GSM BASED DEVICE MONITRING & CONTROL

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology

Departement of Electronics & Communication Engineering

CET-IILM-AHL
GREATER NOIDA,U.P.,201306

Supervised by:- Submitted by:-

Mrs. GARIMA KULSHRASHTHA Rana Aditya Pratap Singh
Rana Brijendra Singh
Sumit Kumar Gupta
Sunil Kumar Yadav
 CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the major project report entitled “GSM BASED DEVICE

MONITRING & CONTROL” is a record of of bonafide work done by Mr.

Rana Aditya Pratap Singh , Mr. Rana Brijendra Singh , Mr. Sumit Gupta ,

Mr. Sunil Yadav under our supervision and guidance.

This report is submitted to the CET-IILM-AHL as a part of syllabus

prescribed by UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW for the degree BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION) DURING THE YEAR

2007-11.

(H.O.D Signature) (Supervisior’s Signature)

RASHMI PATOO Mrs. GARIMA KULSHRASHTHA

Designation: Professor & Head Designation: Asst. Professor

Date: Date:

External Examiner

List of Contents
Candidate Declaration

Candidate Declaration
I hereby declare that the work , which is prepared in the desertion of project titled
“GSM BASED DEVICE MONITRING & CONTROL” is submitted in partil
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor Of Technology
(Electronics & Communication Engineering), is an authenticated record of our
original work from 15th Jan to 10th May of 2009. This project report is an
authenticated work of ours and not has been submitted to any other university or
organization before.

Rana Aditya Pratap Singh

Rana Brijendra Singh
Sumit Kumar Gupta
Sunil Kumar Yadav

Acknowledgement
We are extremely thankfull & greatfull to Mrs Rashmi Patto, Head of
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, CET-IILM-AHL.
She being our guide, has taken keen interest in the progress of our project work by
providing facilities & guidance. We are indebted to our guide for her inspiration,
support & kindness showered on us through the course.

We thank Mrs. GARIMA KULSHRASHTHA (mentor), Col. B.C. TRIPATHI,

MR. RASID MAHMOOD, MR. AMIT GOSWAMI for their encouragement
and support in our academy endeavors.

We takes this opportunity to thank the teaching & non teaching staff of CET-
IILM-AHL, for their cvaluable help & support.

We would also thanks our parents & friends for their constant encouragement and
support.

1) Introduction
In this project we can control any electrical appliances through mobile or landline

from any part of the country. In this project one base unit is connected to the basic

landline or with the mobile phone in parallel with the land line phone , in the case

of landline but in the case of mobile phone we use handfree option logic.. When

we want to control any electrical appliances through outer phone then first we dial

the home number, bell is ringing and after few bell phone is automatic on and

switch on the base unit to operate. Now we press the eight digit excess code, one

by one. Password is compare with the digital circuit. if the excess code is ok then

unit give a ack in the form of tone pulse and switch on the base unit. Now again

we press the switch on/off code to on/off any electrical appliances. With the help

of this code unit is on and base unit give a acknowledge pulseeep sound for on and

off separately. Now first of all we check the position of any electrical appliances

by pressing a particular code. If we want to check the position of unit 2 then we

press 2 then circuit produce a ack sound of on and off by beep sound. Now after

getting a sound of ack we press 0 for off and press 1 for the on the unit.

All this is happen by the memory connected with the pin no 10,11,12. when power

is off the all the content of the switch is transfer to the memory unit.

Complete circuit is divided into FOUR parts.

1. DTMF DECODER
 2. MICROCONTROLLER

3. EXCESS CONTROL

4. MEMORY INTERFACE

DTMF DECODER.

In dtmf decoder circuit we use ic 8870 ic. IC 8870 is a dtmf

decoder ic. IC 8870 converts the dual tones to corresponding

binary outputs.

DTMF SIGNALLING.

Ac register signaling is used in dtmf telephones, here tones

rather than make/break pulse are used fro dialing, each dialed

digit is uniquely represented by a pair of sine waves tones. These

tones ( one from low group for row and another from high group

fro column) are sent to the exchange when a digit is dialed by

pushing the key, these tone lies within the speech band of 300 to

3400 hz, and are chosen so as to minimize the possibility of any

valid frequency pair existing in normal speech simultaneously.

Actually, this minimisator is made possible by forming pairs with

one tone from the higher group and the other from the lower of

frequencies. A valid dtmf signal is the sum of two tones, one from

a lower group ( 697-940 Hz) and the other from a a higher group

( 1209-1663 Hz). Each group contains four individual tones. This

scheme allows 10 unique combinations. Ten of these code

represent digits 1 through 9 and 0. . tones in DTMF dialing are so

chose that none of the tones is harmonic of are other tone.

Therefore is no change of distortion caused by harmonics. Each

tone is sent as along as the key remains pressed. The dtmf signal

contains only one component from each of the high and low

group. This significaly simplifies decoding because the composite

dtmf signal may be separated with band pass filters into single

frequency components, each of which may be handled

individually.

MT8870 OUTPUT TRUTH TABLE.

F low F high KEY BCD

697 1209 1 0001

697 1336 2 0010

697 1477 3 0011

770 1209 4 0100

770 1336 5 0101

770 1477 6 0110

852 1209 7 0111

852 1336 8 1000

852 1477 9 1001

941 1209 0 1010

 WHAT IS DTMF ?

Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) is used for telecommunication

signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band
betweentelephone handsets and other communications devices and the switching
center. The version of DTMF that is used in push-button telephones for tone dialing is
known as Touch-Tone. It was first used by AT&T in commerce as a registered
trademark, and is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is also known in the
UK as MF4.

Other multi-frequency systems are used for internal signaling within the telephone
network.

The Touch-Tone system, using the telephone keypad, gradually replaced the use
of rotary dial starting in 1963[citation needed], and since then DTMF or Touch-Tone became
the industry standard for both cell phones and landline service

When you press a button in the

telephone set keypad, a connection is made that generates a
resultant signal of two tones at the same time. These two tones
are taken from a row frequency and a column frequency. The
resultant frequency signal is called “Dual Tone Multiple
Frequency”. These tones are identical and unique.
A DTMF signal is the algebraic sum of two different audio
frequencies, and can be expressed as follows:
f(t) = A0sin(2*П*fa*t) + B0sin(2*П*fb*t) + ……….. ——->(1)
Where fa and fb are two different audio frequencies with A and B
as their peak amplitudes and f as the resultant DTMF signal. fa
belongs to the low frequency group and fb belongs to the high
frequency group.
Each of the low and high frequency groups comprise four
frequencies from the various keys present on the telephone
keypad; two different frequencies, one from the high frequency
group and another from the low frequency group are used to
produce a DTMF signal to represent the pressed key.
The amplitudes of the two sine waves should be such that
(0.7 < (A/B) < 0.9)V ——–>(2)
The frequencies are chosen such that they are not the harmonics
of each other. The frequencies associated with various keys on
the keypad are shown in figure (A).
When you send these DTMF signals to the telephone exchange
through cables, the servers in the telephone exchange identifies
these signals and makes the connection to the person you are
calling.
 SPECIFICATION OF COMPONENTS

WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF THE

MICROCONTROLLERS.
Look around. Notice the smart “intelligent” systems? Be it the T.V, washing
machines, video games, telephones, automobiles, aero planes, power systems, or
any application having a LED or a LCD as a user interface, the control is likely to
be in the hands of a micro controller!
Measure and control, that’s where the micro controller is at its best.
Micro controllers are here to stay. Going by the current trend, it is obvious that
micro controllers will be playing bigger and bigger roles in the different activities
of our lives.
So where does this scenario leave us? Think about it……

The world of Micro controllers

What is the primary difference between a microprocessor and a micro controller?
Unlike the microprocessor, the micro controller can be considered to be a true
“Computer on a chip”.
In addition to the various features like the ALU, PC, SP and registers found on a
microprocessor, the micro controller also incorporates features like the ROM,
RAM, Ports, timers, clock circuits, counters, reset functions etc.
While the microprocessor is more a general-purpose device, used for read, write
and calculations on data, the micro controller, in addition to the above functions
also controls the environment.
We have used a whole lot of technical terms already! Don’t get worried about the
meanings at this point. We shall understand these terms as we proceed furtherFor
now just be aware of the fact, that all these terms literally mean what they say.

Bits and Bytes

Before starting on the 8051, here is a quick run through on the bits and bytes. The
basic unit of data for a computer is a bit. Four bits make a nibble. Eight bits or two
nibbles make a byte. Sixteen bits or four nibbles or two bytes make a word.
1024 bytes make a kilobyte or 1KB, and 1024 KB make a Mega Byte or 1MB.
Thus when we talk of an 8-bit register, we mean the register is capable of holding
data of 8 bits only.

The 8051
The 8051 developed and launched in the early 80`s, is one of the most popular
micro controller in use today. It has a reasonably large amount of built in ROM
and RAM. In addition it has the ability to access external memory.
The generic term `8x51` is used to define the device. The value of x defining the
kind of ROM, i.e. x=0, indicates none, x=3, indicates mask ROM, x=7, indicates
EPROM and x=9 indicates EEPROM or Flash.

A note on ROM
The early 8051, namely the 8031 was designed without any ROM. This device
could run only with external memory connected to it. Subsequent developments
lead to the development of the PROM or the programmable ROM.
The next in line, was the EPROM or Erasable Programmable ROM. These devices
used ultraviolet light erasable memory cells. Thus a program could be loaded,
tested and erased using ultra violet rays. A new program could then be loaded
again.
An improved EPROM was the EEPROM or the electrically erasable PROM. This
does not require ultra violet rays, and memory can be cleared using circuits within
the chip itself.
Finally there is the FLASH, which is an improvement over the EEPROM. While
the terms EEPROM and flash are sometimes used interchangeably, the difference
lies in the fact that flash erases the complete memory at one stroke, and not act on
the individual cells. This results in reducing the time for erasure.

Understanding the basic features of the 8051 core

Let’s now move on to a practical example. We shall work on a simple practical
application and using the example as a base, shall explore the various features of
the 8051 microcontroller.
Consider an electric circuit as follows,

The positive side (+ve) of the battery is connected to one side of a switch. The
other side of the switch is connected to a bulb or LED (Light Emitting Diode). The
bulb is then connected to a resistor, and the other end of the resistor is connected to
the negative (-ve) side of the battery.
When the switch is closed or ‘switched on’ the bulb glows. When the switch is
open or ‘switched off’ the bulb goes off
If you are instructed to put the switch on and off every 30 seconds, how would you
do it? Obviously you would keep looking at your watch and every time the second
hand crosses 30 seconds you would keep turning the switch on and off.
Imagine if you had to do this action consistently for a full day. Do you think you
would be able to do it? Now if you had to do this for a month, a year??
No way, you would say!
The next step would be, then to make it automatic. This is where we use the
Microcontroller.But if the action has to take place every 30 seconds, how will the
microcontroller keep track of time?

Execution time
Look at the following instruction,
clr p1.0
This is an assembly language instruction. It means we are instructing the
microcontroller to put a value of ‘zero’ in bit zero of port one. This instruction is
equivalent to telling the microcontroller to switch on the bulb. The instruction then
to instruct the microcontroller to switch off the bulb is,
Setb p1.0
This instructs the microcontroller to put a value of ‘one’ in bit zero of port one.
Don’t worry about what bit zero and port one means. We shall learn it in more
detail as we proceed.
There are a set of well defined instructions, which are used while communicating
with the microcontroller. Each of these instructions requires a standard number of
cycles to execute. The cycle could be one or more in number.
How is this time then calculated?
The speed with which a microcontroller executes instructions is determined by
what is known as the crystal speed. A crystal is a component connected externally
to the microcontroller. The crystal has different values, and some of the used
values are 6MHZ, 10MHZ, and 11.059 MHz etc.
Thus a 10MHZ crystal would pulse at the rate of 10,000,000 times per second.
The time is calculated using the formula
No of cycles per second = Crystal frequency in HZ / 12.
For a 10MHZ crystal the number of cycles would be,
10,000,000/12=833333.33333 cycles.
This means that in one second, the microcontroller would execute 833333.33333
cycles. Therefore for one cycle, what would be the time? Try it out.
The instruction clr p1.0 would use one cycle to execute. Similarly, the instruction
setb p1.0 also uses one cycle.So go ahead and calculate what would be the number
of cycles required to be executed to get a time of 30 seconds!

Getting back to our bulb example, all we would need to do is to instruct the
microcontroller to carry out some instructions equivalent to a period of 30 seconds,
like counting from zero upwards, then switch on the bulb, carry out instructions
equivalent to 30 seconds and switch off the bulb.
Just put the whole thing in a loop, and you have a never ending on-off sequence.
Simple isn’t it? Let us now have a look at the features of the 8051 core, keeping

the above example as a reference,

8-bit CPU.( Consisting of the ‘A’ and ‘B’ registers)
Most of the transactions within the microcontroller are carried out through the ‘A’
register, also known as the Accumulator. In addition all arithmetic functions are
carried out generally in the ‘A’ register. There is another register known as the ‘B’
register, which is used exclusively for multiplication and division.
Thus an 8-bit notation would indicate that the maximum value that can be input
into these registers is ‘11111111’. Puzzled?
The value is not decimal 111, 11,111! It represents a binary number, having an
equivalent value of ‘FF’ in Hexadecimal and a value of 255 in decimal.
We shall read in more detail on the different numbering systems namely the Binary
and Hexadecimal system in our next module.

2. 4K on-chip ROM
Once you have written out the instructions for the microcontroller, where do you
put these instructionsObviously you would like these instructions to be safe, and
not get deleted or changed during execution. Hence you would load it into the
‘ROM’The size of the program you write is bound to vary depending on the
application, and the number of lines. The 8051 microcontroller gives you space to
load up to 4K of program size into the internal

ROM. 4K, that’s all? Well just wait. You would be surprised at the amount of stuff
you can load in this 4K of space.
Of course you could always extend the space by connecting to 64K of external
ROM if required.

