
applies a force to it in order to cause the wall of the structure to be displaced. The diagram
below depicts the process by which the mechanical energy of a wrecking ball can be used to
do work.

b. TOTAL MECHANICAL ENERGY

As already mentioned, the mechanical energy of an object can be the result of its motion (i.e.,
kinetic energy) and/or the result of its stored energy of position (i.e., potential energy). The
total amount of mechanical energy is merely the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic
energy. This sum is simply referred to as the total mechanical energy (abbreviated TME).

TME = PE + KE

As discussed earlier, there are two forms of potential energy discussed in our course -
gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Given this fact, the above equation
can be rewritten:

TME = PEgrav + PEspring + KE

The diagram below depicts the motion of Li Ping Phar (esteemed Chinese ski jumper) as she
glides down the hill and makes one of her record-setting jumps.

The most common meanings of energy conversion are:-

• Using less energy in a particular application
• Finding ways to purchase particular forms of energy at lower cost.
• This is usually accomplished by negotiating with energy providers or by using energy
under less costly
• Conditions. (Paradoxically, the latter method may increase energy consumption
considerably.)
• Shifting to different energy sources of lower price

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 • Using “free” or “renewable” energy sources (Paradoxically, this is often expensive.)

4.4 POTENTIAL ENERGY

Potential energy is the energy stored in a body or in a system due to its position in a force
field or due to its configuration. The SI unit of measure for energy and work is the Joule
(symbol J)
Potential energy exists when a force acts upon an object that tends to restore it to a lower
energy configuration. This force is often called a restoring force. For example, when a spring
is stretched to the left, it exerts a force to the right so as to return to its original, unscratched
position. Similarly, when a mass is lifted up, the force of gravity will act so as to bring it back
down. The action of stretching the spring or lifting the mass requires energy to perform. The
energy that went into lifting up the mass is stored in its position in the gravitational field;
while similarly, the energy it took to stretch the spring is stored in the metal. According to the
law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed; hence this energy
cannot disappear. Instead, it is stored as potential energy. If the spring is released or the mass
is dropped, this stored energy will be converted into kinetic energy by the restoring force,
which is elasticity in the case of the spring, and gravity in the case of the mass. Think of a
roller coaster. When the coaster climbs a hill it has potential energy. At the very top of the
hill is its maximum potential energy. When the car speeds down the hill potential energy
turns into kinetic. Kinetic energy is greatest at the bottom.
The more formal definition is that potential energy is the energy difference between the
energy of an object in a given position and its energy at a reference position.
There are various types of potential energy, each associated with a particular type of force.
More specifically, every conservative force gives rise to potential energy. For example, the
work of an elastic force is called elastic potential energy; work of the gravitational force is
called gravitational potential energy; work of the Coulomb force is called electric potential
energy; work of the strong nuclear force or weak nuclear force acting on the baryon charge is
called nuclear potential energy; work of intermolecular forces is called intermolecular
potential energy. Chemical potential energy, such as the energy stored in fossil fuels, is the
work of the Coulomb force during rearrangement of mutual positions of electrons and nuclei
in atoms and molecules. Thermal energy usually has two components: the kinetic energy of
random motions of particles and the potential energy of their mutual positions.

As a general rule, the work done by a conservative force F will be

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Where ΔU is the change in the potential energy associated with that particular force.
Common notations for potential energy are U, V, E p, and PE.

Fig.17 shows transformation of energy from one form to another.

POTENTIAL MECHANICA KINETIC

L WORK
ENERGY
DONE ENERGY
DURING THE
EXERCISE

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 KINETIC
ENERGY

Energy converter mainly an electric Dynamo is applied

so as to get the desired form of energy i.e. the
ALTERNATING current at the output.

