ds ign

david stevens design solutions

Arthritic Solutions

Product Design BSC

Design Project (H6052)
Technical report

Word Count 11, 573

david stevens : major project : product design bsc : university of sussex 07 - 08

Note to Reader
This report is representative of the Arthritic Solutions project and does not resemble the ‘traditional’ model of a technical report. As the project is
entirely user-focused, aspects of the design could change at any time dependent on feedback from the user groups in question.

The project followed the philosphies of Inclusive Design and Emotional Design, therefore this report does not contain a Product Design Specification.
This would have placed constrictions on an area of design that can benefit immediate changes, due to user feedback.

In an attempt to make this report as user-friendly to read as possible, it has been spiral bound, rather than hot glue bound. The spiral bind allows
readers to turn pages fully, removing the need to hold back pages while reading. A hardback bound update of this report will be available at
twentythree08 : University of Sussex Degree Show.

To further this report’s usability and to preserve resources, Appendices A - E have been burned onto the accompanying DVD, as opposed to
printing.

Statement of Origininality
This report is a documentation of work conducted on the Design Project course (H6052) at University of Sussex between September 2007 and April
2008. All content has been produced by the author, David Stevens, unless stated otherwise. The corporate identity ‘ds:ign; David Stevens Design
Solutions’ is the property of David Stevens, all rights reserved.

Note to Examiner
Due to a death in the family in March 2008, a mitigating cirumstances form has been submitted for this report.
summary
Using a variety of design philosophies, namely Inclusive Design and
Emotional Design, the subject of Living with Arthritis has been used
as a primary focus point to explore the possibility of new product
developments with the aim of helping people carry out daily tasks
that they may otherwise find challenging. Inclusive and Emotional
Design Philosophies were adopted to give the potentially broad
project a specific focus, leading to the study of relevant areas of
design and market research.

An integral element of the project is observational first hand research.

Through a number of focus groups, case studies and interviews
with professionals, a large body of invaluable information has been Fig 0.1 A selection of people who helped to develop the product from concept to final solution.

collected through the mediums of photography, film and sound
recordings, and has helped to:
• Visually document people performing tasks related to the
project
• Recognise a problem that may not have been seen by the
intended market,
• Turn a perceived problem into an exact solution
• Establish a reliable user base for prototype testing
This research was then implemented into the development of a
range of arthritic solutions that aim to reduce, if not eliminate pain
experienced from the effects of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid
arthrits in the execution of daily tasks. Although there is currently a large
market saturated with products aimed at relieving the symptoms of arthritis,
the focus has been shifted to the Universal Design Philosophy of improving
the lifestyle of not only the ‘disabled’ but the wider population, with the
further aim of reducing the likelihood of arthritis in later life.
With the use of new materials such as SUGRU, a hand formable silicone, a
range of products have been developed to eliminate painful symptoms of
arthritis experienced during daily activities, while establishing a positive
emotional response from the user. It is this effect, accompanied by the
philosophies behind Inclusive Design that have resulted in well-considered,
unstigmatised, user-centered products.
contents
Summary
Contents
Introduction

1.0 Initial Research..................................................................................................................2 4.0 Key Turner.........................................................................................................................35

1.1 Intial Observations 4.1 Study of Keys
1.2 Models of Disability 4.2 Keys in Use
1.3 Physiological Research 4.3 Initial Concepts
1.4 Memory of Pain 4.4 CAD Development
1.5 Statement of Intent 4.5 Further Development
1.6 Initial Concepts
5.0 Materials and Manufacture......................................................................................43
2.0 Market Research............................................................................................................13 5.1 Material Selection for body of products
2.1 Occupational Theapy 5.2 Cast Aluminium Pure (S150.1)
2.2 St. Dunstan’s home for the Blind 5.3 Manufacturing Process
2.3 Arthritis Simulation 5.4 Glass Rub 50
2.4 Visual Impairment Simulation 5.5 SUGRU
2.5 Emotional Design
2.6 Potential Market 6.0 Concept Refinement.....................................................................................................53
6.1 Integration of SUGRU
3.0 DialTurner.........................................................................................................................23 6.2 Technical Specification
3.1 Inspiration
3.2 Dial-operated products
3.3 Idea Generation 7.0 Cost Analysis...................................................................................................................55
3.4 Initial Concepts 7.1 Cost of Manufacture
3.5 Sketch Development 7.2 PEST Analysis
3.6 Sketch Modelling
3.7 CAD solutions 8.0 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................59
3.8 CAD Development Project Evaluation
3.9 Interim Solution What next...?
Introduction
According to the UK charity, Arthritis Care, as of August 2007, there were 4.4 million people in the UK alone with x-ray evidence
of osteoarthritis in their hands. In Europe, the number of people registered as having a musculoskeletal condition (arthritis)
reached over 100 million, whilst in the USA records have been broken with 69.9 million people (33% of total population)
being diagnosed with either osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Of these people, 87% do not have external care, yet 81%
stated that their condition limits their ability to carry out basic daily routines. This emphasises the fact that not only does the
condition affect hundreds of millions of people, but the majority try to stay independent for as long as possible.
This prompted further research into existing products designed to help people with arthritis
(Chapter 2), resulting in the discovery of Inclusive Design, the design philosophy developed
by University of Cambridge’s Engineering Department.

Inclusive Design
The British Standards Institute (2005) defines inclusive design as “The design of mainstream
products and/or services that are accessible to, and usable by, as many people as reasonably
possible … without the need for special adaptation or specialised design.”*

Use of the Inclusive Design Toolkit, commissioned British Telecom, helps to define an inclusive
product as the following:
Fig 0.2 Case study volunteer, Cynthia Stobbs, struggles to slice bread

• Functional – once the needs and desires of the intended market have been determined, the product must contain features that render it
functional for its intended use. A product with a large number of features is not guaranteed to be functional. This emphasised by the Flexibility-
Usability Tradeoff, as defined by Lidwell, Holden and Butler (2003), where a product’s usability decreases with the number of functions it has.

• Usable – many user groups are still the victims of bad design. Poorly designed products that place high demands on the user often generate
unnecessarily negative brand images. These insensitive designs can cause frustration in many user groups and can exclude others altogether. In
extreme cases, the thought of independent living may be brought into doubt after extended experience of poorly designed products.

*Source: Inclusive Design Toolkit (2007), What is Inclusive Design? [online] avialble at : http://www.inclusivedesigntoolkit.com/betterdesign/whatis/whatis3.html
• Desirable – a product may be desirable for many reasons, including being aesthetically striking, pleasant to touch, conferring social status or
providing a positive impact on quality of life. This may be accentuated by the fact that the intended user groups feel as though they have not been
stigmatised – it offers a better quality of life to everyone.

• Viable - a commercially successful product relies on its profitability. This is usually influenced by the above points and whether the correct
market research has been carried out, accompanied with release dates and costs.

Essentially, Inclusive Design is a process-driven approach by designers and industry to ensure that products and services address the needs of the
widest possible consumer base, regardless of age or ability. Emphasis is therefore placed on working with ‘critical users’ to increase the usability of
products and services across the board. In the context of this project, ‘critical users’ are people suffering from either osteoarthritis or rheumatoid
arthritis. As their condition limits their ability to carry out every day activities, they have been used as a focal point in research, development and
testing stages.

Using Inclusive Design as a basis for the project, this report is a

documentation of the time spent and work produced in developing
inclusive products that aim to reduce or eliminate the painful
symptoms experienced with the onset of arthritis in the execution
of routine activities.

Fig 0.3 OXO Good Grips kitchenware

Source : Design Council 2008 [accessed 16.03.2008]

 Chapter 1
Initial Research
Initial research areas helps to determine potential markets and can help
quickly identify problem areas which could be solved by developing
products for the specified user.

Unless stated otherwise, full documentation of observational case studies can be

seen in Appendix A

2
1.1 Initial Observations
“Engineers and designers who believe that they do not need to watch the people who use products are a major source of the many poor designs
that confront us.” Norman 2004
Vicky Tremain
In order to design products with the aim to reduce the daily pain experienced by people with arthritis, a number of initial case studies were carried
out using both older and younger generations. This was to observe differences and similarities in performing the same or similar tasks that would be
carried out on a regular basis. The area chosen to observe was the kitchen, as it is a room used often by the majority of people living independently
and poses a number of differing ‘hands-on’ activities. The full range of images in this section can be seen in Appendix A.

Vicky lives in a 6-person house in Brighton, East Sussex, which contains only one medium-sized fridge-freezer, therefore it is often extremely full.
Having recently bought some frozen fish, Vicky was asked to retrieve the packet from the freezer. The images shown (left to right) show Vicky’s
necessary movements to retrieve the food.

Fig 1.1 Vicky Tremain demonstartes the difficulties in obtaining food from freezer units

Comments to consider during concept development:

“ I couldn’t remember which draw I’d put [the fish] in, so when I looked in the [third] draw I could bend pretty easily. When it wasn’t there I couldn’t
bend to the bottom drawer, it hurts my back and legs too much; I just had to crouch instead.”

“I don’t have any joint or muscle problems, but bending for too long hurts my back and crouching can hurt my knees; but I don’t think I’m the only
one!”

