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Market Analysis for Export of

CNG Pressure Cylinders to Uzbekistan

By
Kedar Rajendra Gosavi

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to
BHARATI VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfilment of the requirements

For the award of the POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA
In
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Bharati Vidyapeeth University - Amplify DITM,

April – 2011
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Bonafide Certificate

Certified that this project report titled Market Analysis for Export of CNG Pressure

Cylinders to Uzbekistan is the bonafide work of Mr. Kedar Rajendra Gosavi who carried

out the research under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge

the work reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on

the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any

other candidate.

(Certificate to be signed by the Project Guide)

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Abstract
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Acknowledgement
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Table of Contents
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List of Tables
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List of Figures
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Chapter 1
Introduction
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Pressure Vessels
A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at
a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure.
The design, manufacture, and operation are regulated by engineering authorities
backed up by laws. For these reasons, the definition of a pressure vessel varies from
country to country, but involves parameters such as maximum safe operating pressure
and temperature.
Pressure vessels are used in a variety of applications in both industry and the
private sector. They appear in these sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and
domestic hot water storage tanks.
No matter what shape it takes, the minimum mass of a pressure vessel scales with
the pressure and volume it contains and is inversely proportional to the strength to
weight ratio of the construction material (minimum mass decreases as strength increases)

Compressed Natural Gas – CNG

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol),
diesel, or propane/LPG. Although its combustion does produce greenhouse gases, it is a
more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels, and it is much safer than other
fuels in the event of a spill, natural gas is lighter than air, and disperses quickly when
released. CNG may also be mixed with biogas, which doesn't increase the concentration
of carbon in the atmosphere.
CNG is made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed
of methane [CH4]), to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric
pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 2900–3600 psi,
usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes.

Types & Variety of CNG Cylinders

Type - 1 All Metal Cylinders

This type of cylinders is cheap but is heavy in weight, but are the most sold type of
cylinders all over the world.
Steel
Steels shall be aluminium - and/or silicon free
Aluminium
Aluminium alloys may be used to produce cylinders provided that they meet all
requirements of this International Standard and have maximum lead and bismuth
contents not exceeding 0,003 %.
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Design Requirements
Test pressure
The minimum test pressure used in manufacture shall be 300 bar (1.5 times working
pressure).
Burst pressure
The minimum actual burst pressure shall be not less than 450 bar.
Stress analysis
The stresses in the cylinder shall be calculated for 200 bar, test pressure and design burst
pressure. The calculations shall use suitable analysis to establish stress distributions to
justify the minimum design wall thicknesses.
Maximum defect size
The maximum defect size at any location in the metal cylinder such that the cylinder shall
meet pressure cycling and LBB requirements shall be specified.
Openings
Openings are permitted in heads only. The centre line of openings shall coincide with the
longitudinal axis of the cylinder.
Fire protection
The cylinder design shall be protected with pressure relief devices. The cylinder, its
materials, pressure relief devices (PRD) and any added insulation or protective material
shall be designed collectively to ensure adequate safety during fire conditions. Pressure
relief devices shall be approved to a standard acceptable to the Inspector in the country
of use.
Attachments
When a neck ring, foot ring or an attachment for support is provided, it shall be of
material compatible with that of the cylinder and shall be securely attached by a method
other than welding, brazing or soldering.

Construction and Workmanship

End closure
Each cylinder shall be examined for thickness and surface finish before end forming
operations are carried out. The base ends of aluminium cylinders shall not be sealed by a
forming process.
Heat treatment
After end forming the cylinders shall be heat treated to the hardness range specified for
the design.
Neck threads
Threads shall be clean cut, even, without surface discontinuities, to gauge and comply
with International Standards
Exterior environmental protection
The exterior of cylinders shall meet the requirements of the acid environment test.
Exterior protection may be provided by using any of the following:
a) A surface finish giving adequate protection (e.g. metal sprayed on to aluminium,
anodizing); or
b) A protective coating (e.g. organic coating, paint).
c) A covering impervious to the chemicals.
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Any coatings applied to cylinders shall be such that the application process does not
adversely affect the mechanical properties of the cylinder. The coating shall be designed
to facilitate subsequent in-service inspection.

