Review of AP Bio Labs -KEY

Lab 1 Diffusion and Osmosis

Some potato cores are placed into different molar solutions. (DW, 0.2 M, 0.4 M, 0.6M,
0.8M, 1.0M) Create a graph of the expected change in mass of the cores for the different
concentrations.

% change in mass vs. molar conc.

Water will always move from an area of __high___ water potential to an area of
____low__ water potential.

A cell placed into a hypertonic solution will shrink, swell, or stay the same? shrink
A cell placed into a hypotonic solution will shrink, swell or stay the same? swell
A cell placed into an isotonic solution will shrink, swell, or stay the same? same

What is plasmolysis?

Shrinking of the cell membrane away from the cell wall when a plant cell is placed in a
hypertonic environment.
Lab 2 Enzyme Catalysis

What do enzymes do? decrease activation energy, they are biological catalysts

What was the enzyme in the experiment? catalase

What was the substrate in the experiment? H2O2

Generally, raising the temp causes the reaction rate to increase or decrease? increase

Create a graph of the amount of product formed over time as a result of an enzymatic
reaction.

Product vs. Time

Time

Lab 3 Mitosis and Meiosis

List the cell cycle and list what happens to the chromosomal material in each.

a. G1 -- cell is growing and performing cellular processes

b. S -- synthesis of DNA (DNA replication)

 c. G2 -- growth, cell is preparing for mitosis

d. Mitosis and cytokinesis

Lab 4 Plant Pigments and Chromatography

Light transmittance was measured by using a spectrophotometer

Explain these results. The chloroplasts (unboiled/light) transmitted the most light
because the DPIP was reduced and turned from blue to colorless.

The “unboiled/dark” had no light to photosynthesize so therefore no DPIP was reduced.

The “boiled/light” – enzymes were denatured so therefore photosynthesis (chem..

reactions) could not occur.

The “no chloroplasts” -- no chloroplasts so no photosynthesis and thus no reduction of

DPIP

What was the function of DPIP? To capture electrons and be reduced. It was a
substitute for NADPH.
Lab 5 Cell Respiration

Put the following mL of oxygen in the correct place in the table.

.27 .03 .02 .38

conditions mL oxygen consumed per minute

Germinating peas @ 5 degrees C .27
Germinating peas @ room temp .38
Dry peas @ 5 degrees C .02
Dry peas @ room temp .03

What was the purpose of the beads? To make the volumes equal in the respirometers

What is the purpose of the KOH in this experiment? To take up CO2

Lab 6 Molecular Biology

How does a restriction enzyme work? It cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

Which fragments of DNA migrate further along an electrophoresis gel, long or short
fragments?
Short fragments

What is a plasmid?
A small circular ring of DNA found in bacterial cells

What happened to each of the colonies below and why:

LB/amp + pGLO - growth of colonies

LB/amp/ara + pGLO - growth of glowing colonies, the arabinose turned the glow gene
on

LB/ampicillin – pGLO – no growth, the amp killed the bacteria

LB - pGLO – lots of growth (lawn), nothing to inhibit growth

Lab 7 Genetics and Chi Square
What does Chi Square measure?
It is a statistical test that makes a comparison between the data collected in an experiment
versus the data you expected to find. It helps you decide if the difference between you
observed results and your expected results is probably due to random chance alone, or if
there is some other factor influencing the results.

What are the chances of getting the following from a cross of AaBbCC X AaBBCc
Genotype of AaBBCC 1/8

Complete the following table for the following incomplete dominance monohybrid cross:
Bb X Bb where BB=black fur; Bb= auburn fur; bb=albino

Observed phenotype Expected phenotype Chi Square

30 black 25 1
40 brown 50 2
30 albino 25 1
X2 = 4

At the 0.05 probability level, are the results significantly different from what was
expected? What was your null hypothesis?

No, results due to random chance. Null Hypothesis- any difference from expected and
observed are not significant and due to random chance.