A lead storage battery is applied

to store the current produced

Electrica
l energy
as
output

4.5 KINETIC ENERGY

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The kinetic energy of an object is the energy which it possesses due to its motion. It is
defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated
velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic
energy unless its speed changes. The same amount of work is done by the body in
decelerating from its current speed to a state of rest. The speed, and thus the kinetic energy of
a single object is frame-dependent (relative): it can take any non-negative value, by choosing
a suitable inertial frame of reference. For example, a bullet passing an observer has kinetic
energy in the reference frame of this observer, but the same bullet is stationary, and so has
zero kinetic energy, from the point of view of an observer moving with the same velocity as
the bullet. By contrast, the total kinetic energy of a system of objects cannot be reduced to
zero by a suitable choice of the inertial reference frame, unless all the objects have the same
velocity. In any other case the total kinetic energy has a non-zero minimum, as no inertial
reference frame can be chosen in which all the objects are stationary. This minimum kinetic
energy contributes to the system's invariant mass, which is independent of the reference
frame.
In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass m travelling at a
speed v is mv2/2. In relativistic mechanics, this is only a good approximation when v is much
less than the speed of light.
The kinetic energy of any entity depends on the reference frame in which it is measured.
However the total energy of an isolated system, i.e. one which energy can neither enter nor
leave, does not change in whatever reference frame it is measured. Thus, the chemical energy
converted to kinetic energy by a rocket engine is divided differently between the rocket ship
and its exhaust stream depending upon the chosen reference frame. This is called the Oberth
effect. But the total energy of the system, including kinetic energy, fuel chemical energy,
heat, etc., is conserved over time, regardless of the choice of reference frame. Different
observers moving with different reference frames disagree on the value of this conserved
energy.
Like any physical quantity which is a function of velocity, the kinetic energy of an object
depends on the relationship between the object and the observer's frame of reference. Thus,
the kinetic energy of an object is not invariant.

4.6 HISTORY

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Looking closely at human history we can easily conclude that locomotion is one of the most
primordial needs. But our current lifestyle does not allow us with much of the movements.
We need to move more often. But it is also true that we live in fitness conscious times. Going
to a gymnasium and working out has become a health statement. But till now many of us
have not devolved deep into what happens in a gymnasium and how can we utilize
events happening in gym for better purposes. If we look carefully every member of a gym in
a particular time slot is performing some controlled and repetitive motion be it lifting weight
or running on a treadmill or doing crunches. When people exercise all the energy created by
motion is wasted and it disappears into nothingness. If we can channelize all this kinetic
energy into something meaningful we can have a ECO GYM. It will utilize all the energy
made by gym goers and convert it into usable electric energy stored in on-board batteries.
This ground-breaking gym will not only endow us with a stimulating view to look upon, but
will also provide increased transportation as well as a unique way to purify water while
working out.
“Our concept encapsulates a new typology for the contemporary urban gym”. It is intended to
challenge our innate prospective and multi-planer locomotive abilities while synchronously
altering the surroundings. When you go to a regular gym all you can enjoy is the sweaty
images of you and fellow gym goers or a TV set or some music tracks going in loops.
But here in Eco Gym, you can observe that the muscular energy which is being created by the
workout into useful work which could be utilized in form of charging their very own
batteries. Why you have to subject yourself to same good old TV or music? While exercising
that will combine exercising with some eco friendly cause. This contributes to a great extent
in Eco Gym.

4.7 Equipments:-
4.7.1 Dynamo
A dynamo (from the Greek word dynamis; meaning power), originally another name for an
electrical generator, generally means a generator that produces direct current with the use of a
commutator.The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert
mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction.
A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a
constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within
that field. The motion of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the
electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant

30
magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the
constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called
field coils.The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates
in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an
alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current
generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct
current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for
batteries. The commutator is essentially a rotary switch. It consists of a set of contacts
mounted on the machine's shaft, combined with graphite-block stationary contacts, called
"brushes", because the earliest such fixed contacts were metal brushes. The commutator
reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential reverses, so
instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced.

Principle : it works on principle of Faraday law of induction.

Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism relating to the operating

principles of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors and generators. The
law states that: The induced electromotive force (EMF) in any closed circuit is equal to the
time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. or

The EMF generated is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

The Dynamo was the first electrical generator capable of delivering power for industry. The
dynamo uses electromagnetic principles to convert mechanical rotation into an alternating
electric current. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure which generates a
strong magnetic field and a set of rotating windings which turn within that field. On small
machines the magnetic field may be provided by a permanent magnet; larger machines have
the magnetic field created by electromagnets. The spinning magnet was positioned so that its
north and south poles passed by a piece of iron wrapped with wire. By adding a commutator,
it was able to convert the alternating current to direct current.
Unlike the Faraday disc, many turns of wire connected in series can be used in the moving
windings of a dynamo which allows the terminal voltage of the machine to be higher.The
relationship between mechanical rotation and electric current in a dynamo is reversible.