“It would be great if you see everything in the freezer before you open the draw so you don’t have to rummage all the time...or have everything at
eye-level.”
3
Audrey Flint and Maurice Still

Audrey and Maurice are 79 and 85, respectively and have been close friends for many years. They were
supplied with a camera for a number of days and asked to record elements of their life that proved difficult
or required external help. The images shown depict often simple problems that, if designed properly should
not pose difficulty.

Audrey is a keen gardener but has trouble bending to the ground, and long periods of kneeling on turf
can cause severe discomfort. A further problem relating to bending is Audrey’s mini-fridge (Fig 3.3.4.3). As
it is so low to the ground, the bottom shelves are often not used in order to avoid uncomfortable arching
of the back.

Maurice is a war veteran and, due to his injuries, experiences problems gaining access to his fuse box and
electricity meters, which are located under the stairs. Bending like this not only causes pain in the back and
knees but aggravates existing problems.

A further annoyance experienced by both Audrey and Maurice was the height of their light fittings, particularly
upstairs. The red circle in Fig 1.2 shows a light in Audrey’s home that is positioned at a difficult height and
directly over the stairwell. If she was unable to obtain help to maintain this light, Audrey would face serious
dangers in trying to reach it. Maurice has equally high light fittings and due to a long standing knee injury is
unable to climb on stools or chairs to change light bulbs.

These problems show that the design and layout of products for simple tasks have not been considered
fully, therefore presenting unnecessary problems to older people, in particular.

Fig 1.2 Images taken by Audrey Flint and Maurice Still when asked to document activities they foudn troublesome
4
Cynthia Stobbs
Cynthia lives by herself in a one-person, ground floor flat in Sussex. Despite her age and the onset of arthritis, she lives as independently as possible.
Like Vicky, Cynthia was also asked to access her freezer and retrieve an item, as seen below.
Fig 1.3 Cynthia Stobbs
using her fridge-freezer
unit

Fig 1.3 shows that the fridge-freezer unit that Cynthia has installed has access
problems before anything is even taken out. Due to poor design of other
kitchen units, the gap in which the fridge is positioned is not large enough,
preventing the door opening fully and consequently obstructing access to the
freezer drawers. Unlike Vicky, Cynthia finds it increasingly difficult to crouch, so,
to get to the lower drawers of the freezer she needs to support herself on the
work top; which presents dangerous consequences if she were to slip.

Although Cynthia lives alone, there is a surprisingly large amount of food in the
refrigerator. She explained:

“I find it more difficult to walk the distance to the shops now, so when I do go, I
tend to stock up...this means some things do go out of date though.”

5
 Aside from problems experienced with the refrigerator unit, Cynthia has difficulties elsewhere in her kitchen.

“My arthritis means I can’t grip knives or food very well and my fingers and wrist hurt most when cutting
vegetables, in particular. I can’t afford the specialist knives so I’ve started to cook less.”

“I have a mini oven/grill on my work top so I don’t have to bend down to use the bigger one. I can see things a
lot easier and it doesn’t use as much electricity!”

“The corner unit is far too high and it’s so awkward to open I have to stand on a stool.”

The sink in the kitchen is so deep that

Cynthia cannot close the window
without the help of her “most useful
gadget”, pictured left. This simple
device reduces the distance needed
to lean to close the window, whilst
offering improved grip and wrist
support. The product is operated by
using linear movement of the upper
arm, rather than wrist rotation.

Fig 1.4 Further problems Cynthia experiences in the

kitchen

The study of both Vicky and Cynthia highlight the fact that problems are experienced with every day appliances, such as refrigerators, regardless
of age. Despite the fact that these issues may be accentuated with age, problems have been created by the lack of attention paid to user
interaction, regardless of physical ability. This is further emphasised by theoretical research into the Medical and Social models of disability.

6
1.2 Disability Models
The study of disability models (Woodward, 2005) emphasises the importance of not stigmatising products towards a specific ailment and highlights
the fact that society can do a great deal more to help those less able.

Medical Model
This is probably the most traditionally used model, from which the Administrative and Charity Models have developed. The Medical Model places the
fault of difficulties experienced by a disabled person on them, rather than on the barriers they experience, which have been created by society. If a
person cannot be adapted to fit into the world as it is (using specialised products and services) then they should be placed in a home or institutional
care, where their basic needs can be met, but little else. When assessing an individual’s ‘disability’, the focus in often on their impairment rather than
on the physical or mental needs, which emphasises stereotypical attitudes of pity, fear and patronisation ( Charity Model).

Social Model
The Social Model has been developed by the disabled community with the belief that, although they may have physical or mental impairments,
‘disability’ is the fault of society in the way it is designed and run.

Contrary to the Medical Model, the Social Model emphasises that mental or physical impairments become disabling due to poorly designed products,
such as buildings, access routes and everyday objects, which result in the sympathetic, fearing and patronising attitudes imposed on the ‘disabled’
community by society.

The study of disability models has given further focus to the project, with an emphasis on not simply designing a product for people with
arthritis, but one that changes the way a task is fulfilled. If the product is used by a wider demographic then it has the scope to relieve existing
symptoms of arthritis and also prevent further development of the condition in future generations. Larger diagrams can be seen in Appendix A.

Fig 1.5 Common conceptions of ‘disabled’ imposed by the Medical Model (www.selfdirection.org) Fig 1.6 Depiction of how society is not designed for those with physical or mental impairments,
(www.selfdirection.org) 7
1.3 Physiological Research
Libby Finn has been registered as a qualified BUPA physiotherapist for 10 years. Her expertise has helped to emphasise what the previous
observational studies had concluded - the limits of physical capabilities at older ages can present unnecessary dangers due to poor product
design. This interview was video recorded, however, due to a corrupted memory card, only audio was retrievable. This can be found on CD in
Appendix A.

Fig 1.7 Libby Finn demonstrates optimum lifting positions, alongside dangerous equivalent Fig 1.8 Ben Nolan acts as a case study regarding muscle and tendon strain when lifting

“...getting down to low stuff does depend a lot on strength in the legs. Fig 1.7 shows Libby demonstrating the difference between lifting
You and I would be perfectly fine, however, the elderly population and positions and the dangers of lifting from the back, rather than the
chronically ill aren’t going to have the strength to squat down to get things legs.
out of the bottom of their freezer.”

“...the optimum lifting position is with a straight back...”
“...an ‘able bodied’ person should have 150 degree rotation at the knee...
however ‘able - bodied’ is such a broad term that your ‘Average Joe’, who
may not consider themselves to have a problem, simply may not have
the strength or movement to bend down...and that is something that you
really have to consider.” Libby Finn, BUPA Physiotherapist
As seen in the accompanying observational responses (Fig 1.8), lifting
from the back places strain on the mulifidus muscles (core muscles)
surrounding the spine, which, if damaged can result in chronic pain.
Lifting from the legs is safer, however, with the onset of osteoarthritis,
reduced strength in the knees can result in further strain on the achiles
tendons. According to Libby, when this natural degeneration occurs,
people with osteoarthritis inevitably revert to lifting from the back,
which can cause further discomfort.
8
 1.4 Memory of Pain
When we carry out an action that ‘hurts’, for example touching an open flame, we feel pain. However, it is not the skin, nor the muscle that feels the
pain. According to Butler and Mosely (2003), “there are no pain fibres in the nervous system. When injured, the nerve fibres send ‘danger signals’ not pain
signals towards the brain.” These ‘danger signals’ are interpreted by the brain in relation to the action that is being carried out and can help us to avoid
the same situations again to avoid feeling the pain associated with it. If you are burned on a fire, you will naturally avoid open flames afterwards.

However, these “neurotags” can cause similar pain for completely different actions. For example, on a trek through a rainforest, a man’s ankle brushes
what he thinks is a sharp twig. However, it was actually a potentially poisonous snake bite, rendering him bed-ridden for weeks.

Returning to slightly less dangerous walks, the man brushed his ankle on an actual branch, yet collapsed in excrutiating pain, claiming that he had
been bitten once again. Although only a small scrape, the memory of the ‘danger signals’ that had been sent before triggered the neurological
reaction of being bitten by a poisonous animal.

A frequent cause of chronic back pain, according to Libby Finn, is lifting of heavy objects from the incorrect
height. As muscles are over-strained, danger signals are sent to the brain and perceived as pain, which results
in muscles tensioning in order to protect themselves. However, the same action, even not muscle damaging,
can cause the same pain. As Bridger’s (2003) diagram shows (Fig 1.9), items above 10 kg should not be lifted
from below the knees. However, the heaviest items in a fridge-freezer are often the frozen items, located at
the bottom of the unit. Retrieving these items can unnecessarally aggravate back pain.

Taking into account the observational

and theoretical research obtained, it
was initially decided to develop a user-
centered and Inclusive refrigeration unit.
Fig 1.9 Diagram of maximum masses to be lifted from varying heights
An Intorduction to Ergonomic pp 65( Bridger (2003)
9
1.5 Statement of Need
From the initial research conducted, an introductory statement of need was developed. A statement of need helps to define consumer
needs for a task. Although it places constraints on the design, this focus is needed in order to fulfill the needs and desires of a market. In
this case, the needs were based on research of the physically less abled.