3. 128 bytes on-chip RAM

This is the space provided for executing the program in terms of moving data,
storing data etc.

4. 32 I/O lines. (Four- 8 bit ports, labeled P0, P1, P2, P3)
In our bulb example, we used the notation p1.0. This means bit zero of port one.
One bit controls one bulb.

Thus port one would have 8 bits. There are a total of four ports named p0, p1, p2,
p3, giving a total of 32 lines. These lines can be used both as input or output.

5. Two 16 bit timers / counters.

A microcontroller normally executes one instruction at a time. However certain
applications would require that some event has to be tracked independent of the
main program.
The manufacturers have provided a solution, by providing two timers. These timers
execute in the background independent of the main program. Once the required
time has been reached, (remember the time calculations described above?), they
can trigger a branch in the main program.

These timers can also be used as counters, so that they can count the number of
events, and on reaching the required count, can cause a branch in the main
program.

6. Full Duplex serial data receiver / transmitter.

The 8051 microcontroller is capable of communicating with external devices like
the PC etc. Here data is sent in the form of bytes, at predefined speeds, also known
as baud rates.
The transmission is serial, in the sense, one bit at a time
7. 5- interrupt sources with two priority levels (Two external and three
internal)
During the discussion on the timers, we had indicated that the timers can trigger a
branch in the main program. However, what would we do in case we would like
the microcontroller to take the branch, and then return back to the main program,
without having to constantly check whether the required time / count has been
reached?
This is where the interrupts come into play. These can be set to either the timers, or
to some external events. Whenever the background program has reached the
required criteria in terms of time or count or an external event, the branch is taken,
and on completion of the branch, the control returns to the main program.
Priority levels indicate which interrupt is more important, and needs to be executed
first in case two interrupts occur at the same time.

8. On-chip clock oscillator.

This represents the oscillator circuits within the microcontroller. Thus the hardware
is reduced to just simply connecting an external crystal, to achieve the required
pulsing rate.
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ground pin directly. In this project we add a flash memory with

the microcontroller to save all the current data of the port p2 and
port 0 in the flash memory. Here we use ic 24co2 memory to save
all the detail of the project. This memory is a 8 pin memory. Pin
no 8 is connected to the positive supply. Pin no 1,2,3,4 is
connected to the ground here in this project we connect pin no 5
and 6 is to the controller directly. Pin no 8 is also connected to the
positive 5 volt supply. Pin no 7 is wp pin. Here pin no 7 is also

connected to the pin no 12.

SERIAL CLOCK (SCL):

The SCL input is used to positive edge clock data into eachEEPROM

device and negative edge clock data out of each device.When we want to

enter a data in the memory then we provide a low to high pulse and when

we get a data from the memory then we provide a high to low signal.
SERIAL DATA (SDA):

The SDA pin is bi-directional for serial data transfer. This pin is

open-drain driven

and may be wire-ORed with any number of other open-drain or

opencollector

devices.

DEVICE/PAGE ADDRESSES (A2, A1, A0):

The A2, A1 and A0 pins are device address inputs that are hard wired for

the AT24C01A and the AT24C02. As many aseight 1K/2K devices may be

addressed on a single bus system (device addressing is discussed in detail

under the Device Addressing section).The AT24C04 uses the A2 and A1

inputs for hard wire addressing and a total of four 4Kdevices may be

addressed on a single bus system. The A0 pin is a no connect.The

AT24C08 only uses the A2 input for hardwire addressing and a total of two
8K devices may be addressed on a single bus system. The A0 and A1 pins

are no connects.

WRITE PROTECT (WP):

The AT24C01A/02/04/16 has a Write Protect pin that provideshardware

data protection. The Write Protect pin allows normal read/write

operationswhen connected to ground (GND). When the Write Protect pin is

connected to VCC, thewrite protection feature is enabled and operates as

shown in the following table.

Operation CLOCK and DATA TRANSITIONS:

The SDA pin is normally pulled high with an external device. Data on the

SDA pin may change only during SCL low time periods (refer to

Data Validity timing diagram). Data changes during SCL high

periods will indicate a startor stop condition as defined below.

START CONDITION:

A high-to-low transition of SDA with SCL high is a start conditionwhich

must precede any other command (refer to Start and Stop Definition timing

diagram).

STOP CONDITION:

A low-to-high transition of SDA with SCL high is a stop condition.After a

read sequence, the stop command will place the EEPROM in a standby

power mode (refer to Start and Stop Definition timing diagram).

ACKNOWLEDGE:

All addresses and data words are serially transmitted to and from the

EEPROM in 8-bit words. The EEPROM sends a zero to acknowledge that it

has received each word. This happens during the ninth clock cycle.

STANDBY MODE:

The AT24C01A/02/04/08/16 features a low-power standby modewhich is

enabled: (a) upon power-up and (b) after the receipt of the STOP bit and

the completion of any internal operations.

AT24C01A/02/04/08/16

Device Addressing The 1K, 2K, 4K, 8K and 16K EEPROM devices all

require an 8-bit device address word following a start condition to enable

the chip for a read or write operation (refer to Figure1).The device address

word consists of a mandatory one, zero sequence for the first four most

significant bits as shown. This is common to all the EEPROM devices.The

next 3 bits are the A2, A1 and A0 device address bits for the 1K/2K

EEPROM.These 3 bits must compare to their corresponding hard-wired

input pins.The 4K EEPROM only uses the A2 and A1 device address bits

with the third bit being a memory page address bit. The two device address

bits must compare to their corresponding hard-wired input pins. The A0 pin

is no connect.The 8K EEPROM only uses the A2 device address bit with

the next 2 bits being for memory page addressing. The A2 bit must

compare to its corresponding hard-wired input pin. The A1 and A0 pins are

no connect.The 16K does not use any device address bits but instead the 3

bits are used for memory page addressing. These page addressing bits on

the 4K, 8K and 16K devices should be considered the most significant bits

of the data word address which follows.

The A0, A1 and A2 pins are no connect.The eighth bit of the device

address is the read/write operation select bit. A read operation is initiated if

this bit is high and a write operation is initiated if this bit is low.Upon a

compare of the device address, the EEPROM will output a zero. If a

compare is not made, the chip will return to a standby state.

Write Operations BYTE WRITE:

A write operation requires an 8-bit data word address following the device

address word and acknowledgment. Upon receipt of this address, the

EEPROM will again respond with a zero and then clock in the first 8-bit

data word. Following receipt of the 8-bit data word, the EEPROM will output

a zero and the addressing device, such as a microcontroller, must

terminate the write sequence with a stop condition.At this time the

EEPROM enters an internally timed write cycle, tWR, to the nonvolatile

memory. All inputs are disabled during this write cycle and the EEPROM

will not respond until the write is complete (refer to Figure 2).