Lab 8 Population Genetics

What are the 5 assumptions for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?

1. large pop

2. random mating

3. no mutation

4. no migration

5. no selection

What do the following stand for:

 a) p2 = ___RR____________________________
b) q2 = ___rr____________________________
c) 2pq = ___Rr___________________________

Solve the following:

The allele for unattached earlobes is dominant over the allele for attached earlobes. In a
population of 500 individuals, 25% show the recessive phenotype. How many
individuals would you expect to be homozygous dominant and heterozygous for this
trait?
125 and 250

Lab 9 Transpiration

Using the following conditions, create a graph showing the relationship between the
amount of transpiration and time. Then, in the blank write a short explanation of the
physiological responses because of environmental conditions.

a) a plant at room temp. – transpiration will occur at average rate (red)

b) a plant in humid conditions – High water potential outside plant, water wants to
move in, not out. Lowest transpiration rate (purple)

c) high light conditions - stomata open for gas exchange and therefore high
transpiration rate (blue)

d) a plant in very dry (windy) conditions – evaporation takes place more rapidly
when wind is blowing. (green)

Transpiration vs. Time

Lab 10 Physiology of the Circulatory System

What is systolic pressure? 120 mmHg -- this is the pressure when the ventricles contract
and force blood throughout the arteriole system.

What is diastolic pressure? 80mmHg -- this is the pressure when the ventricles are
filling with blood

What does it mean to have high blood pressure? Means your heart has to pump harder to
force blood through arteries.

Why does your heart rate go up when you exercise? Your heart has to pump harder to
force blood to all the muscle cells of your body at a more rapid rate. Cells are performing
respiration and need glucose and oxygen supplied to them by the blood stream in order to
produce ATP.

Create a graph showing the relationship between temperature and heart rate for an
ectothermic animal.

Heart Rate vs. Temperature

0 temp (Celcius) 20C

Lab 11 Animal Behavior

Define taxis – movement toward or away from a stimulus

Define kinesis – a change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus

In this lab, pill bugs (isopods/terrestrial crustaceans/arthropods) were used. After the pill
bugs have been in the choice chamber for 10 minutes, you might observe one of these
situations:
Situation A: Wet: 5 pill bugs Dry: 5 pill bugs
Situation B: Wet: 7 pill bugs Dry: 3 pill bugs
Situation C: Wet: 2 pill bugs Dry: 8 pill bugs

Pill bugs are crustaceans, and they respire through their gills. Because of this
characteristic, which situation would you predict to occur --- A, B or C?
B
Explain your answer. They need to be able to get the oxygen they need through their
gills.

Lab 12 Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity

The primary productivity of an ecosystem is defined as the rate at which organic

materials (carbon-containing compounds) are stored.

What are three ways primary productivity can be measured?

Rate of oxygen produced

Rate of CO2 uptake
Rate of carbohydrates produced or biomass

What is the effect of temperature on the amount of oxygen that water at different
temperatures can hold?
If temp increases then the amount of gas decreases.
A mammal uses only 1 to 2 percent of its energy in ventilation (breathing air in and
out) while a fish must spend about 15 percent of its energy to move water over its
gills. Explain this huge difference in their efforts to collect oxygen.

Oxygen is thicker in water than in air. Muscles must work harder to move water over
gill surfaces. Water holds less oxygen than air.

Would you expect the DO in water taken from a stream entering a lake to be higher
or lower than the DO taken from the lake itself? Explain.

Higher, because the stream is shallow and rapidly moving to enable it to pick up oxygen
from the air.

Would you expect the DO concentration of water samples taken from a lake at 7:00
am to be higher or lower than samples taken at 5:00pm? Explain.

Lower at 7 am because respiration took place at night, oxygen was being consumed.

In the following drawings of identical containers with identical fish but with
different volumes of water, which one, A or B, would have more oxygen available to
the fish?
Explain.
A – a fixed amount of oxygen can be dissolved in a given amount of water

B – over time B would have “more available” due to more surface area