Type - 2 Hoop-Wrapped Cylinders

During pressurization, this type of cylinder design exhibits behaviour in which the
displacements of the composite overwrap and the metal liner are linearly superimposed.
Due to different techniques of manufacture, the International Standard does not give a
definite method for design.
The design shall ensure a “leakage-before-break” failure mode under feasible
degradation of pressure parts during normal service. If leakage of the metal liner occurs,
it shall be only by the growth of a fatigue crack.

Materials
Steel
Steels shall be aluminium- and/or silicon-killed and produced to predominantly fine grain
practice.
Aluminium
Aluminium alloys may be used to produce cylinders provided they meet all requirements
of the International Standard and have maximum lead and bismuth contents not
exceeding 0,003 %.

Composite Materials
Resins
The material for impregnation may be thermosetting or thermoplastic resins.
Examples of suitable matrix materials are epoxy, modified epoxy, polyester and vinylester
thermosetting plastics, and polyethylene and polyamide thermoplastic material.
Fibres
Structural reinforcing filament material types shall be glass fibre, aramid fibre or carbon
fibre. If carbon fibre reinforcement is used the design shall incorporate means to prevent
galvanic corrosion of the metallic components of the cylinder.

Design Requirements
Test pressure
The minimum test pressure used in manufacture shall be 300 bar (1.5 times working
pressure).
Burst pressures and fibre stress ratios
The metal liner shall have a minimum actual burst pressure of 260 bar.
The composite over-wrap shall be designed for high reliability under sustained loading
and cyclic loading. This reliability shall be achieved by meeting or exceeding the
composite reinforcement stress ratio values.
Stress ratio is defined as the stress in the fibre at the specified minimum burst pressure
divided by the stress in the fibre at working pressure.
The burst ratio is defined as the actual burst pressure of the cylinder divided by the
working pressure.
The stress ratio calculations shall include
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a) An analysis method with capability for non-linear materials

b) Correct modelling of the elastic-plastic stress-strain curve for a known liner material;
c) Correct modelling of the mechanical properties of composite materials;
d) Calculations at auto frottage pressure, zero pressure after auto frottage, working
pressure, and minimum burst pressure;
e) Account for the pre stresses from winding tension;
f) The minimum burst pressure, chosen such that the calculated stress at minimum burst
pressure divided by the calculated stress at working pressure meets the stress ratio
requirements for the fibre used;
g) Consideration of the load share between the different fibres based on the different
elastic module of the fibres when analysing cylinders with hybrid reinforcement.
Verification of the stress ratios may also be performed using strain gauges.
Stress analysis
The stresses in the composite and in the liner after pre stress shall be calculated for 0 bar,
200 bar, test pressure and design burst pressure. The calculations shall use suitable
analysis techniques taking into account non-linear material behaviour of the liner when
establishing stress distributions.
For designs using auto-frottage to provide pre stress, the limits within which the auto-
frettage pressure shall fall shall be calculated and specified. For designs using controlled
tension winding to provide pre stress, the temperature at which it is performed, the
tension required in each layer of composite and the consequent pre stress in the liner
shall be calculated.
Maximum defect size
The maximum defect size at any location in the metal liner such that the cylinder meet
pressure cycling and LBB requirements shall be specified.
Openings
Openings are permitted in heads only. The centre line of openings shall coincide with the
longitudinal axis of the cylinder.
Fire protection
The cylinder design shall be protected with pressure relief devices. The cylinder, its
materials, pressure relief devices and any added insulation or protective material shall be
designed collectively to ensure adequate safety during fire conditions.
Pressure relief devices shall be approved to a standard acceptable to the Inspector in the
country of use.