PAGE WRITE:

The 1K/2K EEPROM is capable of an 8-byte page write, and the 4K, 8K

and 16K devices are capable of 16-byte page writes.

A page write is initiated the same as a byte write, but the microcontroller

does not send a stop condition after the first data word is clocked in.

Instead, after the EEPROM acknowledges receipt of the first data word, the

microcontroller can transmit up to seven (1K/2K) or fifteen (4K, 8K, 16K)

more data words. The EEPROM will respond with a zero after each data

word received. The microcontroller must terminate the page write sequence

with a stop condition The data word address lower three (1K/2K) or four

(4K, 8K, 16K) bits are internally incremented following the receipt of each

data word. The higher data word address bits are not incremented,retaining

the memory page row location. When the word address,internally

generated, reaches the page boundary, the following byte is placed at the

beginning of the same page. If more than eight (1K/2K) or sixteen (4K, 8K,

16K) data words are transmitted to the EEPROM, the data word address

will “roll over” and previous data will be overwritten.

ACKNOWLEDGE POLLING:

Once the internally timed write cycle has started and the EEPROM inputs

are disabled, acknowledge polling can be initiated. This involves send-

AT24C01A/02/04/08/16

3256D–SEEPR–11/03

ing a start condition followed by the device address word. The read/write bit

is representative of the operation desired. Only if the internal write cycle

has completed will the EEPROM respond with a zero allowing the read or

write sequence to continue.

Read Operations Read operations are initiated the same way as write

operations with the exception that the read/write select bit in the device

address word is set to one. There are three read operations: current

address read, random address read and sequential read.

CURRENT ADDRESS READ:

The internal data word address counter maintains the last address

accessed during the last read or write operation, incremented by one. This

address stays valid between operations as long as the chip power is

maintained. Theaddress “roll over” during read is from the last byte of the

last memory page to the first byte of the first page. The address “roll over”
during write is from the last byte of the current page to the first byte of the

same page.Once the device address with the read/write select bit set to

one is clocked in and acknowledged by the EEPROM, the current address

data word is serially clocked out.The microcontroller does not respond with

an input zero but does generate a following stop condition

RANDOM READ:

A random read requires a “dummy” byte write sequence to load in the data

word address. Once the device address word and data word address are

clocked in and acknowledged by the EEPROM, the microcontroller must

generate another start condition. The microcontroller now initiates a current

address read by sending a device address with the read/write select bit

high. The EEPROM acknowledges the device address and serially clocks

out the data word. The microcontroller does not respond with a zero but

does generate a following stop condition.

SEQUENTIAL READ:

Sequential reads are initiated by either a current address read or a random

address read. After the microcontroller receives a data word, it responds

with an acknowledge. As long as the EEPROM receives an acknowledge, it

will continue to increment the data word address and serially clock out

sequential data words. When the memory address limit is reached, the data

word address will “roll over” and the sequential read will continue. The

sequential read operation is terminated when the microcontroller does not

respond with a zero but does generate a following stop condition.

10 AT24C01A/02/04/08/16

(* = DON’T CARE bit for 1K)

 OPTOCOUPLERS:

A lot of electronic equipment nowadays are using optocoupler in the circuit.

An optocoupler or sometimes refer to as optoisolator allows two circuits to
exchange signals yet remain electrically isolated. This is usually
accomplished by using light to relay the signal. The standard optocoupler
circuits design uses a LED shining on a phototransistor-usually it is a npn
transistor and not pnp. The signal is applied to the LED, which then shines
on the transistor in the ic.

The light is proportional to the signal, so the signal is thus transferred to the
phototransistor. Optocouplers may also comes in few module such as the
SCR, photodiodes, TRIAC of other semiconductor switch as an output, and
incandescent lamps, neon bulbs or other light source. I also came across
two led and two phototransistors in a package in the power supply of a
NEC printer. In this article i will explain only the most commonly used opto
coupler which is the combination of LED and phototransistor. See the
optocoupler ic schematic diagram below:

It is a small device that allows the transmission of a signal

between parts of a circuit while keeping those two parts
electrically isolated. How is this so? Inside our typical
optocoupler are two things – an LED and a phototransistor.
When a current runs through the LED, it switches on - at
which point the phototransitor detects the light and allows
another current to flow through it. And then when the LED is
off, current cannot flow through the phototransistor. All the
while the two currents are completely electrically isolated
(when operated within their stated parameters!)
Switching DC current will flow from A to B, causing current to
flow from C to D. The schematic for figure one is a simple
optocoupler, consisting of the LED and the photo-transistor.
However, this is not suitable for AC current, as the diode will
only conduct current in one direction. For AC currents, we
have an example in figure two – it has diodes positioned to
allow current to flow in either polarity. Figure three is an
optocoupler with a photodarlington output type. These have a
much higher output gain, however can only handle lesser
frequencies (that is, they need more time to switch on and
off).
Physically, optocouplers can be found in the usual range of
packaging, such as:

Some of you may be thinking “why use an optocoupler, I have

a relay?” Good question. There are many reasons, including:
• Size and weight. Relays are much larger, and heavier;
• Solid state – no moving parts, so no metal fatigue;
• Optocouplers are more suited to digital electronics – as they
don’t have moving parts they can switch on and
off much quicker than a relay;
• Much less current required to activate than a relay coil
• The input signal’s impedance may change, which could
affect the circuit – using an optocoupler to split the signal
removes this issue;
Furthermore, the optocoupler has many more interesting uses.
Their property of electrical isolation between the two signals
allows many things to be done. For example:
• you might wish to detect when a telephone is ringing, in
order to switch on a beacon. However you cannot just tap
into the telephone line. As the ring is an AC current, this can
be used with an AC-input optocoupler. Then when the line
current starts (ring signal) the optocoupler can turn on the
rest of your beacon circuit. Please note that you most likely
need to be licensed to do such things. Have a look at the
example circuits in this guide from Vishay: Vishay
Optocouplers.pdf.
• You need to send digital signals from an external device into
a computer input – an optocoupler allows the signals to pass
while keeping the external device electrically isolated from
the computer
• You need to switch a very large current or voltage, but with
a very small input current;
• and so on…
But as expected, the optocoupler has several parameters to
be aware of. Let’s look at a data sheet for a very common
optocoupler, the 4N25 – 4N25 data sheet.pdf – and turn to
page two. The parameters for the input and output stages are
quite simple, as they resemble those of the LED and transistor.
Then there is the input to output isolation voltage – which is critical.
This is the highest voltage that can usually be applied for one
second that will not breach the isolation inside the
optocoupler.
Side note: You may hear about optoisolators. These are generally
known as optocouplers that have output isolation voltages of
 greater than 5000 volts; however some people regularly
interchange optocouplers and optoisolators.
The next parameter of interest is the current-transfer ratio, or
CTR. This is the ratio between the output current flow and the
input current that caused it. Normally this is around ten to fifty
percent – our 4N25 example is twenty percent at optimum
input current. CTR will be at a maximum when the LED is the
brightest – and not necessarily at the maximum current the
LED can handle. Once the CTR is known, you can
configure your circuit for an analogue response, in that the input
current (due to the CTR) controls the output current.