• The product must enable ease of access to refrigerated or frozen food, without the need
to bend to uncomfortable angles, avoiding the memory of pain.

• Lifting height of items over 10kg must not be placed below knee-height.

• The product must be easily installed and must not have large moving parts so as to avoid
accessibility issues whilst in use.

• Inclusive Design must be used throughout - aesthetics must be carefully considered in

order to not stigmatise to a particular ailment

10
1.6 Initial Concepts
Sketches of the refrigeration concept were developed from the idea of removing the need
to bend to retrieve items from the appliance. Having established this need through previous
observational research, it was important to establish why refrigeration is needed. Further
sketches can be seen in Appendix C.

Using TRIZ design methodologies, it is possible to state both the PURPOSE and FUNCTION of
a fridge, two elements that are essential in determining the user’s need for the product.

Function: According to TRIZ, the function of a product requires a change to happen. For
example, the purpose of a soldier’s helmet is not to protect their head, but to change the
direction of any bullets traveling towards them. Therefore, the function of a fridge is to
change the temperature of the air within the unit.
Purpose: The purpose of a product describes the user’s need for it. The purpose of a fridge is
to slow down the growth of bacteria on it’s contents.

With this in mind, a range of concepts were developed based on the idea of:
• Food preservation
• Removal of physical strain
• Increased content visibility

Fig 1.10 shows concepts based around locating refrigeration on one level, therefore eliminating
the need to bend. This concept also lends itself to division of the unit into designated
compartments, all optimised for different food stuffs.
Fig 1.10 Initial refrigeration concepts

11
 This sketch shows that not just refrigeration concepts were considered, but also the idea of preservation of its
contents. To prevent spillage of contents, open bags need to be secured shut.

The circled element in Fig 1.11 depicts the use of a ‘clothes peg’ device to aid people with arthritis in sealing
open bags. Physiotherapist, Libby Finn, stated in the earlier interview that “people with arthritis in their hands
have reduced fine motor control movements...they struggle with buttons and zips etc...” With an increased surface
area and spring loaded mechanism, the clothes peg concept would enable the consumer to use the product
with minimal effort, therefore greatly improving usability.
Fig 1.11 Clothes peg preservation concept

Fig 1.12 shows a variation of the one-level fridge that has a glass ‘shutter’, enabling the user to see its contents
and avoid looking in the wrong area for desired items, an idea suggested by Vicky Tremain. As discovered in the
observation of Cynthia Stobbs, a problem often experienced in the use of fridge-freezers is that the door can
Fig 1.12 Glass-fronted fridge
collide with doors and walls, restricting access to the appliance. With a sliding shutter, this concept removes
However, reverting back to previous observations of
Cynthia, who lives alone, it became clear that a one-level
unit may not be able to contain the entireties of a user’s
desired items (Fig 1.13. Therefore, the concept was altered
in order to provide containment for taller items, such as
bottles, a central compartment for the majority of food
stuffs and a separate freezer compartment (Fig 1.14).
Fig 1.14 Alternative containment design.
Fig 1.13 Cynthia’s stcoked fridge

These early stages of concept development helped to visualise possible solutions to problems observed in initial research stages. Although
they addressed a recognised problem, it was decided that the focus was too specific on refrigeration and that further research into food
preparation and kitchen interaction should be carried out. This approach was adopted to help broaden product possibilities to solve a
range of difficulties experienced by sufferers of arthritis.

12
 Chapter 2
Market Research
Market Research represents the voice of the consumer within the
organisation, therefore it is essential to observe potential users and
gather objective information regarding their wants and needs to develop
considered products.

Full documentation of observational visits in this Chapter can be seen in

Appendix B.

13
2.0 Market Research
The British Institute of Management defines market research as “the objective gathering, recording and analysing of all of the problems relating to the
transfer and sale of goods and services from producer to consumer or user” (Verrel, 2007). Throughout the design process the aim of market research
was to:

• Reduce uncertainty and risk

• To aid planning and strategy
• To explore opportunities for growth
• To monitor the market and competitors.

Primarily, a problem had to be identified within a specific market that could be solved by a either a singular product or a range. By analysing
existing products, alongside a large amount of primary observational evidence, it was possible to achieve the aims stated above with a large
degree of success, enabling informed design decisions to be made.

The observational research conducted throughout this Chapter is a documentation of visits to The Daily Living Centre, Hove; St. Dunstan’s Home
for Blind ex-Service men and Women, Brighton; and personal simulation experiments in response to these visits.

14
2.1 Occupational Therapy
Occupational therapists, depending on their specialism, offer a range of services that help to assess disability. According to Derek Moore at The Daily
Living Centre, Hove, “the people who often visit, along with their families, are those who have recently suffered a stroke or have discovered that they can
no longer perform their daily routines.” Once the needs of individuals are established, informed recommendations on products to help a variety of
conditions can be made. An observational visit was made to The Daily Living Centre to assess the current market for arthritis-focused products.
1. Arthritic Gripper - due to reduced dexterity with the onset of 4. Plug Pulling Aid- this product been designed for
arthritis, as described previously, this product has a number people with limited dexterity in order to help them
of spring-loaded columns that have the ability to grip onto pull plugs out of sockets. Although it functions
a variety of objects, such as handles and dials. The pushing brilliantly and is cheap and easy to produce, therefore
motion required helps alleviate pain experienced while reducing consumer costs, it is visually unattractive
gripping, however if an object required turning, the rotational and stigmatises towards sufferers of arthritis, contrary
movement required can cause more discomfort than if not to Inclusive Design guidelines.
Fig 2.1 Arthritic Gripper using the product. Fig 2.4 Plug pulling aid

2. PETA Gardening Trowel - this product addresses the problems 5. One Touch Can Opener - completely eliminating
seen in the Arthritic Gripper by keeping the wrist in line with the the need to wrestle with varying methods of
lower arm, therefore reducing unnecessary and often painful opening cans, this product is another excellent
movements when gardening. The arm support and alternative example of Inclusive Design. Once in place, the
grip arrangement improves efficiency and the use of bright user operates the product by pressing the large
colours also helps easily identify the essential features of the and easily visible green button. With the use of
product, which cater to partially sighted users. magnets, the product is hands-free and makes it
easy to remove the lid from the tin.
Fig 2.5 One Touch Can Opener
Fig 2.2 PETA Gardening Trowel

3. OXO Good Grips Cutlery - one of the most successful examples
of Inclusive Design. These products have been designed for
people with poor dexterity and limited movement of the
upper arm. However, products within the range, such as the
Good Grips Vegetable Peeler have proved best sellers among
the able bodied as well as those with physical impairments,
resulting in 50% sales increases year on year (Design Council,
2008).
Fig 2.3 OXO Good Grips Cutlery
Although this study was not entirely based in the kitchen arena,
analysis of existing products in similar areas of focus helped to
explore the different tasks that people with arthritis may find
difficult. Many of the products seen in this visit use contrasting
colours to cater for the visually impaired, another problem
associated with ageing. This was addressed with a visit to St.
Dunstan’s Home for Blind Ex-Service Men and Women.
15
2.2 St. Dunstan’s
St Dunstan’s, based in Brighton, is a centre for ex-Service men and women, either
blinded in action having developed blindness with age. Although there are
approximately 20 permanent residents, the majority attend specific classes each
week, aimed to encourage independent living.

All staff at St. Dunstan’s attend a two-day training course which aims to provide
employees with an understanding of exact problems associated with blindness and
partial sightedness.

Given the opportunity to briefly experience this training, Fig 2.7 shows the use of
glasses designed to simulate the effects of ocular degeneration, tunnel vision and
glaucoma.

According to Mark Brownlow, an employee at St. Dunstan’s, “everyone’s eyesight goes

as they get older”, emphasising that this was an issue that needed to be addressed
alongside degenerative musculoskeletal conditions, such as arthritis, which are also
synonymous with age.

With the help of Mark and his colleague, Michelle, the aim of this study was to
develop an understanding of what the visually impaired require in a product to
allow safe and effective use. Alongside photographic documentation, audio and film
recordings were made and can be accessed in Appendix B.

16
Fig 2.6 Mark Brownlow and his colleague Michelle act as guide around the home.
Fig. 2.7 Wearing of adapted safety goggles simulates different ocular conditions.
Fig 2.8 Wall mounted Soap Dispenser Fig. 2.9 Water level sensor Fig. 2.10 Textured buttons on existing products Fig. 2.11 Coloured cutting mats

Often seen in public lavatories, Limited vision reduces the According to Mark, “ one of Coloured cutting mats provide
this wall-mounted soap ability to carry out even simple the best ways to encourage much needed distinction
dispenser allows easy and tasks, such as making a hot independence is to use a person’s between surfaces when
consistent location of essential drink. This device senses the existing products as often as preparing food.
hygiene products around the water level and beeps or possible.” As pictured, small
home. vibrates, preventing over filling buttons can be fitted to regular
of hot liquids. products to allow ease of
navigation.
Although many products were available at St. Dunstan’s, not everybody decided to use them. Martin Shail, a member of staff at St. Dunstan’s is
blind and prefers not to use the products on offer:

“I’ve been living independently with blindness for 15 years and I don’t use any of these gadgets...”