Construction & Workmanship

General
The composite cylinder shall be manufactured from a liner over-wrapped with continuous
filament windings. Fibre winding operations shall be computer or mechanically
controlled. The fibres shall be applied under controlled tension during winding. After
winding is complete, thermosetting resins shall be cured by heating, using a
predetermined and controlled time-temperature profile.
Neck threads
Threads shall be clean cut, even, without surface discontinuities, to gauge and comply
with International Standards.
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Over-wrap
Fibre winding
The cylinders shall be manufactured by a fibre winding technique. During winding the
significant variables shall be monitored within specified tolerances and documented in a
winding record. These variables can include but are not limited to:
a) Fibre type including sizing;
b) Manner of impregnation;
c) Winding tension;
d) Winding speed;
e) Number of roving;
f) Band width;
g) Type of resin and composition;
h) Temperature of the resin;
i) Temperature of the liner;
j) Winding angle.
Curing of thermosetting resins
If a thermosetting resin is used, the resin shall be cured after filament winding. During the
curing, the curing cycle (i.e. the time-temperature history) shall be documented.
The maximum curing time and temperature for cylinders with aluminium alloy liners shall
be below the time and temperature which adversely affect metal properties.
Auto-frettage
Auto-frettage, if used, shall be carried out before the hydrostatic pressure test.
Exterior environmental protection
The exterior of cylinders shall meet the requirements of the acid environment test.
Exterior protection may be provided by using any of the following:
a) A surface finish giving adequate protection (e.g. metal sprayed on to aluminium,
anodizing); or
b) The use of a suitable fibre and matrix material (e.g. carbon fibre in resin); or
c) A protective coating (e.g. organic coating, paint);
d) A covering impervious to the chemicals.
Any coatings applied to cylinders shall be such that the application process does not
adversely affect the mechanical properties of the cylinder. The coating shall be designed
to facilitate subsequent in-service inspection.

Minimum actual burst values and stress ratios for Type - 2 cylinders

Fibre Type Stress Ratio Burst Pressure (bar)

Glass 2,75 500 (a)
Aramid 2,35 470
Carbon 2,35 470
(a) Min actual burst pressure , in addition confirm that the min stress ratio
requirement are also met
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Type - 3 Fully-Wrapped Cylinders

During pressurization, this type of cylinder exhibits behaviour in which the
displacements of the composite overwrap and the liner are superimposed. Due to
different techniques of manufacture, this International Standard does not give a definite
method for design.
The design shall ensure a “leakage-before-break” failure mode under feasible
degradation of pressure parts during normal service. If leakage of the metal liner occurs,
it shall be only by the growth of a fatigue crack.

Materials
Steel
Steels shall be aluminium- and/or silicon-killed and produced to predominantly fine grain.
Aluminium
Aluminium alloys may be used to produce cylinders provided they meet all requirements
of the International Standard and have maximum lead and bismuth contents not
exceeding 0,003 %.

Composite Materials
Resins
The material for impregnation may be thermosetting or thermoplastic resins. Examples of
suitable matrix materials are epoxy, modified epoxy, polyester and vinylester
thermosetting plastics, and polyethylene and polyamide thermoplastic material.
Fibres
Structural reinforcing filament material types shall be glass fibre, aramid fibre or carbon
fibre. If carbon fibre reinforcement is used the design shall incorporate means to prevent
galvanic corrosion of metallic components of the cylinder.

Design Requirements
Test pressure
The minimum test pressure used in manufacture shall be 300 bar (1.5 times working
pressure).
Burst pressures and fibre stress ratios
The composite over-wrap shall be designed for high reliability under sustained loading
and cyclic loading. This reliability shall be achieved by meeting or exceeding the
composite reinforcement stress ratio values. Stress ratio is defined as the stress in the
fibre at the specified minimum burst pressure divided by the stress in the fibre at working
pressure.
The burst ratio is defined as the actual burst pressure of the cylinder divided by the
working pressure.
The stress ratio calculations shall include:
a) An analysis method with capability for non-linear materials (special purpose computer
program or finite element analysis program);
b) Correct modelling of the elastic-plastic stress-strain curve for a known liner material;
c) Correct modelling of the mechanical properties of the composite;
d) Calculations at autofrettage pressure, zero pressure after autofrettage, working
pressure and minimum burst pressure;
 P a g e | 15

e) Account for the pre stresses from winding tension;

