A

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON

METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIRMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

FROM

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY,KURUKSHETRA

SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:

NIKHIL (1705429) Asstt. Prof. DEVENDER PRAKASH

HEMANT KUMAR (1705433) CO-GUIDED BY:

PRIYANSHU CHAUHAN (1705439) Er. VARSHA SOOD

DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

AMBALA ROAD, KAITHAL-136027
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many lives & destinies are destroyed due to the lack of proper guidance, directions &
opportunities. It is in this respect I feel that I am in much better condition today due to
continuous process of motivation & focus provided by my parents & teachers in general. The
process of completion of this project was a tedious job & requires care & support at all stages. I
would like to highlight the role played by individuals towards this.
I am eternally grateful to honorable principal Dr. D.P. Gupta for providing us the opportunity &
infrastructure to complete the project as a partial fulfillment of B.Tech degree.
I am very thankful to Asst. Prof. Rajiv Chechi, Head of Department, for his kind support &
faith in us.

I would like to express my sincere thanks, with deep sense of gratitude to my project guide Asst.
Prof. Devender Prakash for their keen interests my project.

I also thank Mr. Varun Sharma for his valuable help in our project.

I am also thankful to all visible & invisible hands which helped us to complete this project with a
feeling of success.

Nikhil (1705429)

Hemant Kumar (1705433)

Priyanshu Chauhan (1705439)

(i)
 CERTIFICATE

We hereby certify the work which is being presented in the project entitled “METRO TRAIN
PROTOTYPE” by “NIKHIL SHARMA, HEMANT KUMAR, PRIYANSHU CAUHAN” in
partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree B.Tech (Electronics &
Communication Engg.) submitted in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engg.
at Haryana College Of Technology & Management, Kaithal under Kurukshetra University,
Kurukshetra is carried out during a period from August2008 to December2008 under the
supervision of “Asstt. Prof. Devender Prakash” Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering, HCTM Kaithal. The matter presented in this project has not been submitted by me
in any other University/ Institue for the award of B.Tech. Degree.

NIKHIL SHARMA (1705429) HEMANT KUMAR (1705433)

PRIYANSHU CHAUHAN (1705439)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my/our
knowledge.

Asstt. Prof. Devender Prakash Er. Varsha Sood

Project Guide Project Co-guide

The B.Tech Viva Voce Examination of “Nikhil Sharma, Hemant Kumar, Priyanshu Chauhan”
has been held on _____________ and accepted.

(Asstt. Prof. Rajiv Chechi)

H.O.D

(ii)
 ABSTRACT

This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the now a
day’s driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries like
Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control
the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is
defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is predefined.

In this Project
In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using
microcontroller 8051 as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor,
for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines.
The train is designed for three stations, named as Aligarh, Ghaziabad & New Delhi. The
Stoppage time is of 3 Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a
LCD display for showing various messages in the train for passengers. There are
indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. Up path and Down path. Before
stopping at station the train blows the buzzer. It also includes an emergency brake system
due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes are applied and resumes journey when
the emergency situation is over.
This paper describes a prototype that has been developed to demonstrate the concept of
integrated gaming and simulation for incident management. Architecture for the purpose
was developed and presented at the last conference. A hypothetical emergency incident
scenario has been developed for demonstrating the applicability of integrated simulation
and gaming. A number of simulation and gaming modules have been utilized to model
the major aspects of the hypothetical scenario. The modules demonstrate the value of
utilizing simulation for incident management applications. They can be used to highlight
the value of simulation and gaming for training applications in particular. Two of the
simulation modules have been integrated using a modified implementation of the high
level architecture to give an idea of the advantages. Technical issues in integration are
identified.
(iii)
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1.1 List of Components 4