EPROM

An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read only

memory, is a type of memory chip that retains its data when its power
supply is switched off. In other words, it is non-volatile. It is an array
of floating-gate transistors individually programmed by an electronic device
that supplies higher voltages than those normally used in digital circuits.
Once programmed, an EPROM can be erased by exposing it to
strong ultraviolet light from a mercury-vapor light source. EPROMs are
easily recognizable by the transparent fused quartz window in the top of the
package, through which the siliconchip is visible, and which permits
exposure to UV light during erasing
OPERATION
Development of the EPROM memory cell started with investigation of faulty
integrated circuits where the gate connections of transistors had broken.
Stored charge on these isolated gates changed their properties. The
EPROM was invented by Dov Frohman of Intel in 1971, who was awarded
US patent 3660189 in 1972.
A cross-section of a floating-gate transistorEach storage location of an
EPROM consists of a single field-effect transistor. Each field-effect
transistor consists of a channel in the semiconductor body of the device.
Source and drain contacts are made to regions at the end of the channel.
An insulating layer of oxide is grown over the channel, then a conductive
(silicon or aluminum) gate electrode is deposited, and a further thick layer
of oxide is deposited over the gate electrode. The floating gate electrode
has no connections to other parts of the integrated circuit and is completely
insulated by the surrounding layers of oxide. A control gate electrode is
deposited and further oxide covers it.

To retrieve data from the EPROM, the address represented by the values
at the address pins of the EPROM is decoded and used to connect one
word (usually an 8-bit byte) of storage to the output buffer amplifiers. Each
bit of the word is a 1 or 0, depending on the storage transistor being
switched on or off, conducting or non-conducting.
The switching state of the field-effect transistor is controlled by the voltage
on the control gate of the transistor. Presence of a voltage on this gate
creates a conductive channel in the transistor, switching it on. In effect, the
stored charge on the floating gate allows the threshold voltage of the
transistor to be programmed.
Storing data in the memory requires selecting a given address and applying
a higher voltage to the transistors. This creates an avalanche discharge of
electrons, which have enough energy to pass through the insulating oxide
layer and accumulate on the gate electrode. When the high voltage is
removed, the electrons are trapped on the electrode. Because of the high
insulation value of the silicon oxide surrounding the gate, the stored charge
cannot readily leak away and the data can be retained for decades.
Unlike EEPROMs, the programming process is not electrically reversible.
To erase the data stored in the array of transistors, ultraviolet light is
directed onto the die. Photons of the UV light create ionization within the
silicon oxide, which allow the stored charge on the floating gate to
dissipate. Since the whole memory array is exposed, all the memory is
erased at the same time. The process takes several minutes for UV lamps
of convenient sizes; sunlight would erase a chip in weeks, and
indoorfluorescent lighting over several years. Generally the EPROMs must
be removed from equipment to be erased, since it's not usually practical to
build in a UV lamp to erase parts in-circuit.
Application
For large volumes of parts (thousands of pieces or more), mask-
programmed ROMs are the lowest cost devices to produce. However,
these require many weeks lead time to make, since the artwork for an IC
mask layer must be altered to store data on the ROMs. Initially, it was
thought that the EPROM would be too expensive for mass production use
and that it would be confined to development only. It was soon found that
small-volume production was economical with EPROM parts, particularly
when the advantage of rapid upgrades of firmware was considered.
Some microcontrollers, from before the era of EEPROMs and flash
memory, use an on-chip EPROM to store their program. Such
microcontrollers include some versions of the Intel 8048, the Freescale
68HC11, and the "C" versions of the PIC microcontroller. Like EPROM
chips, such microcontrollers came in windowed (expensive) versions that
were useful for debugging and program development. The same chip came
in (somewhat cheaper) opaque OTP packages for production. Leaving the
die of such a chip exposed to light can also change behavior in unexpected
ways when moving from a windowed part used for development to a non-
windowed part for production.
 TRANSFORMER

PRINCIPLE OF THE TRANSFORMER:-

Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are magnetically
coupled. The two coils are known as the primary and secondary
windings.
In a Transformer, an iron core is used. The coupling
between the coils is source of making a path for the magnetic flux
to link both the coils. A core as in fig.2 is used and the coils are
wound on the limbs of the core. Because of high permeability of
iron, the flux path for the flux is only in the iron and hence the
flux links both windings. Hence there is very little ‘leakage flux’.
This term leakage flux denotes the part of the flux, which does
not link both the coils, i.e., when coupling is not perfect. In the
high frequency transformers, ferrite core is used. The
transformers may be step-up, step-down, frequency matching,
sound output, amplifier driver etc. The basic principles of all the
transformers are same.
 MINIATURE TRANSFORMER

CONVENTIONAL POWER TRANSFORMER

 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as
indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for
other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early
LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available
across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high
brightness.
When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are
able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in
the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and
the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small
in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used
to shape its radiation pattern.LEDs present many advantages over
incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,
longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and
greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are
relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat
management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable
output.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements
for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn
signals andindicators) as well as in traffic signals. The compact size, the
possibility of narrow bandwidth, switching speed, and extreme reliability of
LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be
developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced
communications technology. InfraredLEDs are also used in the remote
control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD
players, and other domestic appliances.
Technology
Physics
The LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with
impurities to create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily
from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse
direction. Charge-carriers—electrons and holes—flow into the junction
from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it
falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of aphoton.
The wavelength of the light emitted, and thus its color depends on the band
gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction.
In silicon orgermanium diodes, the electrons and holes recombine by
a non-radiative transition which produces no optical emission, because
these areindirect band gap materials. The materials used for the LED have
a direct band gap with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible or
near-ultraviolet light.
LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium
arsenide. Advances in materials science have enabled making devices with
ever-shorter wavelengths, emitting light in a variety of colors.
LEDs are usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to
the p-type layer deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while less
common, occur as well. Many commercial LEDs, especially GaN/InGaN,
also use sapphire substrate.
Most materials used for LED production have very high refractive indices.
This means that much light will be reflected back into the material at the
material/air surface interface. Thus, light extraction in LEDs is an important
aspect of LED production, subject to much research and development.
The inner workings of an LED I-V diagram for a diode.