f) The minimum burst pressure, chosen such that the calculated stress at minimum burst
pressure divided by the calculated stress at working pressure meets the stress ratio
requirements for the fibre used;
g) Consideration of the load share between the different fibres based on the different
elastic module of the fibres when analysing cylinders with hybrid reinforcement.
Verification of the stress ratios may also be performed using strain gauges.
Stress analysis
A stress analysis shall be performed to justify the minimum design wall thicknesses. It
shall include the determination of the stresses in liners and fibres of composite designs.
The stresses in the tangential and longitudinal direction of the cylinder in the composite
and in the liner after pre stress shall be calculated for 0 bar, 200 bar, test pressure and
design burst pressure. The calculations shall use suitable analysis taking into account non-
linear material behaviour of the liner when establishing stress distributions.
Maximum defect size
The maximum defect size at any location in the metal liner such that the cylinder meet
pressure cycling and LBB requirements shall be specified.
Openings
Openings are permitted in heads only. The centre line of openings shall coincide with the
longitudinal axis of the cylinder.
Fire protection
The cylinder design shall be protected with pressure relief devices. The cylinder, its
materials, pressure relief devices and any added insulation or protective material shall be
designed collectively to ensure adequate safety
Pressure relief devices shall be approved to a standard acceptable to the Inspector in the
country of use.

Construction & Workmanship

General
The composite cylinder shall be manufactured from a liner over-wrapped with continuous
filament windings. Fibre winding operations shall be computer or mechanically
controlled. The fibres shall be applied under controlled tension during winding. After
winding is complete, thermosetting resins shall be cured by heating, using a
predetermined and controlled time-temperature profile.
Liner
The compressive stress in the liner at zero pressure and 15 °C shall not cause the liner to
buckle or crease.
Neck threads
Threads shall be clean cut, even, without surface discontinuities, to gauge and comply
with International Standards acceptable to the Inspector.
Over-wrap
Fibre winding
The cylinders shall be manufactured by a fibre winding technique. During winding the
significant variables shall be monitored within specified tolerances and documented in a
winding record. These variables can include but are not limited to:
a) Fibre type including sizing;
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b) Manner of impregnation;
c) Winding tension;
d) Winding speed;
e) Number of roving;
f) Band width;
g) Type of resin and composition;
h) Temperature of the resin;
i) Temperature of the liner;
j) Winding angle.
Curing of thermosetting resins
If a thermosetting resin is used, the resin shall be cured after filament winding. During
curing, the curing cycle (i.e. the time-temperature history) shall be documented.
The maximum curing time and temperature for cylinders with aluminium alloy liners shall
be below the time and temperature which adversely affect metal properties.
Auto-frettage
Auto-frettage, if used, shall be carried out before the hydrostatic pressure test.
Exterior environmental protection
The exterior of cylinders shall meet the requirements of the acid environment test.
Exterior protection may be provided by using any of the following:
a) A surface finish giving adequate protection (e.g. metal sprayed on to aluminium,
anodizing); or
b) The use of a suitable fibre and matrix material (e.g. carbon fibre in resin); or
c) A protective coating (e.g. organic coating, paint);
d) A covering impervious to the chemicals.
Any coatings applied to cylinders shall be such that the application process does not
adversely affect the mechanical properties of the cylinder. The coating shall be designed
to facilitate subsequent in-service inspection.

Minimum actual burst values and stress ratios for Type - 3 cylinders

Fibre Type Stress Ratio Burst Pressure (bar)

Glass 3,65 700 (a)
Aramid 3,10 600
Carbon 2,35 470
(a) Min actual burst pressure , in addition confirm that the min stress ratio
requirement are also met

Type -4 All-Composite Cylinders

Materials
General requirements
The design shall ensure that incompatible materials are not in contact.
Resins
The material for impregnation may be thermosetting or thermoplastic resins. Examples of
suitable matrix materials are epoxy, modified epoxy, polyester and vinylester
thermosetting plastics, and polyethylene and polyamide thermoplastic material.
 P a g e | 17

Fibres
Structural reinforcing filament material types shall be glass fibre, aramid fibre or carbon
fibre. If carbon fibre reinforcement is used the design shall incorporate a means of
preventing galvanic corrosion of metallic components of the cylinder.
Plastic liners
The polymeric material shall be compatible with the service conditions.
Metal end bosses
The metal end bosses connected to the non-metallic liner shall be of a material
compatible with the service conditions