This raised the question as to whether the use of such products helps or hinders independence. Martin’s belief is that although they may initially
remove day-to-day difficulties, the user may develop a dependence on the product, therefore eliminating it’s long-term usability.

For a product in this field to succeed in its aim of helping people, it needs to encourage independence, not render the user incompetent
without it.

17
2.3 Arthritis Simulation
As stated in the previous Chapter, arthritis decreases fine motor
control in the fingers, thumb and wrist. This can inevitably affect • Difficult to open drawers
daily activities, such as cooking, cleaning and getting dressed.
• Vegetables had to be
In response to observations made during initial research and
at the Daily Living Centre, an investigation into a reduction in placed in order of use
dexterity was conducted in a basic kitchen. to avoid unnecessary
handling problems.
The task was to prepare and cook a meal whilst wearing large
mittens, which were predicted to reduce grip and dexterity.
• Difficulty in coordinating
vegetable peeler with
vegetables. Accompanied
with poor grip, food was
wasted.

• Peeling onions with hands

proved almost impossible.

• Hard to pick up waste off

chopping board.

Fig. 2.12 Storyboard of arthritic simulation, using padded gloves as a limiting factor. • Due to poor grip, the
force needed to cut the
Evidently, the large majority of the problems experienced preparing food were severely accentuated
by the large gloves. However, limited grip, dexterity and coordination, are all symptoms of arthritis, as vegetables could not be
previously established in interviews and observations. Although the pain associated with degenerative easily transferred from the
conditions was not experienced, this experiment provided a valuable insight into daily problems arm and wrist to the knife.
experienced by people with arthritis.
18
2.4 Visual Impairment Simulation
As with the arthritis simulation, this experiment was to simulate ocular degeneration in order to understand
the difficulties associated with it. With Vaseline covered glasses, giving the impression of blurred vision or
cataracts, the task was to prepare a toasted sandwich to the best standard possible in the circumstances.

Fig 2.13 depicts a range of tasks conducted that are associated with food preparation: navigation around the kitchen,
chopping of food and using appliances to cook.

Fig. 2.13 Storyboard of visual impairment simulation

From the experiment, aspects initially identified from the visit to St. Dunstan’s were emphasised:
• Location - using routine storage spaces for particular items helped navigation around the kitchen
• Sound - the bread was removed from the toaster once it had ‘popped’
• Colour and contrast - butter was located in the refrigerator through the brightly coloured packaging in comparison to other contents
• Texture - helps to distinguish one item from another - unfortunately in this experiment the texture of the knife was not sufficient to prevent
injuries occurring. Although the simulation was terminated early, the points listed demonstrate how good or bad design can affect the
sensory perception of multiple senses, especially if one is already hindered.
19
2.5 Emotional Design
The concept of Emotional Design is based on our emotional response to products and services. These responses, as defined in Emotional Design :
Why We Love (or hate) Everyday Things (Norman, 2004) are based on three levels of feedback from the brain:

1. Visceral - The immediate response to objects or situations, making a judgement of what is attractive or ugly, safe or dangerous etc.
2. Behavioural - The site of most human behaviour. In terms of products, the behavioural level acts as a judgment level of a product or service’s
functionality. Dependent on experience, this level can enhance or inhibit the visceral level and can, in turn, be inhibited or enhanced by the reflective
level.
3. Reflective - The level which tries to influence the behavioural level through the use of reflective thought.

In terms of design, it is important to satisfy each level of emotional responses so that the product is able to be used on a long-term basis. At the
visceral level, humans find bright colours and symmetrical, rounded shapes more attractive, traits often seen in the survival of plants and animals in
nature. The brighter or rounder a plant or fruit appears, the more attractive it is to animals and seeds are dispersed. Likewise in the design community,
the more attractive an object is at the visceral level, the greater chance it has at succeeding in the marketplace.

To satisfy the behavioural level, first and foremost, the product must function and fulfill its need. Fig 2.14 and 2.15 depict two different attempts to
fulfill the need of eating a meal with one hand; products intended for amputees and people who have suffered strokes.

Fig 2.14 shows an attempt to integrate a fork and a cutting implement, which not only appears
unattractive and unsafe at the visceral level, but functions terribly, with users apparently injuring
themselves on the product, according to Derek Moore at The Daily Living Centre. On the other hand
the ‘Knork’ (Fig 2.15) is a regular fork with slightly thinner edges for improved cutting, and a thicker
‘neck’, which increase grip and comfort, therefore creating a better emotional bond to the user. The
latter appears more attractive and fulfills its need far better, therefore satisfying both the visceral
and behavioural levels, but design is not compromised and the stigma of designing for a disability
is removed, therefore satisfying the reflective level.
Fig 2.14Integrated fork and pizza
cutter
Fig 2.15 ‘Knork’ knife and fork
combination 20
System Image The System Image

Alongside Visceral, Behavioural and Reflective level satisfaction, Norman states that
“for someone to use a product successfully, they must have the same mental model as that
of the designer.” The only way the designer can talk to the user in terms of a product’s
functionality is through the product itself, therefore the way a product fulfills its
purpose must be through an intuitive system image. Furthermore, for the user to
designer’s conceptual user’s mental
be able to understand the product is functioning correctly, a feedback system must model model
be in place, such as the feeling of a mechanism moving when a button is pressed.
Fig 2.16 Modified diagram of Norman’s (2004) ‘System Image’ diagram
According to Norman, “negative emotions kick in when there is a lack of control - first
uneasiness, then irritation, and, if the lack of control persists, even anger.”

Having discovered the importance of a coherent system image, or product language, a range of actions were observed on a variety of products to
explore their use of system image. This exploration emphasised the importance of user interaction with products and the consequent effects it can
have on a product’s life time. For further images, see Appendix B.
• Pulling - small recesses indicate that there is an area within it that can be gripped onto. The hand position necessary to grip encourages the user
to pull it outwards.
• Opening - handles, such as the ones pictured in Fig 2.17, transmit the undisputed system image of a turning moment, resulting in the opening
of the object towards (or away) from the body.
• Switches are usually reliant on user-based feedback systems. Recessions or extrusions provide an interaction point, where moving parts provide
feedback that the relevant action has been carried out. The final level of feedback is conveyed the product turning on or off.

Fig 2.17 Investigation into system image of a variety of products

21
2.6 Potential Market
“The UK’s population is ageing”, states a National Statistics report (August 2007). Although there has been an 8 per cent increase in population
overall from 1971 to 2006, the growth has not been evenly spread. This is demonstrated by the table below.

1971 2006 Current figure (millions)

% of population aged under 16 26 19 11.5
% of population aged over 65 13 16 9.7
Table 2.1 Table of change in age demographics over a period of 35 years. Source: National Statistics Online

This growth in the over 65 age group, represents “improved survival and the post World War One baby boomers now reaching this age group.” 4

In Europe and the USA, alone, there are approximately 175 million people suffering from musculoskeletal conditions in Western society. This not
only highlights the scale of the problems demonstrated in research throughout Chapters 1 and 2, but also shows a huge potential market for
products that address the needs of people with arthritis.

From this research it was possible to refresh the Statement of Need for an arthritis-focused and Inclusive product:
• The product(s) must solve a daily or routine [potential] problem applicable to the majority of the population, not just those suffering from
arthritis.
• Although the product(s) may help the user significantly, they must not develop a dependence on the product(s), which could lead to reduced
overall independence.
• Using Inclusive Design philosophies, the product(s) must be visually striking, without compromising on its functionality, therefore eliminating
stigmatised reactions from potential users.
• The product(s) must satisfy the user’s Visceral, Behavioural and Reflective brain levels in order to evoke positive emotional responses.
• There must be a cohesive system image in place to avoid confusion of how to use the product(s).
• The product(s) must improve the potential market’s overall quality of life.

4 (2007)Ageing - 16% of UK Population are aged 65 or over [online], National Statistics Report, DirectGov, 22nd August 2007, available at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?ID=949 [accessed
22.01.08]
22
 Chapter 3
Dial Turner
Having conducted a large volume of observational and statistical research,
it was decided to study dial-operated products with the aim of developing
an arthritic solution to problems observed.

Note : Full documentation of this Chapter can be seen in Appendix C.

23
3.1 Inspiration
The conceptual design process was instigated by a comment made by Libby Finn at BUPA:

“...people with arthritic problems don’t have the necessary rotational strength in their wrist to turn objects like jars, keys and dials on appliances...”

As seen in the PETA Gardening Trowel (Fig 3.1), a way to alleviate the pains of arthritis of the
wrist and thumb and prevent further progression of the condition is to keep the wrist in the
neutral position, as seen in the PETA Product Guide, 2007 (Fig 3.2)

This reduction in strain on tendons can slow down the onset of arthritis, particularly in the
wrist and thumb. Products to combat the development of arthritis have only been introduced
to market relatively recently, therefore the post world-war one ‘baby boomers’ will not
have had significant access to these products. This is not to say that there have not been
products to help relieve the symptoms of the condition but there have not been significant
developments in the way users interact with products to reduce the likelihood of developing
the condition in later life.
Fig 3.1 Derek Moore demonstrates the neutral wrist position with the PETA
gardening trowel
As stated in earlier research, people with arthritis often do not have the rotational strength
required to operate a number of products without experiencing pain. One area identified
was the operation of kitchen appliances that require the rotation of dials to turn on and off
and to select different functions.