1.2 Maximum Rating of ULN 14

4.1 Cost Analysis 45

(iv)
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1.1 Pin Diagram of 8051 5
1.2 Reset Diagram 7
1.3 Block Diagram of 8051 10
1.4 ULN 2003 13
1.5 Voltage Regulator 7805 15
1.6 12V 75Ω Unipolar Stepper Motor 16
1.7 Basic Stepper Motor 18
1.8 Schematic Diagram of LCD 19
1.9 LCD Display 20
1.10 Power Supply 20
1.11 Bridge Rectifier 21
1.12 Basic Transformer 22
1.13 Diode 22
1.14 Symbol of Resistance 23
1.15 Carbon Film Resistance 24
1.16 Capacitor 26
1.17 Symbol of Capacitor 26
1.18 Capacitor & Battery Connection 27
1.19 LED & LED Symbol 27
1.20 Detailed Diagram of LED 28
1.21 Buzzer 28
3.1 Block Diagram 43
3.2 Circuit Diagram 44

(v)
 CONTENTS

Page
CONTENTS No.
Certificate (i)
Acknowledgement (ii)
(iii
Abstract )
(iv
List of Tables )
List of Figures (v)

Chapter 1
ﾕ Introduction 1-29
Chapter 2
ﾕ Literature Review 30-37
Chapter 3
ﾕ PCB Designing 38-40
ﾕ Working 41-42
ﾕ Block Diagram 43
ﾕ Circuit Diagram 44
Chapter 4
ﾕ Cost Analysis 45
ﾕ Problem Faced & Troubleshooting 46
Chapter 5
ﾕ Conclusion 47
ﾕ Future Scope 47

REFERENCES 48-49
APPENDIX
ﾕ Program Coding 50-58
ﾕ Datasheets 59-77
 MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION & COMPONENTS

INTRODUCTION

This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the
now a day’s driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries
like Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which
control the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the
path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is
predefined. This is very wonderful project to control the working of the train without
driver. These train are equipped with the CPU which control the train.

1. 8051 Microcontroller
2. ULN 2003
3. Stepper motor
4. LCD

In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using ATMEL
microcontroller 8051 to control all the function as CPU. Microcontroller controls the rotation of
motor. First the motor is controlled and name of each station is displayed over LCD and
accordingly the different delay for each station is provided. So this project works for metro
train without driver. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying
message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed
for three stations, named as New Delhi, Noida, and Greater Noida. The Stoppage time is of 3
Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a LCD display for showing
various messages in the train for passengers. There are indicators, which are used to show the
train direction i.e. UP path and down path. Before stopping at station the train blows the buzzer.
It also includes an emergency brake system due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes
are applied and resumes journey when the emergency situation is over.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG.
HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL
MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 2

WHAT IS EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY

Embedded technology is software or hardware that is hidden embedded in a large

device or system. It typically refers to a fixed function device, as compared with a PC,
which runs general purpose application. Embedded technology is nothing new. It all
around us and has been for years. An early example of embedded technology is the
engine control unit in a car, which measures what setting to give the engine. Your
coffee maker has embedded technology in the form of a microcontroller, which is
what tells it to make the coffee at 6 a.m. the vending machine has it too. Overall,
billions of devices woven into everyday life use embedded technology.
In the past embedded technology existed in standalone device vending machines and
copiers that did their jobs with little regard for what went on around them,. But as
technology has learned to connect device to the internet and to each other, embedded
technology potential has grown. Suddenly it is and what actions those connections let
them perform. Cell phone companies figured that out a long time ago, which is why
cell phones are cheap and the service, plans are expensive. It is not the phone itself
that matters, but the connectivity to a vast network of other phones, other people and
the internet. Until you download software that lets you find a local restaurant or
mange your finances. Let say you make freezers the big, expensive kind that grocery
stores buy. You sell ne and you are done with that customer. When it brakes the
customer calls a service person, who probably comes from somewhere other than your
company. But let us say that freezer knows that it is about to go on the fritz. Let say
three refrigerator alerts the customer before it breaks. Better yet, let us say the freezer
alerts the manufacturer and you are able to send a service person to do preventative
work and save a lot of haagen- dazs from melting. Embedded technology allows all of
that to happen. You, the freezer company have transformed yourself from a product
company to product and services company. The possibilities go beyond that
programming device to communicate with businesses can eliminate the need for
costly call centers. Copy machines that can order their own replacement cartridges
will save businesses time and money. Remember, the fact the technology is embedded
is not what important, and neither is the device.