Ultraviolet and blue LEDs

Blue LEDs are based on the wide band gap semiconductors GaN (gallium
nitride) and InGaN (indium gallium nitride). They can be added to existing
red and green LEDs to produce the impression of white light, though white
LEDs today rarely use this principle.
The first blue LEDs were made in 1971 by Jacques Pankove (inventor of
the gallium nitride LED) at RCA Laboratories. These devices had too little
light output to be of much practical use. In August of 1989, Cree Inc.
introduced the first commercially available blue LED.
In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-
type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic
devices. Building upon this foundation, in 1993 high brightness blue LEDs
were demonstrated.
By the late 1990s, blue LEDs had become widely available. They have an
active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched
between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the
relative InN-GaN fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission
can be varied from violet to amber. AlGaN aluminium gallium nitride of
varying AlN fraction can be used to manufacture the cladding and quantum
well layers for ultraviolet LEDs, but these devices have not yet reached the
level of efficiency and technological maturity of the InGaN-GaN blue/green
devices. If the active quantum well layers are GaN, instead of alloyed
InGaN or AlGaN, the device will emit near-ultraviolet light with wavelengths
around 350–370 nm. Green LEDs manufactured from the InGaN-GaN
system are far more efficient and brighter than green LEDs produced with
non-nitride material systems.
With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even
shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of
wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at
wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often
encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacements for inspection
of anti-counterfeiting UV watermarks in some documents and paper
currencies. Shorter wavelength diodes, while substantially more expensive,
are commercially available for wavelengths down to 247 nm.As the
photosensitivity of microorganisms approximately matches the absorption
spectrum of DNA, with a peak at about 260 nm, UV LED emitting at 250–
270 nm are to be expected in prospective disinfection and sterilization
devices. Recent research has shown that commercially available UVA
LEDs (365 nm) are already effective disinfection and sterilization devices.
Deep-UV wavelengths were obtained in laboratories using aluminium
nitride (210 nm), boron nitride (215 nm) and diamond (235 nm).

White light
There are two primary ways of producing high intensity white-light using
LEDs. One is to use individual LEDs that emit three primary colors red,
green, and blue and then mix all the colors to form white light. The other is
to use a phosphor material to convert monochromatic light from a blue or
UV LED to broad-spectrum white light, much in the same way a fluorescent
light bulb works.Due to metamerism, it is possible to have quite different
spectra that appear white.
Types

LEDs are produced in a variety of shapes and sizes. The 5 mm cylindrical

package (red, fifth from the left) is the most common, estimated at 80% of world
production.The color of the plastic lens is often the same as the actual color of
light emitted, but not always. For instance, purple plastic is often used
for infrared LEDs, and most blue devices have clear housings. There are also
LEDs in SMT packages, such as those found on blinkiesand on cell phone
keypads

Advantages
 Efficiency: LEDs emit more light per watt than incandescent light
bulbs. Their efficiency is not affected by shape and size, unlike
fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.
 Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color
filters as traditional lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can
lower initial costs.
 Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2) and are easily
populated onto printed circuit boards.
 On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will
achieve full brightness in under a microsecond. LEDs used in
communications devices can have even faster response times.
 Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling,
unlike fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or HID
lamps that require a long time before restarting.
 Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-width
modulation or lowering the forward current.
 Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat
in the form of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics.
Wasted energy is dispersed as heat through the base of the LED.
 Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the
abrupt failure of incandescent bulbs.
 Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report
estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete
failure may be longer. Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about
10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on the conditions of use, and
incandescent light bulbs at 1,000–2,000 hours.
 Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to
damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs
which are fragile.
 Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light.
Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector
to collect light and direct it in a usable manner.

Disadvantages
 High initial price: LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen,
on an initial capital cost basis, than most conventional lighting
technologies. The additional expense partially stems from the relatively
low lumen output and the drive circuitry and power supplies needed.
 Temperature dependence: LED performance largely depends on the
ambient temperature of the operating environment. Over-driving an LED
in high ambient temperatures may result in overheating the LED
package, eventually leading to device failure. Adequate heat sinking is
 needed to maintain long life. This is especially important in automotive,
medical, and military uses where devices must operate over a wide
range of temperatures, and need low failure rates.
 Voltage sensitivity: LEDs must be supplied with the voltage above the
threshold and a current below the rating. This can involve series
resistors or current-regulated power supplies.
 Light quality: Most cool-white LEDs have spectra that differ significantly
from a black body radiator like the sun or an incandescent light. The
spike at 460 nm and dip at 500 nm can cause the color of objects to
be perceived differently under cool-white LED illumination than sunlight
or incandescent sources, due to metamerism,[91] red surfaces being
rendered particularly badly by typical phosphor based cool-white LEDs.
However, the color rendering properties of common fluorescent lamps
are often inferior to what is now available in state-of-art white LEDs.
 Area light source: LEDs do not approximate a “point source” of light,
but rather a lambertian distribution. So LEDs are difficult to apply to uses
needing a spherical light field. LEDs cannot provide divergence below a
few degrees. In contrast, lasers can emit beams with divergences of 0.2
degrees or less.[92]
 Blue hazard: There is a concern that blue LEDs and cool-white
LEDs are now capable of exceeding safe limits of the so-called blue-light
hazard as defined in eye safety specifications such as ANSI/IESNA RP-
27.1–05: Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamp
and Lamp Systems.[93][94]
 Electrical Polarity: Unlike incandescent light bulbs, which illuminate
regardless of the electrical polarity, LEDs will only light with correct
electrical polarity.
 Blue pollution: Because cool-white LEDs (i.e., LEDs with high color
temperature) emit proportionally more blue light than conventional
outdoor light sources such as high-pressure sodium vapor lamps, the
strong wavelength dependence of Rayleigh scattering means that cool-
white LEDs can cause more light pollution than other light sources.
 The International Dark-Sky Associationdiscourages using white light
sources with correlated color temperature above 3,000 K.
 Droop: The efficiency of LEDs tends to decrease as one
increases current.

Application
Indicators and signs
The low energy consumption, low maintenance and small size of modern
LEDs has led to uses as status indicators and displays on a variety of
equipment and installations. Large-area LED displays are used as stadium
displays and as dynamic decorative displays. Thin, lightweight message
displays are used at airports and railway stations, and as destination
displays for trains, buses, trams, and ferries.
One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals, exit
signs, emergency vehicle lighting, ships' navigation lights
or lanterns (chromacity and luminance standards being set under the
Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at
Sea 1972, Annex I and the CIE) and LED-based Christmas lights. In cold
climates, LED traffic lights may remain snow covered.[101] Red or yellow
LEDs are used in indicator and alphanumeric displays in environments
where night vision must be retained: aircraft cockpits, submarine and ship
bridges, astronomy observatories, and in the field, e.g. night time animal
watching and military field use.
Because of their long life and fast switching times, LEDs have been used in
brake lights for cars high-mounted brake lights, trucks, and buses, and in
turn signals for some time, but many vehicles now use LEDs for their rear
light clusters. The use in brakes improves safety, due to a great reduction
in the time needed to light fully, or faster rise time, up to 0.5 second faster
than an incandescent bulb. This gives drivers behind more time to react. It
is reported that at normal highway speeds, this equals one car length
equivalent in increased time to react. In a dual intensity circuit (i.e., rear
markers and brakes) if the LEDs are not pulsed at a fast enough frequency,
they can create a phantom array, where ghost images of the LED will
appear if the eyes quickly scan across the array. White LED headlamps are
starting to be used. Using LEDs has styling advantages because LEDs can
form much thinner lights than incandescent lamps with parabolic reflectors.
Due to the relative cheapness of low output LEDs, they are also used in
many temporary uses such as glowsticks, throwies, and the
photonic textileLumalive. Artists have also used LEDs for LED art.
Weather/all-hazards radio receivers with Specific Area Message
Encoding (SAME) have three LEDs: red for warnings, orange for watches,
and yellow for advisories & statements whenever issued.