Using further observational research methods, studies were conducted in the area of
dial operated products, with the aim of providing a solution to the problem.

Fig 3.2 PETA demonstration of neutral wirst position 24

3.2 Dial Operated Products
Fig 3.3 shows Beverly, 49, demonstrating the use of dials in her kitchen.

The dials featured are found on regular

products, such as a dishwasher, washing
machine, toaster, central heating unit,
pressure cooker and an oven.

As Fig 3.3 shows, all of the appliance dials are

turned in a clockwise direction, which is a
good system image to use, due to the visual
similarities to a clock.

The way in which Beverly held the dial varied

slightly from appliance to appliance, however,
the majority were operated by using the
edge of the index finger, and the thumb as
a solid grip. The rotation of the wrist caused
the forces placed on each digit to act against
each other in the same direction, forcing the
dial to turn on its axis.

This is explained diagrammatically in Fig 3.4.

Fig 3.3 Demonstration of Beverly using dial-operated products

25
 Both Fig 3.4 and 3.5 demonstrate that in order to turn a dial on a variety of appliances, the user
requires a decent gripping ability and a further ability to turn the dial using rotational strength in the
wrist. However, people with arthritis in these areas may not have such capabilities.

Response
In order to explore the limits of wrist rotation, the operation of a washing machine was documented
using film. The full film can be seen in Appendix C.

Fig 3.5 shows that in one movement, the wrist is able to rotate approximately 180 degrees from
its neutral starting point (in line with lower arm). Even in a healthy individual this proved to be a
strenuous movement and required significant effort.

In response to the established problem of turning dials easily, it was decided to design a device
Fig3.4 Diagram of opposing forces of finger and thumb, resulting in
dial rotation that made these routine actions easier for sufferers of arthritis.

Fig 3.5 Screenshots from film taken exploring the rotational limits of a healthy individual’s wrist
26
3.3 Idea Generation
Hundreds of varying idea generation and analysis methods are used in industry, however, they can be time consuming. Due to the limited
time scale, it was important to use a selection of these in order to create an exciting yet comprehensive design.

Brainstorming
Brainstorming, also known as “thought showering”, is used to generate a vast array of
ideas in a relatively short space of time and can involve a large variety of participants
from wide-ranging backgrounds.

Throughout the project Focus Groups have been held to establish the need for the
product and possible problems it could solve . Alongside associates from backgrounds
including geography, music and psychology, a number of brainstorming sessions were
carried out within the user group of people with arthritis.

Throughout the sessions, it was imperative not to dismiss any ideas, as they may have
been useful at a later stage.
Fig 3.6 Brainstorming sessions and focus groups
Flexibility-Usability Trade-off Principle usability

Alongside idea generating brainstorms, it was essential to keep the philosophies of

Inclusive and Emotional Design in mind so as not to stray from the aim of the product.
As well as design philosophies, Universal Principles of Design (Lidwell, Holden, Butler,
2003) were also adopted in the conceptual design process.

The Flexibility - Usability Trade-off Principle state that the fewer functions and options
that each product has increases its usability. Essentially, the fewer features there are, the
fewer things can go wrong. Keeping this focus in the conceptual stages helped to provide
valuable evaluation criteria with regards to concepts taken through to development. flexibility
Fig 3.7 Demonstration of Flexibility-Usability Trade-off Principle
27
3.4 Initial Ideas
A selection of suggestions brought forward by focus groups were sketched with the most effective solutions being carried forward. Quick
evaluation of the concepts meant dismissal of the weaker ideas and the stronger concepts were taken further. See Appendix C for further
images.

Lever - using the arm to One-Piece - grips to dial using

rotate the dial rather than ‘teeth’ and is turned using
the wrist. extended handle.
- Large and cumbersome - Turning moment from the pivot
- Requires user to stand to is extended, therefore less force is
the side of the appliance, needed to rotate.
therefore blocks their view of - Would not be able to be applied to
the mode-selecting dial. a range of dials due to fixed teeth.

Dual-Action Dial Turner Rollerball - replacement of dial,

and Jar Opener - Clip off rather than using a product to fix
mechanism enables product the problem.
to have a dual function. - Still requires use of hands and
- Does not adhere to fingers. People with arthritis have
previously stated Flexibility- limited fine motor control and may
Usability Trade-off principle. struggle with its operation.
Usability must be maximised. - Cost of replacement of dial would
- Clip off section would be prove far too expensive.
Fig 3.10 One piece concept
hard to remove, adding Fig 3.11 Rollerball concept
further problems for the user.
Concepts chosen to be developed : Dual Action; One piece
Fig 3.8 Lever concept
Fig 3.9 Dual-action concept 28
 3.5 Sketch Development

Dual-action - Although initially discarded as a concept, it was decided to take this

concept further, as it could be applicable to the majority of the population. Jars
can be notoriously difficult to open, particularly for those with arthritis, however, a
number of products (see Appendix B) currently exist to solve this problem.

The product consists of two segments; Dial Turner and Jar Opener. When they are
not in use, they fit together as a unit and form an attractive ornamental object, not
stigmatising towards any ailment. However, the way in which they are separated
requires rotation of the wrist, an action that was to be eliminated.

One-Piece - Reducing the complexity of the dial turner by making it one piece
reduces costs, fits the Flexibility-Usability Trade-off Principle much better and has
an improved sense of system image. The handles indicate they are to be held and
then turned.

Initial development sketches were not viscerally pleasing, and did not satisfy the
reflective level of the brain - it still looked like a gadget for a disabled person.

Therefore, moveable ‘wings’ were experimented with, which allowed the user to
turn the device when necessary. While not being used, they would rest in recesses
in the body of the product, presenting a much more attractive device.

This concept was taken further in the form of sketch modelling...

Fig 3.12 Range of sketches chosen to develop 29

3.6 Sketch modelling
Early prototypes in the form of sketch models helped to
quickly visualise the possibilities of a dial turning product. It
was important to establish whether the product functioned
before continuing with development studies.

Materials used : Plastic Cup, Corrugated Card, Parcel Tape

Fig 3.13 Sketch model of Dial Turner concept

The model was based around the aim of inserting the dial into two extrusions, which acted as a grip, replacing the need for a forefinger and thumb
grip. Using two handles on the top of the product, the dial could be turned far easier than with fingers alone. As Fig 3.14 shows, the rotational
movement in the wrist needed previously has been almost completely eliminated. (For film, see Appendix C)

Fig 3.14 Screenshots taken from sketch modelling film.

30
Fig 3.15 Sketch model can be used to turn dials on a variety of appliances

One of the most valuable aspects of the prototype was that it could fit a variety of dials and, if developed, had the possibilities of becoming a retro-
fit device for almost any dial-operated household appliance. Fig 3.15 shows the prototype being used on two washing machine dials of different
sizes, and a dishwasher dial.

Modifications
As rotation in the wrist had not been completely
eliminated by the two-handled dial turner, an extra
two were added, perpendicular to the existing ones.
Although this process helped reduced the need
for rotation further, the action was far slower. The
product’s aesthetics also suffered from this addition
due to the over-complicated shape and lack of
reference points while in operation. The feedback
system of two handles informs the user which settings
they are close to, therefore evoking more positive
emotional responses.

Fig 3.16 Unsuccessful modification to original sketch model

31
3.7 CAD Solutions
Dial gripped by recess
3D CAD Modelling packages help to visualise and edit concepts quickly,
instead of fingers
easily and accurately, therefore providing a reliable and realistic
representation of a product.
Produced in Solidworks, these initial CAD models
feature a curved handle designed to facilitate
ease of clockwise rotation of dials on kitchen
appliances.

However, when the concepts were shown to a Wooden or rubber handle

focus group of older people, all with arthritis in enables user to turn dial with
the fingers, wrist or thumb, they did not appear reduced force, although is
particularly popular: “too bendy”

“personally, I prefer more symmetrical

shapes - it’s a bit bendy…” Cynthia Stobbs Aluminium connecting pin -
is this necessary?
“It looks like it’s designed for a disabled
person - I may have arthritis but I’m not
disabled.” Audrey Flint

These comments, although critical, were essential

in re-establishing focus on Inclusive and Emotional
Design, and the fact that although the product
is designed to help people, they must not feel
excluded by society for owning and using it. Fig 3.17 Initial CAD development models of Dial Turner
32
3.8 CAD Development
Taking into account comments from the user focus group, Soildworks was used further to develop
more aesthetically pleasing, one-piece solutions. With the development of more viscerally satisfying
solutions, they became more functional, following Norman’s (2004) statement that “attractive things
work better.”