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 Fig.18 shows a Dynamo

Parts of a dynamo:-
Mechanical: - Rotor: The rotating part of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor.
Stator: The stationary part of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor.
Electrical: - Armature: The power-producing component of an alternator, generator, dynamo
or motor. The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator.
Field: The magnetic field component of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor. The field
can be on either the rotor or the stator and can be either an electromagnet or a permanent
magnet.

4.7.2 BOBBIN

In non-electrical applications the bobbin is used for tidy storage without tangles. In electrical
applications a coil of wire carrying a current has important magnetic properties. As used in
spinning, weaving, knitting, sewing, or lace making, the bobbin provides temporary or
permanent storage for yarn and may be made of plastic, metal, bone or wood. Bobbin is a
handcraft which requires the winding of yarn onto a temporary storage spindle made of
wood, previously bone, often turned on a lathe. Many lace designs use dozens of bobbins at
any one time. Exotic woods are extremely popular with contemporary lace makers. Both
traditional and contemporary bobbins may be decorated with designs, inscriptions, or pewter
or wire inlays.

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 Fig.19 Bobbin

Often, the bobbins are 'spangled' to provide additional weight to keep the thread in tension. A
hole is drilled near the base to enable glass beads and other ornaments to be attached by a
loop of wire. Again, in the modern context of the hobby of bobbin lace making, these
spangles provide a means of self-expression in the decoration of a tool of the craft. Both
antique and unique bobbins, sometimes spangled, have become highly sought after by
collectors.

Fig.20 Sprangled Bobbin

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Electromagnet laminations
Eddy currents occur when a solid metallic mass is rotated in a magnetic field, because the
outer portion of the metal cuts more lines of force than the inner portion, hence the induced
electromotive force not being uniform, tends to set up currents between the points of greatest
and least potential. Eddy currents consume a considerable amount of energy and often cause
a harmful rise in temperature. Only five laminations or plates are shown in this example, so
as to show the subdivision of the eddy currents. In practical use, the number of laminations or
punching ranges from 40 to 66 per inch, and brings the eddy current loss down to about one
percent. While the plates can be separated by insulation, the voltage is so low that the natural
rust/oxide coating of the plates is enough to prevent current flow across the laminations. This
is a rotor approximately 20mm in diameter from a DC motor used in a CD player. Note the
laminations of the electromagnet pole pieces, used to limit parasitic inductive losses.

Parasitic induction within inductors

In this illustration, a solid copper bar inductor on a rotating armature is just passing under the
tip of the pole piece N of the field magnet. Note the uneven distribution of the lines of force
across the bar inductor. The magnetic field is more concentrated and thus stronger on the left
edge of the copper bar while the field is weaker on the right edge. Since the two edges of the
bar move with the same velocity, this difference in field strength across the bar creates whirls
or current eddies within the copper bar. This is one reason high voltage devices tend to be
more efficient than low voltage devices. High voltage devices use many turns of small-gauge
wire in motors, generators, and transformers. These many small turns of inductor wire in the
electromagnet break up the eddy flows that can form within the large, thick inductors of low
voltage, high current devices.

Fig.21 Parasitic Induction

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Fig.22 Parasitic Induction

Fig.23 Induction

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 Fig.24 Bobbin

4.7.3 Stepper motor

The hybrid stepper motor is the most widely used and combines the principles of the
permanent magnet and the variable reluctance motors. Figure 11-56 shows an example of a
hybrid stepper motor. Most hybrid stepper motors have two phases and operate on the
principle used to explain the 12-step motor previously.