Lighting
With the development of high efficiency and high power LEDs it has
become possible to use LEDs in lighting and illumination.
Replacement light bulbs have been made, as well as dedicated fixtures
and LED lamps. LEDs are used as street lights and in other architectural
lighting where color changing is used. The mechanical robustness and long
lifetime is used in automotive lighting on cars, motorcycles and on bicycle
lights.
LED street lights are employed on poles and in parking garages. In 2007,
the Italian village Torraca was the first place to convert its entire
illumination system to LEDs.[102]
LEDs are used in aviation lighting. Airbus has used LED lighting in
their Airbus A320 Enhanced since 2007, and Boeing plans its use in
the 787. LEDs are also being used now in airport and heliport lighting. LED
airport fixtures currently include medium-intensity runway lights, runway
centerline lights, taxiway centerline & edge lights, guidance signs and
obstruction lighting.
LEDs are also suitable for backlighting for LCD televisions and
lightweight laptop displays and light source for DLP projectors (See LED
TV). RGB LEDs raise the color gamut by as much as 45%. Screens for TV
and computer displays can be made thinner using LEDs for backlighting.
LEDs are used increasingly in aquarium lights. Particularly for reef
aquariums, LED lights provide an efficient light source with less heat output
to help maintain optimal aquarium temperatures. LED-based aquarium
fixtures also have the advantage of being manually adjustable to emit a
specific color-spectrum for ideal coloration of corals, fish, and invertebrates
while optimizing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) which raises
growth and sustainability of photosynthetic life such as corals, anemones,
clams, and macroalgae. These fixtures can be electronically programmed
to simulate various lighting conditions throughout the day, reflecting phases
of the sun and moon for a dynamic reef experience. LED fixtures typically
cost up to five times as much as similarly rated fluorescent or high-intensity
discharge lighting designed for reef aquariums and are not as high output
to date.
The lack of IR/heat radiation makes LEDs ideal for stage lights using banks
of RGB LEDs that can easily change color and decrease heating from
traditional stage lighting, as well as medical lighting where IR-radiation can
be harmful. In energy conservation, LED's lower heat output also means air
conditioning(cooling) systems have less heat to dispose of, reducing
carbon emmissions.
LEDs are small, durable and need little power, so they are used in hand
held devices such as flashlights. LED strobe lights or camera
flashes operate at a safe, low voltage, instead of the 250+ volts commonly
found in xenon flashlamp-based lighting. This is especially useful in
cameras on mobile phones, where space is at a premium and bulky
voltage-raising circuitry is undesirable.
LEDs are used for infrared illumination in night vision uses
including security cameras. A ring of LEDs around a video camera, aimed
forward into aretroreflective background, allows chroma keying in video
productions.
LED’s are now used commonly in all market areas from commercial to
home use (standard lighting and AV installations, stage and theatrical,
architectural and public spaces, in fact anywhere and everywhere that
artificial light is used.
In many countries incandescent lighting for homes and offices is no longer
available and building regulations insist on new premises being fitted out at
day one with LED fixtures and fittings.
Increasingly the adaptability of colour LED’s are finding uses in medical
and educational applications such as mood enhancement and new
technologies, such as AmBX, for the control of colour LED’s have been
developed to exploit LED versatility. Nasa has even sponsored research for
the use of LED's to promote health for astronauts.

CIRCUIT WORKING
IN this project our first part is dtmf decoder. DTMF ic receive the dtmf pulse and

then converted into binary coded decimal . Pin no 18 of the the ic is connected to

positive supply ,. In this circuit we use 5 volt regulated power supply for the

smooth working.

DTMF signal is applied to the pin no 2 and 3 of the ic through

resistor and capacitor network. Capacitor .1 microfarad work as a

dc blocking capacitor. Pin no 5,6,9 is connected to the ground pin.

Pin n0 7 and 8 is connected to the 3.57945 Mhz crystal. Pin no 16

and 17 is connected to rc network work as a auto reset, when we

switch on the power supply.

BCD output is available on the pin no 11,12,13,1,4, and this

output is connected to the microcontroler 89c51.

Our next part of the circuit is ic 89c51. 89c51 is 40 pin ic. Pin no

40 of the ic is connected to the positive supply. Pin no 9 is rest

pin. One capacitor and resistor network is connected to pin no 9.

this microcontroller has a total of four input output ports each 8

bit wide.
We use port 2 as a bcd input. Output from the 8870 is connected

to the p2 – 4 pins.

8870 port2 IC pin

Pin 11 p2.0 21

Pin 12 p2.1 22

Pin 13 p2.2 23

Pin 14 p2.3 24

Output is available on the port1 and port 3, here we use only 10

output from the microcontroller. All the output is available on the

port p1

P1.0 pin no 39

P1.1 pin no 38

P1.2 pin no 37
P1.3 pin no 36

P1.4 pin no 35

P1.5 pin no 34

P1.6 pin no 33

P1.7 pin no 32

P3.0 pin no 10

P3.1 pin no 11

All the output led is connected to this output. Note that 0 logic is

available on these pin , so cathode of the led is connected to this

pin.

Another pins of the port 3 is also connected for another useful

uses.

P3.3 acknowledge of code lock

P3.4 Time indication of the code lock

P3.5 led indication of sound output for on/off signal

P3.2 output frequency for opto-coupler input.

LED output of the microcontroller is further connected to the triac

circuit through opto-coupler circuit. Output from the

microcontroller is firstly connected to the optocoupler pin no 1.

this optocoupler is a special optocoupler. The MOC3121 is

optically isolated triac driver devices. These devices contain a

infra red emitting diode and a light activated silicon bilateral

switch. They are specially designed for interfacing between

electronics controls and power triaces to control resistive and

inductive loads for 240 volt Ac operation.

Pin no 1 is anode pin of infra red transmitter

Pin no2 is cathode pin of infra red transmitter

Pin no 4 and 6 is the output pin

Pin no 6 is output pin and connected to the gate of the triac

through 100 ohm resistor.At the output of the triac we control any
220 load. In this project its our choice, how many optocoupler we

interface this circuit. If we use 10 opto coupler then we interface

10 load output with this circuit.

Now when ic receive any pulse then output led is on and then

load is on. Again we press the same code then led is off and load

is also off.

Working of this microcontroller is depend on the combination

lock. When combination lock gives a output on port3.3 then only

ic sense the signal

ELECTRONICS COMBINATION LOCK

In this section we use two ic one is ic 74154 and second is ic 4017

. Both ic generate a combination sequence by which we enable

the microcontroller.