The annotated solutions show the development from one concept through to various alterations, with
no room to grip handle - too ‘stubby’ added features for specific markets.

longer, thinner handle increases

grip with both hands and is more
aesthetically pleasing

Silicone-lined recess accommodates

a wide range of dials

Silicone ‘flaps’ fold inwards when pressed to a dial. Folded

silicone acts as an extra grip on the sides of the dial. Use of
bright colours caters to partially sighted users.
Silicone ‘reference button’. Enables
partially sighted users to locate and
utilise the product easily

Beech finish boasts kitchen-friendly

antiseptic properties and an
alternative texture.
33
3.9 Interim Solution
As an interim solution, this concept best represented the aim of the Dial Turner up
to this stage of development.

Using more sophisticated styling than previous concepts, this product, firstly, does not
look like an arthritic aid, and is viscerally attractive, therefore fits in with the Inclusive
and Emotional Design philosophies. Using brighter colours, as proven in observational
research, is often beneficial to the visually impaired, who are also likely to suffer from
arthritic conditions, yet this does not remove anything from its styling.

The symmetrical layout of the Dial Turner portrays the system image of a handheld
product that, when placed on a product will rotate something. Two handles, rather than
four also help to create reference points for when they product is in use. This intuitive
product language is essential to the success of an Inclusive product.

In order to develop the Dial Turner concept, it was decided it was necessary to
investigate other areas of daily living that people with arthritis may find
troublesome.

34
 Chapter 4
Key Turner
Rotataion of the wrist is not exclusive to using dial-operated products.
Further studies were conducted into the area of key operation and how
users interact with them.

Full documentation of this Chapter can be seen in Appendix C.

35
4.1 Study of Keys
In a society obsessed with security, keys are an essential part of daily routines for millions of people. In order to design a device to help
people turn keys in locks with improved ease, it was necessary to investigate the styles of keys used and what they are used for.

Types and Uses

Fig 4.1 A range of differing keys, in terms of size and purpose

Yale - predominantly door Chubb - Deadlocks on Locker key Padlock key Bike lock key
locks doors

Methods of storing
Fig 4.2 shows a range of items that keep keys in a collective group and ensure they are not lost. The most popular method is a key ring, which, while
fulfilling its task is not user-friendly due to the manner in which the user must prise apart the device in order to attach or remove a key. Due to the
fine motor control needed for such an action, people with arthritis in their hands can suffer.

36
Fig 4.2 Differing methods of securing keys together
Accessories
In order to differentiate and personalise keys, the addition of accessories, such as toy figures and bottle are commonplace.

Fig 4.3 Range of accessories used to personalise bunches of keys

Statement of Need
Conducting this initial research facilitated the development of broad statement for a device to help people with
arthritis in their hands use and store keys easier.
• The product must be able to accommodate a wide variety of keys, namely Yale, Chubb, and similar styles.
• Turning keys in locks with the aid of the product must be significantly easier than without it.
• As stated earlier in a previous Statement of Need (Page 22), although the product may help the user significantly,
they must not develop a dependence on it.
• The product must provide a user-centered and Inclusive method of attaching and removing keys, which must also
address the possible elimination of the memory of pain
• The design solution must be coherent with Inclusive Design and Emotional Design philosophies.

37
4.2 Keys in Operation
The study of the use of keys, as with the study of dial operated products, helps to highlight to problem areas for people with arthritis in
the hands, thumbs and wrists.

Ben, aged 22, was asked to open a newly installed back door of his house in Brighton Town Centre. Although Ben does not have arthritis, Figures 4.4
and 4.5 depict the stresses and rotational movement about the wrist needed to open the door. The images shown are a series of screenshots taken
from a video which can be found in Appendix C.

38
Fig 4.4 Ben has difficulties opening a newly installed kitchen door
 Fig 4.5 Ben has further problems locking the kitchen door
It is evident from the length of the video that Ben had problems locking and unlocking
“...the door doesn’t lock or unlock unless you
the door, however, rather than due to physical ability, this was due to poor feedback
pull the handle up first...it’s really annoying...”
systems in place within the locking mechanism itself. When the door is locked, it is not
obvious that the handle must first be pulled up to allow the mechanism to move freely.
“...it shouldn’t take that much effort to open a
This problem is mirrored when locking the door.
door...”

In terms of the movements necessary to turn the lock, they are similar to those seen This research emphasises points made in previous
in Chapter 3.2 with the dial-operated products. The thumb and forefinger are the two Chapters regarding the strength needed to grip and
opposing forces that cause rotation of the key when rotation of the wrist is applied. rotate every day items. Although it is essentially the
task that needs re-designing, the area is too broad
For people with arthritis, the strength needed to grip and rotate dials and keys is often and re-designing a lock and key would not (at this
not enough to perform the tasks without pain. stage) be applicable for the majority of the intended
market. Therefore, the conceptual design stage for a
‘Key Turner’ began.

39
4.3 Initial Concepts
Initial concepts were focused around increasing the turning moment produced by applying a force around a pivot. The forces would
encompass the opposing forces used to turn keys either clockwise or anti-clockwise, whilst the pivot would be the lock in which the key is
turning.

The Winged Concept houses the key in a rubberised groove. The Key Turner would reveal ‘wings’ at the push of a button, allowing ease of turning.
However, the bulk of the product would be uncomfortable whilst in pockets and may evoke negative emotional responses.

The Clam Concept is a spring-loaded device that addresses the winged concept’s problem of
bulkiness. Held together by a rubber strap, when released, the clam opens up, revealing a groove to
hold the key. The increased distance gained from its opening aids opening, however, there would be
a danger that the product would restrict the key from turning, due to its width.

Fig 4.6 Range of initial sketches Fig 4.7 ‘Winged concept’ Fig 4.8 Clam concept
40
4.4 CAD Development
Use of CAD modelling packages not only allow accurate modeling of concepts, but can produce highly realistic rendering results. The
‘Clam’ concept was modeled through various stages of development, followed by different rendering techniques to represent different
materials.
An initial attempt at modeling the ‘Clam’ was not particularly successful. As Fig 4.9 shows, it
was modeled in one piece, which aimed to depict how the device would hold a key once it was
insert key
needed. Although this may work as a simple demonstration, the lack of movement hinders the
concept severely.

Fig. 4.10 and 4.11 show further development of the clam concept. In order to accommodate
a wide range of keys, the concept includes a rubber ‘groove’ in which the key is inserted into.
When the product is opened, the key is inserted and elastic tension in the rubber acts as a grip
around the key, allowing the user to utilise the expanded product as a turning aid.

Fig 4.12 and 4.13 show the concept in transluscent plastic finishes, indicating further virtual
Fig 4.9
materials investigation.

Fig 4.10 Fig 4.11 Fig 4.12 Fig 4.13

41
4.5 Further Development
Inspiration for an improved concept derived from the appearance of a wing nut. These
devices have been designed to allow nuts to be threaded on to bolt much tighter than
standard nuts, and without the use of other tools. An increased turning moment is
force applied achieved by increasing the distance the force is applied from the pivot. It was decided
that this would be a concept to be taken further into development studies.

To eliminate the user’s need for a traditional ‘keyring’, an alternative method using
extremely powerful ‘rare earth magnets’ (see Appendix D) was devised. By attaching
the magnets to a length of cord, they could be threaded through the key’s loop and
insert key
then allowed to connect to each other(Fig 4.16). Not only is this method of storing keys
far easier to use in terms of attaching and removing keys, but it is also secure. A problem
that needs to be solved, however, is the fact that the magnets attach themselves to the
keys, resulting in usability issues.

Currently, the key turner is still in stages of

development and a final solution has not
been completed due to time constraints
and the vital need for materials research
(see Chapter 5). Although a final solution is
not in place, areas have been identified for
development:
Use of ‘wing nut’ form - allows ease of turning
Use of rare earth magnets - provides
user with improved usability without the
emerging of security issues.
Fig 4.14 Wing nut concept
Fig 4.15 Securing mechanism using rare earth magnets
Fig 4.16 Rare earth magnets are extremely powerful
and can be used to secure items together 42
 Chapter 5
Materials and Manufacture
When developing a new product, it is essential to consider the materials
used to manufacture the product, as they can have major implications
on the design in terms of finish, comfort and overall usability. It is also
important to consider the way the chosen material is machined, as this
can affect vital aspects of a project, including costs, waste and the finish
obtained on the product.

All data regarding the selection of materials, including material qualities has been
obtained through CES Material Selector, unless stated otherwise.

Full documentation of this Chapter can be seen in Appendix D.

43
5.1 Material Selection for main Body of Products
Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES) is a material selection computer program designed to produce informed design decisions based on
pre-determined factors. With the use of this software, it was possible to make informed design decisions based on reliable graphical and
tabular data.

According to physiotherapist, Libby Finn, “people with arthritis in their hands struggle holding heavy objects for extended periods of time due to strain being
placed on muscles and joints affected by their condition,” highlighting the fact that the weight of the product must be reduced without compromising
the design. Taking into account the Inclusive nature of the devices, it is imperative to keep costs to a minimum. At no point should the products be
unaffordable to the people that would benefit from them. Therefore, the two limiting factors used to create Graphs 5.1 and 5.2 were Density (X axis)
and Price (Y axis). For full size images of graphs, see Appendix D.

In the case of the Dial Turner and the Key Turner, the most viscerally pleasing finish for the handles of the products was polished aluminium, however,
the option of other materials had not been taken into account. The CES graphs highlighted these alternatives, which were duly investigated.