Fig.25 Stepper Motor

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Stepper motor characteristics

1. Stepper motors are constant power devices.

2. As motor speed increases, torque decreases. (most motors exhibit maximum torque
when stationary, however the torque of a motor when stationary 'holding torque'
defines the ability of the motor to maintain a desired position while under external
load).
3. The torque curve may be extended by using current limiting drivers and increasing
the driving voltage (sometimes referred to as a 'chopper' circuit; there are several
off the shelf driver chips capable of doing this in a simple manner).
4. Steppers exhibit more vibration than other motor types, as the discrete step tends to
snap the rotor from one position to another (called a detent). The vibration makes
stepper motors noisier than DC motors.
5. This vibration can become very bad at some speeds and can cause the motor to lose
torque or lose direction. This is because the rotor is being held in a magnetic field
which behaves like a spring. On each step the rotor overshoots and bounces back
and forth, "ringing" at its resonant frequency. If the stepping frequency matches
the resonant frequency then the ringing increases and the motor comes out of
synchronism, resulting in positional error or a change in direction. At worst there
is a total loss of control and holding torque so the motor is easily overcome by the
load and spins almost freely.
6. The effect can be mitigated by accelerating quickly through the problem speeds
range, physically damping (frictional damping) the system, or using a micro-
stepping driver.
Motors with a greater number of phases also exhibit smoother operation than those
with fewer phases (this can also be achieved through the use of a micro Types

There are three main types of stepper motors:

1. Permanent Magnet Stepper (can be subdivided in to 'tin-can' and 'hybrid', tin-can
being a cheaper product, and hybrid with higher quality bearings, smaller step
angle, higher power density)
2. Hybrid Synchronous Stepper
3. Variable Reluctance Stepper
4. Lavet type stepping motor

37
Permanent magnet motors use a permanent magnet (PM) in the rotor and operate on
the attraction or repulsion between the rotor PM and the stator electromagnets.
Variable reluctance (VR) motors have a plain iron rotor and operate based on the
principle that minimum reluctance occurs with minimum gap, hence the rotor
points are attracted toward the stator magnet poles. Hybrid stepper motors are
named because they use a combination of PM and VR techniques to achieve
maximum power in a small package size. Two-phase stepper motors There are two
basic winding arrangements for the electromagnetic coils in a two phase stepper motor:
bipolar and unipolar.

Unipolar motors
A unipolar stepper motor has two windings per phase, one for each direction of magnetic
field. Since in this arrangement a magnetic pole can be reversed without switching the
direction of current, the commutation circuit can be made very simple (e.g. a single
transistor) for each winding. Typically, given a phase, one end of each winding is made
common: giving three leads per phase and six leads for a typical two phase motor.
Often, these two phase commons are internally joined, so the motor has only five leads.
A microcontroller or stepper motor controller can be used to activate the drive
transistors in the right order, and this ease of operation makes unipolar motors popular
with hobbyists; they are probably the cheapest way to get precise angular movements.

Unipolar stepper motor coils

A quick way to determine if the stepper motor is working is to short circuit every two pairs
and try turning the shaft, whenever a higher than normal resistance is felt, it indicates
that the circuit to the particular winding is closed and that the phase is working.

Bipolar motor
Bipolar motors have a single winding per phase. The current in a winding needs to be
reversed in order to reverse a magnetic pole, so the driving circuit must be more
complicated, typically with an H-bridge arrangement (however there are several off the
shelf driver chips available to make this a simple affair). There are two leads per phase,
none are common.

38
Static friction effects using an H-bridge have been observed with certain drive topologies.
Because windings are better utilized, they are more powerful than a unipolar motor of
the same weight. This is due to the physical space occupied by the windings. A
unipolar motor has twice the amount of wire in the same space, but only half used at
any point in time, hence is 50% efficient (or approximately 70% of the torque output
available). Though bipolar is more complicated to drive, the abundance of driver chip
means this is much less difficult to achieve.
An 8-lead stepper is wound like a unipolar stepper, but the leads are not joined to common
internally to the motor. This kind of motor can be wired in several configurations:
•Unipolar.
•Bipolar with series windings. This gives higher inductance but lower current per winding.
•Bipolar with parallel windings. This requires higher current but can perform better as the
winding inductance is reduced.
•Bipolar with a single winding per phase. This method will run the motor on only half the
available windings, which will reduce the available low speed torque but require less
current. Higher-phase count stepper motors: Multi-phase stepper motors with many
phases tend to have much lower levels of vibration, although the cost of manufacture is
higher. These motors tend to be called 'hybrid' and have more expensive machined
parts, but also higher quality bearings. Though they are more expensive, they do have a
higher power density and with the appropriate drive electronics are actually better
suited to the application[citation needed], however price is always an important factor.
Computer printers may use hybrid designs.