When we want to switch on the base unit by outer phone then

phone is automatic on after few bells, this is achive by another

circuit. But after few bells when phone is on and unit require a
code of 9 numbers. When we press a proper code then only

micrcontroller allow us to switch on the circuit.

First ic of this section is ic 74154. IC 74154 is bcd to decimal

decoder. 74154 is active low ic. Pin no 20,21,22,23 is connected

to dtmf decoder ic.

Pin no 18 and 19 of this ic is connected to the collector of one npn

transistor Base of the npn transistor is connected to the pin no 15

of the ic 8870. When dtmf decoder decode the signal at that time

pin no 15 is on for a time and acknowledge the signal. This signal

is fed to the base of NPN transistor through 1 kohm resistor.

When this signal is coming then 74154 is on and gives a output.

If we press the proper code in steps then at every digit of code

74154 is on and gives the corresponding output as per the digit.

Output of the ic 74154 is connected to the pnp transistor

base point through 10 k ohm resistor. Emitter of the all pnp

transistor is connected output of the decade counter circuit. Here

we use ic 4017 as a decade counter circuit. Pin no 16 is the

positive supply pin and pin no 8 is the negative pin. Pin no 14 of

the ic is clock input of the ic.. On starting mode when is in on

reset mode then its start from the zero point.. O means first

output is available on the pin no 3. Its means pin no 3 is positive

in first output. Now ic 4017 receive a clock pulse on pin no 14

then counter shifts its output from pin no 3 to nest output not 1 ,

pin no 2.

As we press the proper code then ic 74154 gives a output and

this output is available on the output pin, with the help of this

output pnp transistor is on and positive output is available on the

collector point of the pnp transistor. All the pnp transistor

collector point is connected together is and reconnected to the

clock input of the ic 4017 through rc network to another npn

transistor. By this npn transistor we give a clock pulse to the pin

no 14 of the ic 4017. As the counter move after incoming clock

pulse then last output is available on the pin no 9. As the last

output is available on the pin no 9. After getting a voltage on the

pin no 9 we switch on the next pair of npn transistor. Output of

first npn transistor is on collector is connected to the port p3.4 to

give a acknowledge signal that code lock is loaded successfully.

Output of the this npn transistor is again connected to the

connected to the base of next npn transistor. Collector of this npn

transistor disable the pin no 18 of the ic to receive any further

code input of the signal

AUTO SWITH ON PHONE FORM INCOMING CALL.

In this project if we use mobile phone as a receiver then we use

handfree kit. After using a handfree kit we assign our phone to a
auto action mode. In auto action mode we assign our phone to on
itself after some time. In every phone there is a option of auto
answer mode after few bell.

Our next circuit is Automatic switch on this circuit on the incoming

call. In the case of landline phone we use auto hook up circuit to
switch on the base unit automatically.For this circuit we use one
optocoupler circuit + one timer circuit + one counter circuit.

Signal from telephone lines is connected to the optocoupler pin

no1. Pin no 2 is ground pin. Pin no 3 is also ground pin. Pin no 4 is
the output pin no of this optocoupler,. When incoming call
connected to optocoupler the optocoupler is on and output pulse
is connected to the pin no 2 of the monostable timer circuit. Pin
no 4 and 8 is connected to the positive supply and pin no 1 is
connected to the negative supply. Pin no 3 is output pin and this
pin is connected to the next ic. Next ic is counter circuit. In
counter circuit we use ic 4017. Pin no 16 is connected to the
positive supply. Pin no 8 is connected to the negative supply. Pin
no 13 and 7 is a output pin and connected to the relay through
npn transistor.

When call in coming then due to short pulse from the bell
optocoupler is on/off for the frequency of the bell. But when
output is connected to ic 555 then ic555 is switch on for a time
period. And for every pulse timer is on for a second and output
from timer is connected to counter circuit. We use forth output of
the counter so that after receiving forth pulse counter is on and
switch on the relay circuit and connect the main circuit to the
telephone instrument.
 PROGRAM CODE

PROGRAMMING DETAIL OF THE MOBILE CONTROL MOBILE

CONTROL PROGRAM IS TO BE WRIITEN IN THE ASSEMBLLY

LANGUAGE IN THE 8051 ASSEMBLER. ASSEMBLER ASSEMBLE THE

SOFTWARE AND THEN THIS SOFTWARE IS FURTHER CONVERTED

INTO THE HEX CODE WITH THE HELP OFASSEMBLER ITSELF.In this

program we receive the data from the dtmf decoder i.c and then

this bcd input is processed by the microcontroller.

org 0000h ORG 0000H IS OUR FIRST OPERATION CODE . WE

WRITTEN OUR CODE IN THE 0000H LOCATION AND THEN START

FROM 0000H LOCATION AND JUMP TO THE MAIN PROGRGRAM BY

USING COMMAND SJMP MAIN

Sjmp main org 30hmain:

mov p3,#0ffh

mov p1,#0ffh
mov p2,#0ffh

mov p0,#0ffhfirst of all we get a data on one port and then this is

to be compare with the accumulator for different value

back: mov a,p3 cjne a,#1,l1 cpl sw_1 call sounds1:

mov a,p3 cjne a,#1,l1 jmp s1here we use a command
mov a, p3 . Here p3 means port 3 , from where we get a data to
the accumulator, We change this location as per the pcb design, If
the port position is change we change the command also, if the
input is port p2 then we use mov a,p2 commandl1: mov a,p3
anl a,#0fh cjne a,#2,l2 call sounds2: mov a,p3
cjne a,#2,l2 jmp s2l2: mov a,p3 cjne a,#3,l3 call
sounds3: mov a,p3 cjne a,#3,l3 jmp s3l3: mov a,p3
cjne a,#4,l4 call sounds4: mov a,p3 cjne a,#4,l4

jmp s4l4: mov a,p3 cjne a,#5,l5 call sounds5:

mov a,p3 cjne a,#5,l5 jmp s5l5: mov a,p3 anl
a,#0fh cjne a,#6,l6 call sounds6: mov a,p3 cjne
a,#6,l6 jmp s6l6: mov a,p3 cjne a,#7,l7 call
sound

s7: mov a,p3 cjne a,#7,l7 jmp s7l7: mov a,p3

cjne a,#8,l8 call sounds8: mov a,p3 cjne a,#8,l8

jmp s8l8: mov a,p3 anl a,#0fh cjne a,#9,l9 call

sounds9: mov a,p3 cjne a,#9,l9 jmp s9l9: mov a,p3

cjne a,#10,l10 call sounds10: mov a,p3 cjne a,#10,l10

jmp s10l10: jmp back

sound:mov tick,#2go_back:call delay100ms

go: mov tick,#1

jmp go_back

clr buzzer call delay setb buzzer call delay ret delay:

mov r0,#20loop: djnz r0,loop ret mov r5,#4sim_4: call

delay100ms djnz r5,sim_4