Joseph Kortick

4/2/11
Dent

Standard-1
1. Prokaryotic- come before a nucleus/ Eukaryotic have a true nucleus-
P:bacterial/E:animal

2. Cell(Plasma)-Membrane:
-Description: Outer layer; protein surrounded by a phospholipid bi-
layer.
-Function: Protective layer that separates the interior of a cell from it's
surroundings. Controls the movement of the particles in and outside
the cell.

Cytoplasm:
-Description: Background; Liquid Atmosphere; Jelly-like substance that
contains organelles.
-Function: Transports, absorbs, and processes nutrients. Holds
organelles.

Centrioles:
-Description: Composed microtubules, cylinder shaped found in the
cytoplasm.
-Function: Involved in the cell division. Forms spindle fibres.

Ribosomes:
-Description: Each cell contains thousands. Stationary+Mobile. Appear
in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(RER) and cytoplasm.
-Function: Makes proteins.

Mitochondria:
-Description: Bean shaped structures with inner fold and double
membrane.
-Function: Uses sugars and turns it into energy, and makes ATP.

Nucleus:
-Description: Sphere shaped.
3 parts=
nucleur membrane(pores)=
nucleolus=
nucleoplasm=
centrally located.
-Function: Controls cell activities. Passage ways for RNA suspends
nucleolus.
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4/2/11
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Rough-Endoplasmic-Reticulum(RER)
-Description: Tubes and flattened sacs studded with ribosomes, near
to the Nucleus.
-Functions: Makes/Transports Proteins.

Smooth-Endoplasmic-Reticulum(SER)
-Description: Tubes and flattened sacs, not studded with ribosomes.
-Functions: Makes/Transports Fats.

Golgi-Body(Apparatus)
-Description: Countless sacs formed near Nucleus not connected.
-Functions: Stores/midifies/sorts/packsages protiens into vessicles.
Lysosomes:
-Description: Round sacs that contain digestive chemicals to break
down anything.
-Functions: Enymes that function break down food particles, cell
wastes, and worn-out cell parts.

Cell-Wall:
-Description: Tough rigid structure surrounding plant cell membrane.
-Functions: Surrounds/protects a plant cell and gives the cell it's boxy
shape, prevents bursting in most environments.

Chloroplasts:
-Descriptions: Bean shaped, plastid/filled with Chlorophyll.
-Function: Traps energy from the sun, and converts it into energy
sugar and
starch(food) via photosynthesis.

Plastid:
-Descriptions: Circular tiny bodies in cytoplasm of plant cells.
-Functions: Stores nutrients/pigments/chemicals used in food making
(photosynthesis)

Vacuole:
-Descriptions: 1 very large organelle in plant cells, many smaller
organelles in animal cells.
-Functions: Membrane-bounded sacs for storage of water/food/wastes.

Flagella/Cillia:
-Description: Flagella: Long thread-like. Cillia-tiny hair-like structures
outside of the cell.
-Functions: Fragella=Movement=Wipe-line acton. Cillia-Trap
dust/movement.
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4/2/11
Dent

3. The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane,

plasmalemma or "phospholipid bilayer") is a semipermeable lipid
bilayer found in all cells.[1] It contains a wide variety of biological
molecules, primarily proteins and lipids, which are involved in a vast
array of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion channel
conductance and cell signaling. The plasma membrane also serves as
the attachment point for both the intracellular cytoskeleton and, if
present, the cell wall

Fluid-refers for the frequent lateral movement of phospholipids within

the membrane, sideways swapping occurs very frequently, while
swapping between the two layers is less frequent

mosaic-refers to the collage of intrinsic proteins that stud the

membrane. the diversity of protein channels and carriers, together
with their unique marker capabilities by association with glycocalyx,
makes it mosaic like.

Model-because its only a theory. There has been other models before.
we may one day prove thee fluid mosaic model wrong, but it has
survived for a long time, and all modern evidence do not challenge it.

4. Passive transport involves carriers, channels, or direct diffusion

through a membrane.
This type of transport always operates from regions of greater
concentration to regions of lesser concentration.
No external source of energy is required.
In active transport it is possible to go against the concentration
gradient.
In active transport, a source of energy is required to move the carrier
and its materials.

5. Homeostasis- is a balance of internal conditions. Regulation of body

temperature, control of blood glucose levels, the regulation of salt and
water balance

6. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent
cell. If the parent cell is haploid (N), then the daughter cells will be
haploid. If the parent cell is diploid, the daughter cells will also be
diploid. 7

Meiosis produces daughter cells that have one half the number of
chromosomes as the parent cell. 10
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7.A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a reaction, but is chemically

unchanged at the end of the reaction. When the reaction has finished,
you would have exactly the same mass of catalyst as you had at the
beginning.

8. A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of

repeating structural units. These subunits are typically connected by
covalent chemical bonds. Although the term polymer is sometimes
taken to refer to plastics, it actually encompasses a large class of
natural and synthetic materials with a wide variety of properties

A monomer is an atom or a small molecule that may bind

chemically to other monomers to form a polymer.[1]; the term "monomeric
protein" may also be used to describe one of the proteins making up a
multiprotein complex. The most common natural monomer is glucose, which
is linked by glycosidic bonds into polymers such as cellulose and starch, and
is over 76% of the weight of all plant matter.[2] Most often the term monomer
refers to the organic molecules which form synthetic polymers, such as, for
example, vinyl chloride, which is used to produce the polymer polyvinyl
chloride

9. Diffusion - the process by which molecules spread from areas of high

concentratiion, to areas of low concentration. When the molecules are
even throughout a space - it is called equilibrium.

Osmosis-The solute is more concentrated on the right side to start

with, which causes molecules to move across the membrane toward
the left until equilibrium is reached.

10. Cohesion is defined as the internal strength of an adhesive as a

result of a variety of interactions within the adhesive. Adhesion is the
bonding of one material to another, namely an adhesive to a
substrate, due to a variety of possible interactions. The figure below
illustrates adhesion and cohesion forces present within an adhesive
and between an adhesive and substrate. Water is attracted to other
water. This is called cohesion. Water can also be attracted to other
materials. This is called adhesion.
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11. They are all different types of solutions:

hypotonic: a solution which contains more solute than solvent

(example: a lot of salt(solute) dissolved in water(solvent))

hypertonic: a solution which contains more solvent than solute

(example: purified water--there's almost no solute dissolved in the
solvent(water))

isotonic: a solution in which the solute and solvent are equally

distributed--a cell normally wants to remain in an isotonic solution,
where the concentration of the liquid inside of it equals the
concentration of the liquid outside of it