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Stepper motor drive circuits: Stepper motor performance is strongly dependent on the
drive circuit. Torque curves may be extended to greater speeds if the stator poles can be
reversed more quickly, the limiting factor being the winding inductance. To overcome
the inductance and switch the windings quickly, one must increase the drive voltage.
This leads further to the necessity of limiting the current that these high voltages may
otherwise induce. L/R drive circuits are also referred to as constant voltage drives
because a constant positive or negative voltage is applied to each winding to set the
step positions. However, it is winding current, not voltage that applies torque to the
stepper motor shaft. The current I in each winding is related to the applied voltage V by
the winding inductance L and the winding resistance R. The resistance R determines
the maximum current according to Ohm's law I=V/R. The inductance L determines the
maximum rate of change of the current in the winding according to the formula for an
Inductor dI/dt = V/L. Thus when controlled by an L/R drive, the maximum speed of a
stepper motor is limited by its inductance since at some speed, the voltage U will be
changing faster than the current I can keep up. In simple terms the rate of change of
current is L X R (e.g. a 10mH inductance with 2 ohms resistance will take 5 ms to
reach approx 2/3 of maximum torque or around 0.1 sec to reach 99% of max torque).
To obtain high torque at high speeds requires a large drive voltage with a low resistance
and low inductance. With an L/R drive it is possible to control a low voltage resistive
motor with a higher voltage drive simply by adding an external resistor in series with
each winding. This will waste power in the resistors, and generate heat. It is therefore
considered a low performing option, albeit simple and cheap. Chopper drive circuits are
also referred to as constant current drives because they generate a somewhat constant
current in each winding rather than applying a constant voltage. On each new step, a
very high voltage is applied to the winding initially. This causes the current in the
winding to rise quickly since dI/dt = V/L where V is very large. The current in each
winding is monitored by the controller, usually by measuring the voltage across a small
sense resistor in series with each winding. When the current exceeds a specified current
limit, the voltage is turned off or "chopped", typically using power transistors. When
the winding current drops below the specified limit, the voltage is turned on again. In
this way, the current is held relatively constant for a particular step position. This
requires additional electronics to sense winding currents, and control the switching, but

40
 it allows stepper motors to be driven with higher torque at higher speeds than L/R
drives. Integrated electronics for this purpose are widely available.

Theory
A step motor can be viewed as a synchronous AC motor with the number of poles (on both
rotor and stator) increased, taking care that they have no common denominator.
Additionally, soft magnetic material with many teeth on the rotor and stator cheaply
multiplies the number of poles (reluctance motor). Modern steppers are of hybrid
design, having both permanent magnets and soft iron cores.To achieve full rated torque,
the coils in a stepper motor must reach their full rated current during each step.
Winding inductance and reverse EMF generated by a moving rotor tend to resist
changes in drive current, so that as the motor speeds up, less and less time is spent at
full current — thus reducing motor torque. As speeds further increase, the current will
not reach the rated value, and eventually the motor will cease to produce torque.

Gears
A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed
part in order to transmit torque. Two or more gears working in tandem are called a
transmissionand can produce a mechanical advantage through a gear ratio and thus may be
considered a simple machine. Geared devices can change the speed, magnitude, and direction
of a power source. The most common situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear,
however a gear can also mesh a non-rotating toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing
translation instead of rotation.

Comparison with other drive mechanisms

The definite velocity ratio which results from having teeth gives gears an advantage over
other drives (such as traction drives and V-belts) in precision machines such as watches that
depend upon an exact velocity ratio. In cases where driver and follower are in close proximity
gears also have an advantage over other drives in the reduced number of parts required; the
downside is that gears are more expensive to manufacture and their lubrication requirements
may impose a higher operating cost.