Graph 5.1 CES graphical selection - Density (X) versus Price (Y). Filter “Metals” Graph 5.2 CES graphical selection - Density (X) versus Price (Y). Filter “Commercially Pure Metals”
44
Graph 5.1 was filtered to show metals only. As Aluminium had produced the most aesthetically pleasing results in the development stages,
it was decided that metals would be investigated first. Graph 5.2 was created by filtering the metals already shown in Graph 5.1 into
Commercially Pure Metals only, representing commercially available metals in their purest form.

Table 5.1 Table of material density and price properties obtained from Graph 5.1

The aim was to specify a light, but not too light material that would be cost effective and suitable for use in the Dial Turner and Key Turner applications,
in their respective environments. By dividing the density value by price, a material selection index is created. In this case, the higher the number, the
more suitable the material is for the task. Tabular data obtained from this selection can be seen in Table 5.1.

Grey (Flake Graphite) Cast Iron : Although this material obtained the highest value, it is far too dense a material to use as a handheld product. It
also has extremely poor finishing qualities, therefore would not produce the aesthetic qualities desired.

Zinc Aluminium Alloy : According to the Key to Metals Database, the use of Zinc Aluminium Alloy can have significant advantages over other metal
alloys. As it does not need to be coated protectively, this reduces production costs. It is applicable over wide range of high specification engineering
applications, machines to a finer precision than the majority of alloys and can produce much higher finishes. However, the manufacturing costs are
significantly more expensive and the process is generally only used when aluminium casting is not suitable. It also has a lower recycling factor than
aluminium, meaning more energy is spent in separating the zinc from the aluminium.

Aluminium Alloy : Although the third most suitable according to the material selection index, it is extremely cost effective for a mid-weight metal.
As Table 5.2 shows, it is a highly durable material and is almost entirely 100% recyclable.
45
5.2 Cast Aluminium Pure (S150.1)
Aluminium has been chosen for the Dial Turner
and Key Turner, not only due to its low density, low
cost and recyclability but also due to its physical
properties and environmental resistance.

As the table shows, aluminium has a Young’s Modulus

of up to 69.7 GPa, demonstrating that it is an extremely
stiff material with a high elastic limit, and is therefore
extremely unlikely to break whilst being used for its
intended purpose; in this case acting as a ‘handle’ for
turning dials and keys.

Due to its high Specific Heat Capacity, aluminium does

not conduct heat well, which is ideal if the Dial Turner
were being used on an oven or gas stove. This point
is further emphasised by the use of aluminium foil in
cooking to reflect heat.

Keys are usually taken outside, therefore the Key Turner

must be resistant to the elements. With excellent
protection against fresh water and weak acids,
aluminium is resilient against rain, acid rain and can be
cleaned easily if dirtied.

Table 5.2 table of properties for cast aluminium pure (S150.1) Source CES material selector
46
5.3 Manufacturing Process
Although a working prototype would most probably be rapid prototyped using CNC,
stereolithography or 3D printing techniques, in industry the Dial Turner and Key Turner would
be die cast. The following information regarding die casting has been obtained from Ortal Die
Casting and www.diecasting.org.

Die casting is a versatile process for producing engineered metal parts by forcing molten metal under
high pressure into re-usable steel molds. These molds, called dies, can be designed to produce complex
shapes with a high degree of accuracy and repeatability. Parts can be sharply defined, with smooth or
textured surfaces, and are suitable for a wide variety of attractive and serviceable finishes.

Die castings are among the highest volume, mass-produced items manufactured by the metalworking Fig 5.1 The die casting process

industry, and they can be found in thousands of consumer, commercial and industrial products. Die cast
Advantages of Die Casting
parts are important components of products ranging from automobiles to toys. Parts can be as simple as
• Efficient and economical process
a sink faucet or as complex as a connector housing.
• High-speed production
• Dimensional accuracy and
Fig 5.1 diagrammatically explains the die casting process. Information on the process, obtained from Ortal
stability
Die Casting (www.ortal.co.il), describes the 4 stages of the process (See Appendix D for larger image):
• Stronger and lighter than
injection moulded equivalents
(1) The mould is closed and sealed. The plunger is in the upper position.
• Excellent thin-wall strength
(2) The plunger injects liquid metal through the gooseneck and along to the mould, whilst
• Multiple finishing techniques
preserving static pressure with the movement, until the material solidifies.
• Simplified assembly process
(3) After casting the plunger returns to it’s original position, whilst the product remains in the
mould.
(4) The product is removed from the mould by moving side ejectors.

47
5.4 Glass Rub 50
Having contacted material innovation company Mouldlife, it was
concluded, with the assistance of Russell Neill, that Glass Rub 50
would be a suitable starting point to mould the gripping sections
of the Dial Turner and Key Turner.

“Glass Rub 50 is a poly urethane elastomer that has a hardness of

50 shore. This system has a long pot life and is ideal for large section
casting. It’s also translucent which makes it ideal for pigmenting.”
Mouldlife.com

An initial trial was conducted with the material to test its suitability
for the products being developed. This involved mixing two
reagents (A and B) in a bowl, stirring and then pouring into
a prepared mould to set over 16-24 hours. A full film of this
experiment can be seen in Appendix D.

However, if this practice was adopted in industry, manufacturing

costs in terms of materials, labour and time (taken to set) would
increase significantly.

Taking this into account, an alternative solution was sourced...

Fig 5.2 Screenshots taken from film in which Glass Rub 50 is prepared
48
5.5 SUGRU
SUGRU is a “hand-formable, self-adhesive silcone” (ni
Dhulchaointigh, 2008), developed by Jane ni Dhulchaointigh
during a Masters in Design at The Royal College of Art.

The material is essentially a rubber that is easily snapped and formed

when pressure is applied to it. The moisture-reactive molecules
within the material start the curing process, which results in a solid,
customised silicone grip.

The discovery of this material, although late into the project, began
to open up entirely new prospects for the Dial Turner and Key Turner.
With the very real possibility that the material could improve emotional
responses to the products in development, samples were obtained and
experimented with.

open : prime surface with adhesive wipe : mould : leave to dry : use

Fig 5.3Documentation of how SUGRU can be applied to materials and used to improve usability
49
“Mass produced products
are a compromise;
they are designed as
if everyone that will
use them is exactly the
same...” Jane ni Dhulchaointigh (2004)
Fig 5.4 SUGRU Prototype
Early prototypes were developed using a Green : very easily mouldable, although very sticky. Curing time : 24 hours
surprisingly small amount of the material. The Red : harder to mould than Green, far less sticky. Curing time: 16 hours
different colours available (Fig 5.4) represent the Black : easy to mould with minimal residue of material on hands. Curing time 20 hours.
different consistencies SUGRU is available in.

The integration of SUGRU into the project as a whole had a number of extremely positive outcomes:
• Mass-produced bespoke - despite, in industry, the products would be mass-produced, the user essentially has the finishing touches
• Emotional attachment - the user creates their own personalised grip on a product, therefore increasing positive emotional responses from the
behavioural and reflective levels of the brain.
• Durable and hard wearing - when set, SUGRU feels and acts like silicone, therefore has self-healing properties and is extremely impact
resistant.
• Reduced tooling costs - SUGRU is ready made and can be injected into ready made moulds/grooves (not injection moulding). This is a much
more cost effective solution than producing Glass Rub 50 moulds for the gripping feature, or commissioning their manufacture elsewhere.
• Ideal for kitchen use : waterproof, thermally stable up to 250oC, and dishwasher-proof.
50
With initial trials of the material looking and feeling
impressive, further talks were held with Jane ni
Dhulchaointigh, founder of SUGRU’s parent company,
FormFormForm, regarding the possibility of sponsorship.

As the material is not currently commercially available, a

development agreement between David Stevens Design
Solutions and FormFormForm was established. For project
development purposes, FormFormForm would supply
materials and any development expertise necessary. In
return, the Dial Turner and Key Turner projects would act
as a case study for SUGRU.

Having experienced the positive aspects of SUGRU first

hand, it was expected that the material costs would be
far too expensive to pursue the concept. However, in
further correspondence with Jane, she stated that “to
manufacturers, SUGRU costs £8 per kg”, rendering the use
of the material financially viable.

In the material investigation shown, approximately 40g

of SUGRU was used to create two personalised handles
on a polyurethane tube of length 150mm and diameter
32mm.
Calculated cost of SUGRU per unit:
40/1000 = 0.03
0.04 x 8 = £0.32 per unit
Fig 5.5 Further experimentation with innovative material, SUGRU
51
 Chapter 6
Concept Refinement
Once materials for a product are selected, it is important to return to
the concept and make any necessary changes that will ensure user
requirements are met.

It is important to note that at this point of the project, only the Dial Turner
was developed further, due to the late discovery of SUGRU.

52
6.1 Integration of SUGRU
With the discovery of the positive emotional effects that SUGRU could
have on the arthritic solutions, further CAD studies were produced in
response to the findings from prototyping (Chapter 5.5). It was discovered
from these prototypes that in order for the SUGRU to make an emotional
impact on the user, the material had to be placed in ergonomically pleasing
positions, determined by where the fingers and thumbs were placed.

