Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Turbulent Flow
Thickness of
boundary layer
The Origin of Turbulence
u at a certained location
t1
t (time)
Define:
u = u + u ' (t); v = v + v' (t); w = w + w' (t); P = P + P ' (t)
T = T + T ' (t)
1 t1 1 t1 1 t1
u ≡
t1 ∫0
u dt , v ≡
t1 ∫0
v dt , w ≡
t1 ∫0
w dt etc.
(ii) Time-Averaged Continuity Equation
∂u ∂v ∂w
Continuity: + + =0 (incompressible flow)
∂x ∂y ∂z
=0
∂u 2 ∂ (uv) ∂ (uw) 1 ∂ Pe ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ + = − +ν ( + + )
∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂x ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
∂u ∂u 1 ∂P 1 ∂ ∂u ∂u
Hence, u + v + = (µ + ρε m )
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ρ ∂y ∂y ∂y
1 ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u
= ( ρ (ν + ε m ) ) = ((ν + ε m ) )
ρ ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
∂u
where ρ (ν + ε m ) = apparent shear stress
∂y
(iv) k−ε Model for Turbulent Flow
ε M = Cu k 1/ 2 L
k 3/ 2
Dessipation rate = ε = CD ( ) where CD = drag coefficient = 1
L
k2
Sustituting back to eliminate L, it yields εM = ( )Cu
ε
Dk ∂ ε M ∂k ∂u
k − equation: = ( ) + ε M ( )2 − ε
Dt ∂y σ k ∂y ∂y
Dε ∂ ε M ∂ε ∂u 2 ε ε2
ε − equation: = ( ) + c1ε M ( ) − c2 ( )
Dt ∂y σ ε ∂y ∂y k k
∂T ∂ (uT ) ∂ (vT ) ∂ ( wT ) ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T
+ + + = α( + + )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
Time averaged from 0 → t1 ,
∂T ∂ (uT ) ∂ (vT ) ∂ ( wT ) ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T
+ + + = α( 2 + 2 + 2 )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ (uT ) ∂ (vT ) ∂ ( wT ) ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T
After arrangement, + + = α( 2 + 2 + 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂T ∂u ∂T ∂v ∂T ∂w
[u + T ] + [v + T ] + [w + T ]
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂ (u 'T ' ) ∂ (v 'T ' ) ∂ ( wT
' '
) ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T
+ + + = α( 2 + + )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y 2
∂z 2
∂T ∂T ∂ ε ∂T
u + v = [(α + M ) ]
∂x ∂y ∂y Prt ∂y
εM
where Prt ≡ turbulent Prandtl number ≡ (empirally determined)
εH