41
Stepper motor ratings and specifications
Stepper motors nameplates typically give only the winding current and occasionally the
voltage and winding resistance. The rated voltage will produce the rated winding
current at DC: but this is mostly a meaningless rating, as all modern drivers are current
limiting and the drive voltages greatly exceed the motor rated voltage.A stepper's low
speed torque will vary directly with current. How quickly the torque falls off at faster
speeds depends on the winding inductance and the drive circuitry it is attached to,
especially the driving voltage. Steppers should be sized according to published torque
curve, which is specified by the manufacturer at particular drive voltages or using their
own drive circuitry. Applications Computer-controlled stepper motors are one of
the most versatile forms of positioning systems. They are typically digitally
controlled as part of an open loop system, and are simpler and more rugged than
closed loop servo systems. Industrial applications are in high speed pick and place
equipment and multi-axis machine CNC machines often directly driving lead
screws or ball screws. In the field of lasers and optics they are frequently used in
precision positioning equipment such as linear actuators, linear stages, rotation
stages, goniometers, and mirror mounts. Other uses are in packaging machinery,
and positioning of valve pilot stages for fluid control systems. Commercially,
stepper motors are used in floppy disk drives, flatbed scanners, computer
printers, plotters, slot machines, and many more devices. Gears arrangement to
convert the reciprocating movement of strings into rotary output.

4.7.4 Lead acid battery

A lead-acid battery is a electrical storage device that uses a reversible chemical reaction to
store energy. It uses a combination of lead plates or grids and an electrolyte consisting of a
diluted sulphuric acid to convert electrical energy into potential chemical energy and back
again. The electrolyte of lead-acid batteries is hazardous to your health and may produce
burns and other permanent damage if you come into contact with it. Thus, when dealing
with electrolyte protect yourself appropriately! The acid electrolyte is also corrosive.ith
liquid electrolyte in most lead-acid batteries, overcharging with high charging voltages
generates oxygen and hydrogen gas by electrolysis of water, forming the process.

42
Electrochemistry
In the charged state, each cell contains electrodes of elemental lead (Pb) and lead(IV) oxide
(PbO2) in an electrolyte of approximately 33.5% v/v (4.2 Molar) sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
In the discharged state both electrodes turn into lead(II) sulfate (PbSO4) and the electrolyte
loses its dissolved sulfuric acid and becomes primarily water. Due to the freezing-point
depression of water, as the battery discharges and the concentration of sulfuric acid
decreases, the electrolyte is more likely to freeze during winter weather.
The chemical reactions are (discharged to charge):
Anode (oxidation):

Cathode (reduction):

Advantages
1. Low cost of production as well as less maintenance.
2. Reliability of the system is quite satisfactory as compared to others over 140 years of
development.
3. This system is Robust and more likely to be Tolerant to abuse.
4. Tolerant to overcharging is one of the major advantages of using a lead acid battery
system.

43
5. Low internal impedance of the lead acid batteries accounts for one of the major
advantages of it.

Few other advantages of using a lead acid battery are as follows

• Can deliver very high currents.
• Indefinite shelf life if stored without electrolyte.
• It can be left on trickle or float charge for prolonged periods.
• It has a wide range of sizes and capacities available.
• It has many suppliers worldwide.
• It’s the world's most recycled product.

Fig. 27 A lead acid battery with main components

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 UNIT V

FEASIBILITY OF THE PROJECT

5.1 FEASIBILITY OF THE PROJECT:-

A feasibility study is an evaluation of a proposal designed to determine the difficulty in
carrying out a designated task. Generally, a feasibility study precedes technical development
and project implementation. In other words, a feasibility study is an evaluation or analysis of
the potential impact of a proposed project.
The name of our project “EcoGym” itself suggests its importance and future feasibility.
Feasibility in actual meaning implies that weather the object or any project under
consideration is universally applicable or not. Universal applicability depends on few defined
standards.

Fig. 28 shows the typical System Development Lifecycle (SDLC) augmented with the feasibility study phase.

