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Americans around him during the time of the Harlem Renaissa nce, and also the history that
they all shared in Africa. The Harlem Renaissance was a time of resurgence of traditional African
culture in the community of Harlem, a mostly black neighborhood in New York City, Ne w York
(Celebrate). The time was filled with musical invention and African traditions reborn. The new
sounds of jazz and the blues filled the air and African Americans celebrated the obstacles they
had surmounted and rallied to prepare for the new challenges to come (Celebrate).
Renaissance itself. During this time of African American revival, Hughes flourished in the arts
and the music of Harlem became one of the major inspirations for his writing style (Meyer).
Langston Hughes͛ poetry brings into a new light the struggles of Africans throughout history
and also during the time in which he lived. Hughes͛ use of diction, tone, symbols, rhythm,
meter, speaker, setting and situation engages the reader his words as he speaks on behalf of all
African Americans to remember the past and push for people of other races to recognize their
Langston Hughes͛ choice of diction and tone are both important to how a reader
understands his poetry. His diction is often rather simple and the informal quality of his writing
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is used to make his poetry more accessible to a wider audience. The tone of Hughes͛ work often
reflects the attitude of the speakers he portrays. As a slave he feels subordinate; as himself he
Negro;/ Black as the night is black,/ Black like the depths of my Africa͟ (Negro). The speaker͛s
diction is flat and factual, and the tone reflects defeat. The speaker has abandoned his thoughts
of freedom because even with the passing of time nothing has changed. The poem talks about
the many ways Africans have been persecuted, beat down, and enslaved. From serving Caesar
to brushing the boots of George Washington, Hughes creates an image that the characteristics
of African life have always stayed the same, no matter which continent they live on. The cruelty
only evolved to fit the needs of their oppressors. The poem͛s diction and tone suggests that
views on race have never changed, and possibly never will . ¢
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In ͞I, Too,͟ the tone is much different; Hughes speaks clearly of the changing times. The c)c ccc
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first seven lines are about racial inequality during the times of African American servitude. ͞I cc "c
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am the darker bother. /They send me to eat in the kitchen /When company comes͟ (I, Too). cc
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Hughes refers to the times of extreme racial segregation, when blacks were subordinate to cc#ccccc c
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whites and were not allowed the privileg e of eating with proper ͞company.͟ The tone of lines cccc#c+,c c#c)c
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two through four is very morose. But as time passes and the speaker grows stronger, ͞But I
laugh/ And eat well, /And grow strong͟ (I, Too). The tone changes to suit the more powerful,
assertive speaker and the reader feels the strength building as Hughes͛ continues to portray the
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passing of time and the freedom of African Americans through the rest of the poem. ͞They͛ll
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see how beautiful I am/ And be ashamed,͟ says the speaker near the end of the poem. One
day, the speaker will be on even ground, and others will recognize them for who they are and ¢
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their value, and be ashamed of their shared past.
In ͞The Negro Speaks of Rivers,͟ Hughes comments on the prejudices and punishments
Africans have faced in the past. ͞I͛ve known rivers͟ is repeated three times by the speaker of
the poem, and the diction of this line is very important ( The). Because Hughes chose to set this
poem in past tense, the reader can imply that the speaker has made his way out of sla very, that
the time is gone when he knew rivers, and now he has moved on to another place. The tone of
the poem is reflective, looking at the past with reverence for what the rivers of his past have
the Mississippi. For this speaker, rivers represent the passing of time. There is not a beginning
or ending to African American history, it will always flow forward and change, just like the river.
͞My soul has grown deep like the rivers,͟ the speaker says ( The). Just like life, the river is
continuously moving onward and as it runs its course it carves deeper into the earth, just how
experiences leave imprints the soul. Hughes͛ calls upon his readers to look back on their own
history and be grateful for what they have learned from it. Symbols like this often create a new
level of depth for the reader and invite them to dig deeper into the poem and reveal what the
poem says about the writer or even the reader themselves. ¢
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Due to Hughes͛ background with the Harlem Renaissance, a little of his own personality
is written into every poem. Many of the poems written by Hughes͛ have a jazz or blues like
rhythm when read aloud. The fifth, sixth and seventh lines of ͞I, Too͟ hold the best
representation of how Hughes͛ rhythm and meter add to the meaning of the poem. ͞But I
laugh./ And eat well,/ And grow strong͟ (I, Too). The third word of each of these lines is
stressed, which creates a rhythm that guides the reader through the spea ker͛s growth.