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MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 3

APPLICATIONS

Telecom
Mobile phone systems (handsets and base stations), modems, routers

Automotive application
Braking system, Traction control, Airbag release system, Management units, and
Steer-by-wire systems.

Domestic application
Dishwasher, television, washing machines, microwave ovens, Video recorders,
Security system, Garage door controllers, Calculators, Digital watches, VCRs, Digital
cameras, Remote Controls, Treadmills

Robotic
Fire fighting robot, Automatic floor cleaner, robotic arm

Aerospace application
Flight control system, Engine controllers, Autopilots, Passenger entertainment system

Medical equipment
Anesthesia monitoring system, ECG monitors, Pacemakers, Drug delivery
systems, MRI scanners

Defense system
Radar systems, Fighter aircraft flight control system, Radio system, Missile guidance
systems

Office automation
Laser printers, Fax machines, Pagers, Cash registers, Gas pumps, Credit /Debit card
readers, Thermostats, Grain analyzers

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MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 4

COMPONENTS

LIST OF COMPONENTS USED

Table No. 1.1 List of components

Sr. no Equipment Quantity

1 IC 8051 MC 1

2 IC ULN 2003 1

3 Transformer 1

4 Voltage Regulator 7805 1

5 2 line LCD display 1

6 Stepper Motor 1

7 Crystal Oscillator 1

8 Switch 2

9 LED 2

10 Resistors(220Ω,4.7kΩ,10kΩ) 10

11 Capacitors(33pf,ceramic disk) 2

12 Diode 2

13 Buzzer 1

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MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 5

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

1) MICRO-CONTROLLER 8051

DESCRIPTION

The IC 8051 is a low-power; high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K

bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device
is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-
chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel IC 8051 is a powerful microcomputer
which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications. The IC 8051 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes
of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector
two-level interrupt architecture, full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock
circuitry. In addition, the IC 8051 is designed with static logic for operation down to
zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and
interrupt system to continue functioning.

Figure No. 1.1: Pin Diagram of 8051

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MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 6

PROCESSOR

A processor is an electronic device capable of manipulating data in a way specified by

a sequence of instructions.

INSTRUCTIONS

Instructions in a computer are binary numbers just like data. Different numbers, when
read and executed by a processor, cause different things to happen. The instructions
are also called opcodes or machine codes.
Different bit patterns activate or deactivate different parts of the processing core.
Every processor has its own instruction set varying in number, bit pattern and
functionality.

PROGRAM

The sequence of instructions is what constitutes a program. The sequence of

instructions may be altered to suit the application.

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

Writing and understanding such programs in binary or hexadecimal form is very

difficult ,so each instructions is given a symbolic notation in English language called
as mnemonics. A program written in mnemonics Form is called an assembly language
program. But it must be converted into machine language for execution by processor.

ASSEMBLER

An assembly language program should be converted to machine language for

execution by processor. Special software called ASSEMBLER converts a program
written in mnemonics to its equivalent machine opcodes.

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MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 7

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

A high level language like C may be used to write programs for processors. Software
called compiler converts this high level language program down to machine code.
Ease of programming and portability.

PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC (Pin 40)

Provides voltage to the chip . +5V

GND (Pin 20)

Ground

XTAL1 (Pin 19) and XTAL2 (Pin 18)

Crystal Oscillator connected to pins 18, 19.Two capacitors of 30pF value. Time for

one machine cycle:11.0592/12=1.085 ﾵ secs

Fig No. 1.2: Reset

RST (Pin 9)
RESET pin
1. Active high. On applying a high pulse to this pin, microcontroller will reset
and terminate all activities.
2. INPUT pin
3. Minimum 2 machine cycles required to make RESET
4. Value of registers after RESET

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MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 8

External Access: EA 31
0• Connected to VCC for on chip ROM

0• Connected to Ground for external ROM containing the code Input Pin

Program Store Enable: PSEN 29

0• Output Pin

0• In case of external ROM with code it is connected to the OE pin of the

ROM

Address Latch Enable: ALE 30

0• Output Pin. Active high

0• In case of external ROM ,ALE is used to de multiplex (PORT 0) the

address and data bus by connecting to the G pin of 74LS373 chip

I/O Port Pins and their Functions:

ﾕ Four ports P0,P1,P2,P3 with 8 pins each, making a total of 32
input/output pins

ﾕ On RESET all ports are configured as output. They need to be

programmed to make them function as inputs

PORT 0
0• Pins 32-39

0• Can be used as both Input or Output

0• External pull up resistors of 10K need to be connected

0• Dual role: 8051 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save
pins .AD0-AD7

0• ALE is used to de multiplex data and address bus

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PORT 1
0• Pins 1 through 8

0• Both input or output

0• No dual function

0• Internal pull up registers

0• On RESET configured as output

PORT 2
0• Pins 21 through 28

0• No external pull up resistor required

0• Both input or output

0• Dual Function: Along with Port 0 used to provide the 16-Bit address
for external memory. It provides higher address A8-A16

PORT 3
0• Pins 10 through 17

0• No external pull up resistors required

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PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE

Figure No. 1.3: Block Diagram of Microcontroller

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 MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 11

ALU

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs the internal arithmetic manipulation of
data line processor. The instructions read and executed by the processor decide the
operations performed by the ALU and also control the flow of data between registers
and ALU.
Operations performed by the ALU are Addition , Subtraction , Not , AND , NAND ,
OR , NOR , XOR , Shift Left/Right , Rotate Left/right , Compare etc. Some ALU
supports Multiplication and Division. Operands are generally transferred from two
registers or from one register and memory location to ALU data inputs. The result of
the operation is the placed back into a given destination register or memory location
from ALU output.

REGISTERS

Registers are the internal storage for the processor. The number of registers varies
significantly between processor architectures.

ﾕ WORKING REGISTERS
Temporary storage during ALU Operations and data transfers.

ﾕ INDEX REGISTERS
Points to memory addresses.

ﾕ STATUS REGISTERS
Stores the current status of various flags denoting conditions resulting from
various operations.

ﾕ CONTROL REGISTERS
Contains configuration bits that affect processor operation and the operating
modes of various internal subsystems.

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MEMORY

Memory is used to hold data and program for the processor.

ﾕ SRAM
Volatile, fast, low capacity, expensive, requires lesser external
support circuitry.

ﾕ DRAM
Volatile, relatively slow, highest capacity needs continuous refreshing. Hence
require external circuitry.

ﾕ OTP ROM
One time programmable, used for shipping in final products.

ﾕ EPROM
Erasable programmable, UV Erasing, Used for system development and
debugging.

ﾕ EEPROM
Electrically erasable and programmable, can be erased programmed in- circuit,
Used for storing system parameters.

ﾕ FLASH
Electrically programmable & erasable, large capacity, organized as sectors.

BUSES

A bus is a physical group of signal lines that have a related function. Buses allow for
the transfer of electrical signals between different parts of the processor.

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MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 13

Processor buses are of three types:

0• Data bus
0• Address bus
0• Control bus

CONTROLLER LOGIC

Processor brain decodes instructions and generate control signal for various sub units.
It has full control over the clock distribution unit of processor.