45
5.1.1 Technology and system feasibility
The assessment is based on an outline design of the Ecogym in terms of Input, Processes,
Output, Fields, Programs, and Procedures. This can be quantified in terms of volumes of data,
trends, frequency of updating, etc. in order to estimate whether the new system will perform
adequately or not. As far as technology is concerned the idea of generation of electricity as a
renewable energy that will be used continuously into the machines and equipments of gym, is
completely latest and advanced. Undoubtedly the system is having technological feasibility.

5.1.2 Operational feasibility

Operational feasibility is a measure of how well a proposed system solves the problems, and
takes advantage of the opportunities identified during scope definition and how it satisfies the
requirements identified in the requirements analysis phase of system development. So the
project of Eco Gym has an operational feasibility too because it will be fulfilling the
requirements and needs of the system development.

Fig.29 shows consumption of few non renewable sources of energy having carbon as a main content through
years

5.1.3 Schedule feasibility

A project will fail if it takes too long to be completed before it is useful. Typically this means
estimating how long the system will take to develop, and if it can be completed in a given
time period using some methods like payback period. Schedule feasibility is a measure of
how reasonable the project timetable is. Given our technical expertise, are the project

46
deadlines reasonable? Some projects are initiated with specific deadlines. You need to
determine whether the deadlines are mandatory or desirable.
And thus we can conclude that feasibility study for any project is as important as the basic
idea for the same because feasibility of an article decides whether it will be applicable
practically or not.

5.2 NECESSITY OF THE PROJECT:-

It will surely prove as a stepping stone in the field of energy conservation but a question
arises that energy requirement of people is increasing with time, so there has to be some
alternative of generation of energy which can be endlessly generated on a large scale with
minimum investment.

The main bases behind our project are

1. It's eco-friendly

2. Energy conservation

3. We want to sort out the problem of power cut off in our country
Above all the main advantage of our project is it helps us in saving non-renewable resources
like coal etc. so its helps in producing the energy just by conservation without the
exploitation of the environment. The main purpose of the EcoGym is to utilise the useful
energy which is produced in gym while working out. This technology is not much talked
about in India as there is lack of resources and knowledge. The need of technology arises as
there is lot of energy wastage, which can be converted into useful work. Nowadays as we are
familiar with the concept of hybrid cars which utilises very small amount of non-renewable
resources, was the main reason for their popularity. The main feature of our EcoFriendly
Gym is to conserve the energy being created from renewable sources.

Facts:-
• There are certain facts which makes the eco gym so feasible which are as follows:-

• An exerciser being used for one hour by a regular customer will generate approx 50 w
of energy and save 150 WH.

• An exerciser being used for 10 hours a day and 365 days will save 547 kWh.

• To produce the same energy a power plant will release 11 000 tons of CO2.

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• Tolerant to overcharging is one of the major advantages of using a lead acid battery
system.

After going through this we came to a conclusion that the production of electricity from gym
is a very vast concept and requires a proper formulation should be carried out, so this
technology can be taken to another level which makes it more feasible and accessible.As it
has been a stepping stone towards this field so it should be forwarded to research n dev.
department (R&D) for its proper utilisation.

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 UNIT 6
CONCLUSION

The concept of EcoGym is only a small part of energy transformation which is not being
utilised to desired extent. A well engineered layout does not automatically make a
considerable amount of electrical output. Although this paper has concentrated on the design
aspect, development is just as important to the success of the package.
The main problem with this is that it would generate a pathetic amount of power, even if we
are an exercise freak, or run a commercial gym. Something on the order of 100W.We would
save far more energy by running round the block instead of driving to a gym. And if we have
it in our home we wouldn't use it enough to generate significant power.
The project works like this: there are steps mentioned earlier in unit 3, cycling, and cross-
training machines to use, plenty of volunteers and batteries that will store the energy that then
turns on the lights. According to this concept "someone running an hour each day on a
machine can generate 18.2 kilowatts of electricity and prevent 4,380 litres of CO2 from being
released each year."
When all the exercise machines are in use the power generated amounts to about 300 watts.
300 watts is about enough to run three 27-inch television sets or five 60-watt lights. The
centre is planning to expand the idea throughout the gym if the project is successful and
"economically viable".

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50