As shown by Fig 6.2, finger ‘SU-GROOVES’ have been placed in the ideal
location to grip the product. Taking care not to assume that the product will
be used in the same way by everyone, the SUGRU has been placed in strips,
allowing the user to define the grip they find the most comfortable.

Perpendicular to the finger ‘SU-GROOVES’ is a a further application of the

material, allowing the user to create a mould for the dials on their appliances.

With aim of mass production, this product signifies the beginning of mass
produced bespoke products, finalised by the user themselves.

Fig 6.1 Wireframe models of Dial Turner Fig 6.2 Strategically placed SU-GROOVES allow the user to form their own personalised grip
53
6.2 Technical Specification
Using Solidworks Drawing Package, an engineering drawing of the Dial Turner could be produced.
All measurement are in millimetres.

Mass : 120g (approx) Volume (excluding SUGRU) : 30278.60 mm3 Volume (including SUGRU) : 45717.51 mm3

54
 Chapter 7
Cost Analysis
During the design of any product, costing can affect its success. If the
product is too cheap then its continued production may not be financially
viable. If too expensive, there may be a danger of excluding the intended
user groups; in this case, people with arthritis.

55
7.1 Cost of Manufacture
The following shows the estimated cost of manufacture of the Dial Turner. In order to establish a suitable recommended retail price (RRP), all materials,
labour and overhead costs have been considered. The potenial market for the Dial Turner, as stated in the introduction, is nearing 200 million people
worldwide, however, the final costing shown is based on a fraction of this number. It is predicted that in the first year of operation, 500,000 units
will be sold internationally, therefore with a 10% safety margin, 600,000 units will be produced. As this is a new product development venture, all
costs have been based on external outsourcers. (Note: CES quoted a price of £0.9 - £1.1 per kg of Aluminium. However, a more recent update at the
London Metal Exchange shows that the current cost is approximately £1515 per ton).

Material Costs: Labour and Sundries Sales

Solid Aluminium Skilled workforce casting body of dial turner - £20 per hour Based on projected sales of 500,000 units in
Purchased at $3030 per tonne = £1515 per ton Manufacture 20 units per hour = £1.25 per unit Year 1:
81.75g per unit (0.081kg) = £0.12 per unit Turnover
Unskilled assembly and packing staff - £8 per hour £ 2, 495, 000
SUGRU Assembling and packing 60 units per hour = £0.13 per unit
Purchased direct from producer at £8 per kilo Total costs (excluding wages)
40g per unit (0.04kg) = £0.32 per unit Amenities (servicing of machinery, electricty) £6,000 per year £ 1, 830, 000
= £0.01 per unit
Total material costs = £0.44 per unit Profit before tax
Total Labour and Amenities £ 665, 000
£1.39 per unit

Total manufacture cost = £1.83 per unit

100% mark up in retail outlets = £3.66 per unit

100% mark up for profit margin = £7.32 RRP - too expensive
RRP £4.99 = 73% profit on each unit
56
7.2 PEST Analysis
With the development of a new product, it is important to assess the environment in which the product will be placed. A method of
assessing these situations can be through conducting a PEST analysis in the General Environment.

The General Environment surrounding an industry can often have a detrimental effect to a company if left unaddressed. Although the company has
no direct control over, often unpredictable, events that may occur, measures can and must be taken in order to sustain a competitive advantage.
Such events can be encompassed into four main categories and must be closely monitored by the company’s managers for a company to sustain
such competition:
• Political
• Economic
• Sociological
• Technological

Political
Arguably the most important political event bracketed within the ‘General Environment’ is a Change of Government, as this often determines many
of the other political issues that can affect a company. Changes in power can result in the forging or breaking of foreign agreements and relationships,
which may or may not be successful to the economy, and consequently the business in question.

Tariffs do not currently exist between countries within the EU due to the Trans-European Energy Networks1 (TEN-E) legislation, which allows the free
movement of people, goods and energy between countries within the EU. However, unforeseen global political changes could indirectly affect a
company’s ability to trade effectively, therefore the competitive advantage may not be sustainable.

Economic
Exchange rates play a huge part within the Economic sector, as potential consumers can determine the worth of a product by investigating whether
it is proportionally priced elsewhere. The current strength of the pound against the dollar could mean that the Dial Turner would have to be priced
lower in the United States.
57
Sociological
Sociological changes differ from country to country and between continents. Changes such as culture, fashion, consumer trends and environmental
issues all have an effect on the design of products. In response to the climate change warnings, the Dial Turner’s body would be made from solid
aluminium, which is highly recyclable.

Technological
Advances in technology can transform the way a product functions dramatically. If a new material is discovered and a company decides not to use
it then they risk losing out to their competitors. In the case of the Dial Turner, the discovery of SUGRU has helped to increase the product’s usability
as well as increase positive emotional responses from users; an aspect that could help launch the product into the marketplace and sustain a
competitive advantage.

58
Chapter 8
Conclusion

59
Project Evaluation
In conclusion, this report is a documentation of work produced within the identified user area of Living with Arthritis. The report successfully shows the extensive observational
research within user areas that has helped to develop products from concept to final solution, ready for prototyping.

Throughout the project, Inclusive Design has played an integral role in focusing both research and design work. With the study of Inclusive and Emotional Design, the development
of products aimed to relieve the symptoms of arthritis has been successful.

The Dial Turner is an arthritic solution to turning dials on cooking and cleaning appliances. By using an increased turning moment, created by its long, sleek handles, the rotational
movement and strength of the wrist and fingers needed to use the appliance are severely reduced. The use of aluminium for the body of the device renders it lightweight, highly
durable, environmentally resistant and aesthetically pleasing, therefore increasing usability and reducing the stigma attached to products designed for the ‘disabled.’

The Key Turner uses the same principle of increased turning moments, however an additional issue is how the product allows keys to be attached and removed easily. Currently
in development, the use of rare earth magnets as a securing point is a promising arthritic solution to this problem.

The Dial Turner and Key Turner would not be as emotionally successful without the use of the new material technology, SUGRU. Its moisture activated molecules allow the user to
put the final touches to their device creating a completely personalised grip, therefore increasing positive emotional responses.

Although new material technolgies have been applied, the costing of the Dial Turner shows that it is a fantastic business opportunity. This has been duly noted and a patent
application has been filed with the UK Patents Office.

Where next...?
Although the Dial Turner is at a finalised solution, further development is due to take place with the founder of SUGRU, Jane ni Dhulchaointigh on both the Dial Turner and Key
Turner. There are alternative material possibilities in the form of Formerol, which has industrial advantages over SUGRU, such as a hardened skin, which protects the material in
transit and is then removed by the user to form their grip.

Development in the form of prototyping and user testing is essential to the success of any user-centered project, therefore this will be carried out in the further development of
both products prior to final prototyping.

Packaging for the products is also currently in development. For the packaging to succeed, it must be air-tight, protecting the SUGRU, yet must be easy for the user to remove the
product for use. In conjunction with the packaging, it is important to also consider the corporate identity of the products in order to market them successfully.
60
Thank you for reading...
Acknowledgments
Academic Tutors: Diane Simpson-Little, Mike King, Rob Phillips, Mark Jenkins
Professional Advice: Libby Finn, Derek Moore, Mark Brownlow, Jane ni Dhulchaointigh, Jane Smith, Maggie Conway
Observational subjects: Vicky Tremain, Cynthia Stobbs, Audrey Flint, Maurice Still, Beverly Flint, Ben Nolan
Focus Groups: University of Sussex Final Year Product Design group, Tamoda Engineering Solutions, St. Michaels Church volunteer focus group.
Proof Reading: Amanda Easton

Bibliography
Norman, D (2004) Emotional Design – Why We Love (or hate) Everyday Things, Perseus 2004

Lidwell, Holden, Butler (2003) Universal Principles of Design, Rockport 2003

Bridger, R.S (2003) An Introduction to Ergonomics, 2nd Edition, 2003

Butler D, Moseley G (2003) Explain Pain, Noigroup Publications 2003

Fisk, Rogers, Charness, Czaja, Sharit (2004) Designing For Older Adults, CRC Press 2004

Vink, P (2005) Comfort and Design – Principles and Good Practice, CRC Press 2005

McCabe, P (2003) Contemporary Ergonomics 2003, Taylor & Francis 2003

Verrel, R (2007) Industrial Management course notes

Elder-Woodward, Jim (2005) Models of Disability, Scotland’s National Disability Information Service 2005.

Coleman, Roger (2008) Inclusive Design Summary [online] Design Council 2008, available at : http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/en/About-Design/Design-Techniques/Inclusive-
design/Glossary/ [accessed 01.02.08]
Web Resources
http://explainpain.blogspot.com/
www.inclusivedesigntoolkit.com
http://www.hhrc.rca.ac.uk/
www.designcouncil.org.uk
www.selfdirection.org
http://www.access4u2.com/disability_discrimination_acts.html Materials Resources

Materials Information
www.lme.co.uk
http://www.key-to-metals.com/Article46.htm
www.diecasting.org
www.ortal.co.il
http://www.mouldlife.co.uk/
www.formerol.com