Psychiatry Review

• DS4 is the manual book for categorizing mental illness, decisions are
made by committees.
• Normalcy is defined developmentally
• Caffeine increases neuro-transmitters, increases dopamine
• Hypocampus is associated with sleep, and short term memory to long
term memory
• Adjustment periods are troubled times where depression can occur,
adjustment is due in part to needing to belong and being separated from
your loved ones.
• Abdominal breathing even 10 secs, lowers blood pressure, heart rate and
oxygen, consumption, respiratory rates
• Anxiety is the most infection disease in the world
• Stress does not allow for the neuro synapses to occur
• In stress testing, life stress unit number, the higher the number it will
correlate with the amount of physical illness
• Teenagers ~ 10% have tattoos
• It takes about one year for your nose piercing to completely heal
• Learned helplessness is a result of classical conditioning
• Stress leads to an increase in cortisol
• Operant conditioning deals with reinforcement (Skinner)
• Classical conditioning deals with salivating dog and bell
• Elder Abuse is very common ~ 2million cases each year, also financial
abuse
• Presbyopia, from the Greek word presbus, meaning, old man, a
progressive reduction in the eyes ability to focus
• 5% of the elderly end up in nursing homes
• Integrity vs. despair, (Erickson 8th stage), afraid of dying would be an
example of despair, loss of hope and a sense that life has no purpose or
meaning, while integrity is a sense of satisfaction that life has been
productive and worthwhile
• Neurogenesis, new cells compete with old cells
• Sex with senior citizens, can be good, and is still very okay for them, lots
of senior citizens having sex, Docs find it hard to discuss this with their
patients
• Limbic system emotional control by directing the hypothalamus to
express motor and endocrine responses to emotions
• Cingulate Gyrus, Deep brain stimulation reduces the symptoms of
obsessive compulsive disorder
• Attachment need the skin to skin contact, if there is a loss of this
attachment, the conditioning will be disrupted
• Denial stage
• Thanatology is the study of dying
• K-Ross, stages of grieving, there is no particular order, people will deal
with grieving in their own manner
• Grief is the subjective feeling of loss of a loved one, The third stage is
Resolution, can think about the past with pleasure, regaining interests in
activities, and forming new relationships
• Survivors guilt is very normal
• Empathy is trying to understand what people are feeling, what
physicians should strive to achieve, rather than sympathy, projecting
one’s own experiences/feelings onto the patient
• The amygdala grows in volume in the presence of danger, and then if a
constant trauma, long enduring, the amygdala shrinks
• Parietal Lobe, mechanical ability, tactile sensation, visuospatial
function, reading and calculation, and association areas
• Regression, is the consequence of a trauma or stress the person will
change/develop back to an earlier developmental stage
• Object permanence occurs at the end of the pre-operational stage, Abby
the peek-a-boo stage,
• The average teenage relationship is 3 weeks
• Goodness of fit is an assessment of how well people of different
temperaments get along, e.g. a mother and a daughter
• Humor
o Laughter stimulates the production of endorphins, the body’s
natural painkillers
o Coats the stomach
o Increases blood flow to the brain
o Strengthens the immune system
o One minute laugh= 25 sit-ups

• Young adults (Erickson) are in a sense of self absorption

• Advanced directives, living wills, DNRs are legally binding and let
everyone know how someone wants to live out their life
• 70% of health problems related to lifestyle choices, drinking, drug abuse,
smoking
• In the national guard, 49% have mental health problems but of those
49%, only 6% are receiving treatment main reason because of stigma
• The signature diagnosis in war veterans is Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder
and Traumatic Brain Injuries
• Freud had two models
o Topographical model, conscious, pre-conscious, and unconscious
o Structural model, the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO
o The ID encompasses sexual and aggressive motives

• In the middle ages, one must deal with generativitiy vs. stagnation,
being stuck according to Erickson’s stages of devo
• The Freud stage where one must be in control is the ANAL stage,
stubborn, orderly
• Time-out is an example of negative reinforcement
• Bandura combines operant and classical to develop social learning
theory, which focuses on self-efficacy, anger management
• If there is damage to the occipital lobe, it could lead to vision problems
• Contra-cou, where you hit the back of the skull and then the bounce
back affects the frontal lobe
• White matter---Corpus Collosuem
• Someone comes into the emergency room, hurt, TAKE A GOOD HISTORY
FIRST THING!!!!!
• Things we do not do any more, Frontal Lobotomies, we do shock
treatment, for very severe depression
• In doing a psych assessment, one must do: a personality profile, IQ and a
Projective test-reality test
• There are two types of sleep:
o Rem, one turn, atonic, no muscle movement, sleep paralysis, your
thermostat is like that of a snake, turned down, and your dreams
are really weird and bizarre dreaming
o Non-Rem, four turns you are in homeothermic state
o Sleep walking ---Somnambulism
o Sleep talking ---- Somniloquy would not occur in REM but in NON
REM
o Lucid Dreamers can make choices in their dreams
• Hypnosis, normal state, driving and then you daydream, hypnosis and
can’t remember how you got home. It can be used for therapies, and
you can’t get stuck in a trance