Design Requirements
Test pressure
The minimum test pressure used in manufacture shall be 300 bar (1.5 times working
pressure).
Burst pressures and fibre stress ratios
The composite over-wrap shall be designed for high reliability under sustained loading
and cyclic loading. This reliability shall be achieved by meeting or exceeding the
composite reinforcement stress ratio values. Stress ratio is defined as the stress in the
fibre at the specified minimum burst pressure divided by the stress in the fibre at working
pressure.
The burst ratio is defined as the actual burst pressure of the cylinder divided by the
working pressure.
For type -4 designs, the stress ratio is equal to the burst ratio.
Verification of the stress ratios may also be performed using strain gauges.
Stress analysis
A stress analysis shall be performed to justify the minimum design wall thicknesses. It
shall include the determination of the stresses in liners and fibres of composite designs.
The stresses in the tangential and longitudinal direction of the cylinder in the composite
and in the liner shall be calculated. The pressures used for these calculations shall be 0
bar, 200 bar, test pressure and design burst pressure. The calculations shall use suitable
analysis techniques to establish stress distribution throughout the cylinder.
Openings
Openings are permitted in the end bosses only. The centre line of openings shall coincide
with the longitudinal axis of the cylinder.
Fire protection
The cylinder design shall be protected with pressure relief devices. The cylinder, its
materials, pressure relief devices and any added insulation or protective material shall be
designed collectively to ensure adequate safety during fire conditions
Pressure relief devices shall be approved to a standard acceptable to the Inspector in the
country of use.

Construction & Workmanship

General
The composite cylinder shall be manufactured from a liner over-wrapped with continuous
filament windings. The fibres shall be applied under controlled tension during winding.
 P a g e | 18

After winding is complete, thermosetting resins shall be cured by heating, using a

predetermined and controlled time-temperature profile.
Neck threads
Threads shall be clean cut, even, without surface discontinuities, to gauge and comply
with International Standards
Curing of thermosetting resins
The curing temperature for thermosetting resins shall be at least 10 °C below the
softening temperature of the plastic liner.
Exterior environmental protection
The exterior of cylinders shall meet the requirements of the acid environment. Exterior
protection may be provided by using any of the following:
a) A surface finish giving adequate protection (e.g. metal sprayed on to aluminium,
anodizing);
b) The use of a suitable fibre and matrix material (e.g. carbon fibre in resin);
c) A protective coating (e.g. organic coating, paint);
d) A covering impervious to the chemicals.
Any coatings applied to cylinders shall be such that the application process does not
adversely affect the mechanical properties of the cylinder. The coating shall be designed
to facilitate subsequent in-service inspection.

Minimum actual burst values and stress ratios for Type - 4 cylinders

Fibre Type Stress Ratio Burst Pressure (bar)

Glass 3,65 730
Aramid 3,10 620
Carbon 2,35 470
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Chapter 2
Domestic Production & Consumption of CNG
Cylinders
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Domestic Production Areas

The production of CNG cylinders is carried out across all the main cities in the nation. But
the key cities where the production is carried out at a larger scale are as listed below:

- Aurangabad, Maharashtra
- Gandhidham, Gujarat
- Tarapur, Maharashtra
- Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

Types produced in India

Generally the Type – 1 & 2 are produced in India, but Type – 3 cylinders can also be
produced if there is a demand by the importer.

Quality Parameters for Production

The parameters for the production of CNG Cylinders for domestic as well as for
the exports are laid down by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) in
the article ISO-11439 titled as “Gas cylinders — High-pressure cylinders for the on-board
storage of natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles.” The first edition of this article
was published on 15ht of September 2000.
This article lays down the specific requirements for manufacturing of all the four
types of cylinders & the specific set of tests that all the cylinders have to go through in
order to be fitted in the vehicle.

Testes performed on CNG Cylinders

Performance Testing
Qualification tests required by standards to ensure tanks and components will
perform safely when subject to automotive service conditions.
However, automotive OEM can perform additional tests to ensure the durability
of the fuel storage system.

Hydraulic Pressure Cycle Testing

This is done using water instead of gas at the same time is easier to perform the
test. Failure of this test means leak in the cylinder & not the rupturing of the cylinder.