I/O Peripherals

The I/O devices are used by the processor to communicate with the external world
0• Parallel Ports.
0• Serial Ports.
0• ADC/DAC.

2) ULN 2003

Figure No. 1.4: ULN 2003

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MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 14

FEATURES

0- Output current 500mA per driver (600mA peak)

0- Output voltage 50V
0- Integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads
0- Outputs can be paralleled for higher current
0- TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL Compatible inputs
0- Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify Layout

DESCRIPTION

The ULN2001, ULN2002, ULN2003 and ULN2004 are high voltage, high current
Darlington Arrays each contain seven open collector Darlington pairs with common
emitters. Each Channel rated at 500mA and can withstand peak currents of 600mA.
Suppression diodes are Included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned
opposite the outputs to simplify board

MAXIMUM RATING
Table No. 1.2: Maximum Rating of ULN

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MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 15

WHY WE USE ULN 2003?

Digital system and microcontroller pins lack sufficient current to drive the relay.
While the stepper motor’s coil needs around 10ma to be energized, the
microcontroller’s pin can provide a maximum of 1-2 mA current. For this reason, we
place a driver.

3) VOLAGE REGULATOR

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative
voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators
include some automatic protection from excessive current (over load protection) and
overheating (thermal protection). Many of fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads.
They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.

Figure No. 1.5: 7805 Voltage Regulator

DESCRIPTION

These voltage regulators are monolithic circuit integrated circuit designed as fixed
voltage regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, on card
regulation. These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and

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MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 16

safe-area compensation. With adequate heat sinking they can deliver output current in
excess of 1.0 A. Although designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and
current.

FEATURES

0• Output current in Excess of 1.0 A

0• No external component required
0• Internal thermal overload protection
0• Internal short circuit current limiting
0• Output transistor safe-area compensation
0• Output voltage offered in 2% and 4% tolerance
0• Available I n surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor
packages
0• Previous commercial temperature range has been extended to a
junction temperature range of -40 degree C to +125 degree C.

4) STEPPER MOTOR

Figure No. 1.6: 12-Volt 75 Ohm Unipolar Stepper Motor

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GENERAL INFORMATION

A stepper motor system is an electro-mechanical rotary actuator that converts

electrical pulses into unique shaft rotations. This rotation is directly related to the
number of pulses.

Motion Control, in electronic terms, means to accurately control the movement of an

object based on speed, distance, load, inertia or a combination of all these factors.
There are numerous types of motion control systems, including; Stepper Motor,
Linear Step Motor, DC Brush, Brushless, Servo, Brushless Servo and more.
Stepper motors are ideally suited for precision control. This motor can be operated in
forward/reverse with controllable speed from a BASIC Stamp or any other
microcontroller through a transistor driver circuit. Some of the applications for this
motor include educational experimentation, robotics and precision mechanical control
the #27964 is a Unipolar (4 phase) 12 VDC, 150 mA motor that takes 3.6 degrees per
step.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

0· Phase resistance (Ohms): 75

0· Current (mA): 150
0· Phase Inductance (mH): 39
0· Detent torque (g-cm): 80
0· Holding Torque (g-cm): 600
0· Mounting hole space diagonal (in.): 1.73
0· Mounting hole (in.) 0.11
0· Shaft diameter (in.): 0.197
0· Shaft length (in.): 0.43
0· Motor Diameter (in.): 1.66
·Motor height (in.): 1.35
· Weight: 0.55 lbs.

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MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 18

Figure No. 1.7: Basic Stepper Motor

5) LCD DISPLAY

DESCRIPTION OF LCD DISPLAY

This is the first interfacing example for the Parallel Port. We will start with something
simple. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature found on newer ports, thus
it should work with most, if not all Parallel Ports. It however doesn't show the use of
the Status Port as an input. These LCD Modules are very common these days, and are
quite simple to work with, as all the logic required to run them is on board.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Figure No. 1.8: Schematic Diagram of LCD Display

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