Furthermore, each successive line is slightly longer than the one preceding it. This also builds on
that feeling of growth and momentum that Hughes uses to define his speaker. This feeling of
momentum is found in many of Hughes͛ poems as he c alls his readers to recognize the
The speaker Hughes chooses for each of his poems is very important to the meaning of
the poem. Many of his poems take place in the past or in distant lan ds and his choice of speaker
helps the reader sympathize with the less than subtle meanings behind his racially charged
poems. Hughes͛ poem ͞Negro͟ is can be spoken by anyone with darker skin. The poem speaks
of the hardships faced by the African race and its descendants. ͞I am a Negro,͟ starts the first
and sixth stanzas while all the stanzas in between state the different roles African Americans
have played throughout history, ͞I͛ve been a salve͙/ I͛ve been a worker͙/ I͛ve been a singer͙/
I͛ve been a victim͟ (Negro). The speaker of ͞The Negro Speaks of Rivers͟ is also of African
American descent. ͞I͛ve known rivers,͟ the speaker states. Unlike the speaker of ͞Negro͟ , this
speaker is looking back on the past with reverence and a respect for his or her race. The
speaker puts his or herself in the proverbial shoes of his ancestors; ͞I bathed in the
Euphrates͙/ I built my hut near the Congo͙/ I looked upon the Nile͙/ I heard the singing of
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the Mississippi͟ (The). Each of these locations were important to the readers past, and in turn
his or her present. Hughes call upon all readers to recognize the hardships and challenges of the
The locations chosen by Hughes for the setting and situation of each of his poems are
very important because each designates a specific point in African American history that the
audience should reflect upon during their readings of his poetry. In Hughes͛ ͞Negro,͟ the
setting often changes but the situation remains the same throughout each stanza . Hughes
starts and ends the poem with ͞I am a Negro:/ Black as the night is black,/ Black like the depths
of my Africa͟ (Negro). This emphasizes that nothing has changed over the course of time, nor
does it matter where the speaker is geographically, the color of their skin will always dictate
how people view and treat him or her. ͞Under my hand the pyramids arose./ I made mortar for
the Woolworth Building͟ (Negro). Here Hughes emphasizes the inequality that Africans have
faced throughout time. In ancient Egypt, the African slaves built great pyramids under the name
of their pharaoh. But even in modern ( modern to Hughes) New York City, nothing has changed.
The Woolworth Building was the tallest building in the world when ͞Negro͟ was written, and as
stated in the poem, the building was constructed by mostly black, underpaid workers (Matlins).
Hughes compares these two structures to stress the frustration and disappointment felt by
African Americans that went highly unrecognized by other races, and emphasize that nothing
Although the speaker of ͞The Negro Speaks of Rivers͟ is also looking back on the history
of mistreatment against Africans, rather than living it, the speaker sees how the setting never
effected how Africans were treated . No matter the situation they were always looked down
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upon and ill-treated. But, unlike ͞Negro,͟ the speaker of ͞The Negro Speaks of Rivers͟ can see
progress as time goes on. Lines five through ten show the succession of time and setting as the
speaker moves out of Africa and into the United States. ͞ I looked upon the Nile and raised the
pyramids above it./ I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln/ Went down to New
Orleans,͟ says the speaker (The). These lines, seven, eight, and nine, show the speaker͛s
Lincoln. It is important that Hughes does this in the poem; the building progress shows that the
͞I, Too͟ features two different pairs of settings and situations, one brighter and more
promising than the other. ͞I, too, sing America,͟ says the speaker in the first line of the poem.
This line sets the tone for the second stanza. Africans, as well as blacks in America, are known
for singing through their sorrows and bad times. In Hughes͛ day, jazz and the blues, musical
genres that were innovated to better emphasize the feelings of sorrow within the musicians
and artists, were the sound of the stre ets in Harlem (Celebrate). The speaker informs the reader
that in a time where ͞They send me to eat in the kitchen/ When company comes,͟ the speaker
is sorrowful and has no voice against his or her oppressors (I, Too). In the third stanza, the
situation changes, but the setting remains the same. Now looking into the future the speaker
can see a time when ͞I͛ll be at the table/ When company comes͟ (I, Too). The speaker can see
the progression and the poem ends with ͞I, too am America͟ (I, Too). It is importa nt that this
change is made from the first line of the poem. Now, rather than singing the sorrows of slavery
and servitude, the speaker too has a true voice in a more racially equal society. The settings and ¢
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situations of Hughes͛ poetry, like in ͞I, Too,͟ often dictate how the reader understands the cc c#c
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speaker and how the audience sympathizes with the African Americans of the time period
across the country was extraordinary. His poetry epitomized the work linked to the Harlem
Renaissance and brought back the feelings and emotions associated with the struggles of
Africans throughout history and also during the time in which Hughes himself lived . ͞They͛ll see
how beautiful I am/ And be ashamed,͟ Hughes wrote in ͞I, Too͟ (I, Too). African Americans as
well as other races in the United States now sympathized with Hughes͛ speakers and saw the
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ác The Central idea of this paper is a claim that Hughes poetry
was purposefully written to give readers and idea of the
struggles and hardships of African Americans through the
recognition of what happened in their past.
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