Low Temperature-Pressure Testing

After the hydraulic pressure test is performed, the cylinder is chilled to -40F. Then
the tank is heated to 149F. This is followed by more pressure cycle testing.

Drop Impact Testing

The CNG cylinder is dropped from a certain height so that the impact of falling
form a considerable height is measured & accordingly changes are made in the
composition of material of the cylinder in order to bare the impact.
 P a g e | 21

Drop Test during Pressure Cycle

Similar to the drop impact test, in this test also the cylinder is dropped down from
a considerable height but in this case the cylinder is dropped with some pressure filled in
it, 7 then the necessary changes are made to meet the demand.

Bonfire Testing
This test is performed in order to make sure that the gas will vent before the
cylinder is ruptured, when it is exposed to fire.

Environmental Exposure Test

In this the cylinder is exposed to road salt bath of various concentrations. At the
same time in the solution white pads are stick to it containing battery acid, fertilizer
solution, gasoline, etc.
While exposed to solutions cylinders are also pressure cycled with fluid to
stimulate filling & emptying.

CNG Permeation Testing

This test is carried on the Type-4 cylinder, which is inserted in sealed chamber to
measure the amount of CNG permeates through plastic liner over time.

Apart from this test the gunfire testing, vibration of vehicle fuel system testing &
hydraulic crush testing is also performed in order to make the cylinder not to burst in any
condition possible.

Markings
On each cylinder the manufacturer has to provide clear permanent markings not
less than 6 mm high. Marking shall be made either by labels incorporated into resin
coatings, labels attached by adhesive, low stress stamps used on the thickened ends of
type CNG-1 and CNG-2 designs, or any combination of the above. Adhesive labels and
their application shall be in accordance with ISO 7225 or an equivalent standard
acceptable to the Inspector in the country of imports. Multiple labels are allowed and
should be located such that they are not obscured by mounting brackets.

A sample of the marking on the cylinder

CNG ONLY
DO NO USE AFTER 3/2009
Manufacturer/Identification number
200 bar/15 °C
ISO 11439:2000 CNG-2 (registration no.)
“Use only manufacturer-approved PRD”
Manufacture date 08/98

Following is a flow chart of the process involved in manufacturing of the CNG cylinders
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CNG Cylinder Manufacturing Process

Domestic Consumption (Size of Local Market)

Growth in the cylinder industry is largely led by growth in demand for CNG
cylinders. Demand for cylinders has grown to a CAGR of 19% over FY06-FY09E.
Traditionally, high-pressure seamless cylinders catered to the medical, industrial, fire
fighting and beverages segment. The advent of CNG as an eco-friendly automotive fuel
has opened new avenues for the industry. At the same time, use of cylinders for other
purposes like medical, industrial and defence purposes is also growing at a steady pace.

Sector-wise growth in CNG Cylinder Demands (in Lakhs)

Sector FY-04 FY-05 FY-06 FY-07 FY-08 FY-09 Growth Rate

Auto 1.37 1.73 2.18 2.75 3.47 4.37 26%
Medical 0.55 0.61 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.89 10%
Industrial 0.55 0.61 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.89 10%
Defence 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.4 0.44 10%
Total 2.75 3.25 3.85 4.58 5.48 6.58 19%

The market for CNG and LPG cylinders, used for automotive purposes, is growing
at a fast clip. The need for a clean fuel and rising costs of petrol and diesel are leading to a
shift towards cleaner and less-expensive fuels. Taking a leaf out of Delhi’s experience,
other cities too are expected to shift to alternate fuels soon. The Supreme Court has
 P a g e | 23

mandated that 28 cities should shift to CNG. This could open up newer markets and lead
to higher growth rates compared to other user segments. The CNG automotive cylinder
segment is the fastest growing market in India.

Number of CNG-fuelled vehicles

FY-04 FY-05 FY-06 FY-07 FY-08 FY-09 CAGR

Buses 400 4,231 8,874 10,199 10,480 10,941 93.82%
Auto 14,000 35,678 49,810 59,027 62,048 65,335 36.08%
RTV 250 2,165 4,934 5,267 5,469 5,634 86.46%
Others 11,700 15,166 15,505 16,098 16,249 24,573 16%
Total 26,350 57,240 79,123 90,591 94,246 106,483 32.22%